Human resources in a company are all individuals, from subordinates to superiors, who work and become members of the company. Humans are the driving force of every work process within the company. No matter how sophisticated a tool or machine is used in a business process, it is necessary for humans to operate it and control it to work as desired, therefore human resources cannot be replaced by other resources and are one of the factors that determine the success or failure of an organization or company to achieve its goals. (Nopiani: 2014). Based on this, many companies are trying to improve the performance of human resources so that employees can carry out their work activities better and optimally.
{"title":"The Influence of Individual Characteristics on Employee Performance of PT Sinarmas Agro Resources and Technology Tbk (SMART)","authors":"Arman Maulana Narti","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3828320","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3828320","url":null,"abstract":"Human resources in a company are all individuals, from subordinates to superiors, who work and become members of the company. Humans are the driving force of every work process within the company. No matter how sophisticated a tool or machine is used in a business process, it is necessary for humans to operate it and control it to work as desired, therefore human resources cannot be replaced by other resources and are one of the factors that determine the success or failure of an organization or company to achieve its goals. (Nopiani: 2014). Based on this, many companies are trying to improve the performance of human resources so that employees can carry out their work activities better and optimally.","PeriodicalId":443161,"journal":{"name":"ERPN: Employment Impacts (Sub-Topic)","volume":"27 2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131033424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper contributes to the literature on the effect of financial openness by investigating the factors and determinants which drive the income share to self-employed labor during financial liberalization. The question of the precise impact of liberalization on the share of the self-employed has received less attention in the literature. The authors use a de jure or a rule-based indicator as a measure of capital account openness. The empirical work is applied for a panel dataset of 30 countries during the period of 1970 - 2015. The results from all specifications support the hypothesis that financial integration leads to an increase in the unemployment rate as well as in the income share of self-employed. Nevertheless, the positive relation between financial openness and self-employed income is not evident when we focus solely on developed countries.
{"title":"The Impact of Financial Openness on the Earnings of Self-employed Workers - An Empirical Evidence from a Panel Dataset","authors":"H. Le","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3914375","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3914375","url":null,"abstract":"This paper contributes to the literature on the effect of financial openness by investigating the factors and determinants which drive the income share to self-employed labor during financial liberalization. The question of the precise impact of liberalization on the share of the self-employed has received less attention in the literature. The authors use a de jure or a rule-based indicator as a measure of capital account openness. The empirical work is applied for a panel dataset of 30 countries during the period of 1970 - 2015. The results from all specifications support the hypothesis that financial integration leads to an increase in the unemployment rate as well as in the income share of self-employed. Nevertheless, the positive relation between financial openness and self-employed income is not evident when we focus solely on developed countries.","PeriodicalId":443161,"journal":{"name":"ERPN: Employment Impacts (Sub-Topic)","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122479365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper is the first one to examine empirically whether ethnic, cultural and immigrant population diversity within countries is favourable for entrepreneurship and job creation. Building on existing, yet disjointed theories on diversity, the paper provides insights as to why different types of diversity may have different effects on entrepreneurship. We test our predictions using multilevel modelling and the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor survey of over 1.5 million people across 88 countries. We find that diversity boosts the number of start-ups and new businesses. Also, businesses hire more employees in countries that have a higher population share of skilled or unskilled immigrants due to skill complementarity. However, businesses are more likely to close down in countries with higher cultural or immigration diversity, likely due to market fragmentation. Our results show that small changes in diversity lead to significant changes in the probability of business survival and job creation. These results have important policy implications for countries seeking to toughen their immigration policies. Since societies will continue to become more diverse, considering the multiple dimensions of diversity will become ever more relevant for research and policymaking.
{"title":"The Contrasting Effects of Ethnic, Cultural and Immigrant Diversity on Entrepreneurship and Job Creation","authors":"R. Gutiérrez-Romero","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3591969","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3591969","url":null,"abstract":"This paper is the first one to examine empirically whether ethnic, cultural and immigrant population diversity within countries is favourable for entrepreneurship and job creation. Building on existing, yet disjointed theories on diversity, the paper provides insights as to why different types of diversity may have different effects on entrepreneurship. We test our predictions using multilevel modelling and the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor survey of over 1.5 million people across 88 countries. We find that diversity boosts the number of start-ups and new businesses. Also, businesses hire more employees in countries that have a higher population share of skilled or unskilled immigrants due to skill complementarity. However, businesses are more likely to close down in countries with higher cultural or immigration diversity, likely due to market fragmentation. Our results show that small changes in diversity lead to significant changes in the probability of business survival and job creation. These results have important policy implications for countries seeking to toughen their immigration policies. Since societies will continue to become more diverse, considering the multiple dimensions of diversity will become ever more relevant for research and policymaking.","PeriodicalId":443161,"journal":{"name":"ERPN: Employment Impacts (Sub-Topic)","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124188343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Previous research on automation and job disruption is only margin-ally related to the real estate industry and its characteristics. This study examines the substitution potential of occupations in the real estate sector, with an emphasis on the German real estate industry.
