The introduction of IoT data in court without the consideration of its impact on the privilege against self-incrimination leads to the restriction of this fundamental right of the accused, who some...
{"title":"When objects betray you: the Internet of Things and the privilege against self-incrimination","authors":"Florian Nicolai, Marie-Helen Maras, Jens Trautmann, Janine Schneider","doi":"10.1080/13600834.2024.2352691","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13600834.2024.2352691","url":null,"abstract":"The introduction of IoT data in court without the consideration of its impact on the privilege against self-incrimination leads to the restriction of this fundamental right of the accused, who some...","PeriodicalId":44342,"journal":{"name":"Information & Communications Technology Law","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141504695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-27DOI: 10.1080/13600834.2024.2320978
Henry Pearce, Cheryl Buck
This article considers some complexities surrounding the determination of child competency in matters of data protection. Focusing on the Information Commissioner's Office (ICO) guidelines, the art...
{"title":"Balancing the autonomy and protection of children: competency challenges in data protection law","authors":"Henry Pearce, Cheryl Buck","doi":"10.1080/13600834.2024.2320978","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13600834.2024.2320978","url":null,"abstract":"This article considers some complexities surrounding the determination of child competency in matters of data protection. Focusing on the Information Commissioner's Office (ICO) guidelines, the art...","PeriodicalId":44342,"journal":{"name":"Information & Communications Technology Law","volume":"51 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140004117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-27DOI: 10.1080/13600834.2024.2321052
Mark Burdon, Tegan Cohen, Josh Buckley, Michael Milford
Street-level image platforms (SLIPs) employ indiscriminate forms of data collection that include potentially privacy invasive images. Both the scale and the indiscriminate nature of data collection...
{"title":"From object obfuscation to contextually-dependent identification: enhancing automated privacy protection in street-level image platforms (SLIPs)","authors":"Mark Burdon, Tegan Cohen, Josh Buckley, Michael Milford","doi":"10.1080/13600834.2024.2321052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13600834.2024.2321052","url":null,"abstract":"Street-level image platforms (SLIPs) employ indiscriminate forms of data collection that include potentially privacy invasive images. Both the scale and the indiscriminate nature of data collection...","PeriodicalId":44342,"journal":{"name":"Information & Communications Technology Law","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140003637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-13DOI: 10.1080/13600834.2024.2312620
Nicholas Godfrey, Mark Burdon
There is rapidly developing interest in legal coding, the development of machine-consumable code representations of legal rules. However, interpretive ambiguities inherent in legal rules make it ch...
{"title":"Fidelity in legal coding: applying legal translation frameworks to address interpretive challenges","authors":"