Since Germany is the largest EU economy insights for the German real estate market allow a first approximation for Europe. For this, an extensive database of the German Federal Employment Agency containing 286 occupations is combined with a database of the German Institute of Employment Research reflecting to what extent tasks within jobs can be automated by current technical capabilities.
This study follows the task-based approach of Dengler/Matthes (2018), thus calculating the substitution potential of jobs in the real estate sector, revealing that for the 286 identified occupations and their respective tasks a weighted average of 47% can be substituted through current technological capabilities.
This research quantifies the magnitude of the job killer aspect of digitization in the real estate sector. However, digitization also has a job motor aspect. Thanks to digitization, new jobs will arise. This contribution indicates the extent of the structural change the real estate sector has to face due to digitization: one out of two real estate jobs will have to be re-created.
{"title":"Impacts of Digitization on Real Estate Sector Jobs: Significant Structural Change Expected","authors":"D. Piazolo, U. Dogan","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3498932","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3498932","url":null,"abstract":"Previous research on automation and job disruption is only margin-ally related to the real estate industry and its characteristics. This study examines the substitution potential of occupations in the real estate sector, with an emphasis on the German real estate industry. <br><br>Since Germany is the largest EU economy insights for the German real estate market allow a first approximation for Europe. For this, an extensive database of the German Federal Employment Agency containing 286 occupations is combined with a database of the German Institute of Employment Research reflecting to what extent tasks within jobs can be automated by current technical capabilities. <br><br>This study follows the task-based approach of Dengler/Matthes (2018), thus calculating the substitution potential of jobs in the real estate sector, revealing that for the 286 identified occupations and their respective tasks a weighted average of 47% can be substituted through current technological capabilities. <br><br>This research quantifies the magnitude of the job killer aspect of digitization in the real estate sector. However, digitization also has a job motor aspect. Thanks to digitization, new jobs will arise. This contribution indicates the extent of the structural change the real estate sector has to face due to digitization: one out of two real estate jobs will have to be re-created.","PeriodicalId":443161,"journal":{"name":"ERPN: Employment Impacts (Sub-Topic)","volume":"142 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131198151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nicholas J. Beutell, Jeffrey W. Alstete, Joy A. Schneer, Camille Hutt
Purpose: This paper examines individuals who want to leave self-employment to work a ‘regular’ job for someone else. We compare business owners and the independently self-employed who intend to leave self-employment (Leavers) with those who desire to remain self-employed (Stayers).
Design/methodology/approach: The authors used multivariate analyses to compare Leavers versus Stayers. The analyses used data from a national probability sample (n = 738 self-employed), the 2008 National Study of the Changing Workforce. Predictions were derived from the theory of planned behavior, the conservation of resources (COR) theory, and the job demands-resources (JD-R) theory.
Findings: Work, health, work-family, and satisfaction variables differed for four groups (Owner Stayers, Independent Stayers, Owner Leavers, and Independent Leavers), controlling for demographic and personal variables.
Originality/value: This study breaks new ground by exploring a range of variables that affect leaving self-employment. The authors contribute to the understanding of why individuals intend to leave self-employment by examining non-economic factors that influence intention to leave. The type of self-employment, Independents versus Owners, affects the decision to leave.
{"title":"Intention to Leave Self-employment: A Comparison of Business Owners and the Independently Self-employed","authors":"Nicholas J. Beutell, Jeffrey W. Alstete, Joy A. Schneer, Camille Hutt","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3431368","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3431368","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: This paper examines individuals who want to leave self-employment to work a ‘regular’ job for someone else. We compare business owners and the independently self-employed who intend to leave self-employment (Leavers) with those who desire to remain self-employed (Stayers). <br><br>Design/methodology/approach: The authors used multivariate analyses to compare Leavers versus Stayers. The analyses used data from a national probability sample (n = 738 self-employed), the 2008 National Study of the Changing Workforce. Predictions were derived from the theory of planned behavior, the conservation of resources (COR) theory, and the job demands-resources (JD-R) theory.<br><br>Findings: Work, health, work-family, and satisfaction variables differed for four groups (Owner Stayers, Independent Stayers, Owner Leavers, and Independent Leavers), controlling for demographic and personal variables. <br><br>Originality/value: This study breaks new ground by exploring a range of variables that affect leaving self-employment. The authors contribute to the understanding of why individuals intend to leave self-employment by examining non-economic factors that influence intention to leave. The type of self-employment, Independents versus Owners, affects the decision to leave.","PeriodicalId":443161,"journal":{"name":"ERPN: Employment Impacts (Sub-Topic)","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125658070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Using NLSY9 data, we find that 68% of jobs classified as self-employment are not independently reported as self-owned businesses, while 16% of self-owned businesses are not independently classified as self-employment. Businesses not regarded as self-employment are often associated with such signs of entrepreneurship as self-identification as an entrepreneur, job descriptions that refer to business ownership or a managerial role, and high individual skill/asset levels. Self-employed jobs that are not independently classified as self-owned businesses are dominated by contract work and home-based, single-person pursuits. Our evidence suggests that self-employment should not be viewed as a synonym for business ownership.
{"title":"Business Ownership vs. Self-Employment","authors":"Audrey Light, R. Munk","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3044070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3044070","url":null,"abstract":"Using NLSY9 data, we find that 68% of jobs classified as self-employment are not independently reported as self-owned businesses, while 16% of self-owned businesses are not independently classified as self-employment. Businesses not regarded as self-employment are often associated with such signs of entrepreneurship as self-identification as an entrepreneur, job descriptions that refer to business ownership or a managerial role, and high individual skill/asset levels. Self-employed jobs that are not independently classified as self-owned businesses are dominated by contract work and home-based, single-person pursuits. Our evidence suggests that self-employment should not be viewed as a synonym for business ownership.","PeriodicalId":443161,"journal":{"name":"ERPN: Employment Impacts (Sub-Topic)","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114928294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Promotion of entrepreneurial skills among the population is often considered as an adequate policy to enhance job creation and economic growth. However, neither the definition of entrepreneurial skills, nor the costs and benefits of such a policy are clear. Our aim is to check whether the benefits of entrepreneurial skills extent beyond self-employment. We use a sample of higher education graduates from Spain, from the year 2000 interviewed in 2005 (REFLEX survey). We denote entrepreneurial skills as those competencies that enhance the likelihood of self-employment. Then we analyze whether they are rewarded in wage employment. We find that alertness to new opportunities, ability to mobilize others and knowledge of other fields are the competencies that enhance self-employment in Spain. Yet, these skills are not rewarded in a salaried job. Therefore, benefits of policies fostering entrepreneurial skills do not extend to wage employment in Spain.
{"title":"Entrepreneurial Skills and Wage Employment","authors":"Aleksander Kucel, Montserrat Vilalta-Bufí","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2759715","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2759715","url":null,"abstract":"Promotion of entrepreneurial skills among the population is often considered as an adequate policy to enhance job creation and economic growth. However, neither the definition of entrepreneurial skills, nor the costs and benefits of such a policy are clear. Our aim is to check whether the benefits of entrepreneurial skills extent beyond self-employment. We use a sample of higher education graduates from Spain, from the year 2000 interviewed in 2005 (REFLEX survey). We denote entrepreneurial skills as those competencies that enhance the likelihood of self-employment. Then we analyze whether they are rewarded in wage employment. We find that alertness to new opportunities, ability to mobilize others and knowledge of other fields are the competencies that enhance self-employment in Spain. Yet, these skills are not rewarded in a salaried job. Therefore, benefits of policies fostering entrepreneurial skills do not extend to wage employment in Spain.","PeriodicalId":443161,"journal":{"name":"ERPN: Employment Impacts (Sub-Topic)","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114393656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The study reports on whether a cashless economy is a panacea for reduction of tax evasion by the self-employed. It identifies probability of detection and tax penalties as concomitant variables based on the literature on tax evasion that may blur any impact, and proceed to test the impact of a cashless policy on tax evasion behaviour. A comparative group design, involving self-employed traders and professionals in independent practice, is adopted. A battery of test items developed to estimate probabilities of detection and tax evasion behaviour scores is packaged into a questionnaire and circulated to self-employed qualified to pay personal income tax. The result fails to reject the null hypothesis of no difference between tax evasion behaviour of the comparative groups. The conclusion, starkly drawn, is that tax evasion behaviour of the self-employed has reduced but the reduction cannot be entirely ascribed to the cashless policy, as taxpayers are unaware of the implication of the cashless policy on tax evasion. It is recommended that tax inspectors performing tax audit function should utilise third party information provided by banks to track noncompliant taxpayers.
{"title":"Cashless Economy, Tax Evasion and the Behaviour of Self-Employed and Professionals in Nigeria","authors":"E. Okoye, A. J. Avwokeni","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2622025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2622025","url":null,"abstract":"The study reports on whether a cashless economy is a panacea for reduction of tax evasion by the self-employed. It identifies probability of detection and tax penalties as concomitant variables based on the literature on tax evasion that may blur any impact, and proceed to test the impact of a cashless policy on tax evasion behaviour. A comparative group design, involving self-employed traders and professionals in independent practice, is adopted. A battery of test items developed to estimate probabilities of detection and tax evasion behaviour scores is packaged into a questionnaire and circulated to self-employed qualified to pay personal income tax. The result fails to reject the null hypothesis of no difference between tax evasion behaviour of the comparative groups. The conclusion, starkly drawn, is that tax evasion behaviour of the self-employed has reduced but the reduction cannot be entirely ascribed to the cashless policy, as taxpayers are unaware of the implication of the cashless policy on tax evasion. It is recommended that tax inspectors performing tax audit function should utilise third party information provided by banks to track noncompliant taxpayers.","PeriodicalId":443161,"journal":{"name":"ERPN: Employment Impacts (Sub-Topic)","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116092430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Many countries in Africa suffer high rates of underemployment or low rates of productive employment; many also anticipate large numbers of people to enter the workforce in the near future. This paper asks the question: Are African firms creating fewer jobs than those located elsewhere? And, if so, why? One reason may be that weak business environments slow the growth of firms and distort the allocation of resources away from better-performing firms, hence reducing their potential for job creation. The paper uses data from 41,000 firms across 119 countries to examine the drivers of firm growth, with a special focus on African firms. African firms, at any age, tend to be 20-24 percent smaller than firms in other regions of the world. The poor business environment, driven by limited access to finance, and the lack of availability of electricity, land, and unskilled labor has some value in explaining this difference. Foreign ownership, the export status of the firm, and the size of the market are also significant determinants of firm size. However, even after controlling for the business environment and for characteristics of firms and markets, about 60 percent of the size gap between African and non-African firms remains unexplained.
{"title":"Stunted Growth: Why Don't African Firms Create More Jobs?","authors":"L. Iacovone, V. Ramachandran, Martin Schmidt","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2390897","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2390897","url":null,"abstract":"Many countries in Africa suffer high rates of underemployment or low rates of productive employment; many also anticipate large numbers of people to enter the workforce in the near future. This paper asks the question: Are African firms creating fewer jobs than those located elsewhere? And, if so, why? One reason may be that weak business environments slow the growth of firms and distort the allocation of resources away from better-performing firms, hence reducing their potential for job creation. The paper uses data from 41,000 firms across 119 countries to examine the drivers of firm growth, with a special focus on African firms. African firms, at any age, tend to be 20-24 percent smaller than firms in other regions of the world. The poor business environment, driven by limited access to finance, and the lack of availability of electricity, land, and unskilled labor has some value in explaining this difference. Foreign ownership, the export status of the firm, and the size of the market are also significant determinants of firm size. However, even after controlling for the business environment and for characteristics of firms and markets, about 60 percent of the size gap between African and non-African firms remains unexplained.","PeriodicalId":443161,"journal":{"name":"ERPN: Employment Impacts (Sub-Topic)","volume":"427 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124896953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study offers that entrepreneurship is consistent with and even complementary to the older and more traditional development strategies. We survey the literature on entrepreneurship in developing countries which, admittedly, is wide and covers a range of issues from culture and values; institutional barriers such as financial sector development, governance, and property rights; and to the adequacy of education and technical skills. A broad literature has also developed on foreign direct investment and its positive and negative effects on technology transfer and entrepreneurship. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, a number of studies examined the development of small- and medium-sized enterprises in transition economies. As these economies moved from centralized economies to market economies, enterprise and entrepreneurship became important. Yet, other studies examine the effects of infrastructural development and the macroeconomy on entrepreneurship. With such a wide scope of issues, a framework for synthesizing the literature is needed. This study offers that the identification of the externalities which affect entrepreneurship provides a useful framework to examine the literature on entrepreneurship in developing countries.
{"title":"Entrepreneurship in Developing Countries","authors":"Z. Acs, Nicola A. V. Virgill-Rolle","doi":"10.1561/0300000031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1561/0300000031","url":null,"abstract":"This study offers that entrepreneurship is consistent with and even complementary to the older and more traditional development strategies. We survey the literature on entrepreneurship in developing countries which, admittedly, is wide and covers a range of issues from culture and values; institutional barriers such as financial sector development, governance, and property rights; and to the adequacy of education and technical skills. A broad literature has also developed on foreign direct investment and its positive and negative effects on technology transfer and entrepreneurship. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, a number of studies examined the development of small- and medium-sized enterprises in transition economies. As these economies moved from centralized economies to market economies, enterprise and entrepreneurship became important. Yet, other studies examine the effects of infrastructural development and the macroeconomy on entrepreneurship. With such a wide scope of issues, a framework for synthesizing the literature is needed. This study offers that the identification of the externalities which affect entrepreneurship provides a useful framework to examine the literature on entrepreneurship in developing countries.","PeriodicalId":443161,"journal":{"name":"ERPN: Employment Impacts (Sub-Topic)","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122566864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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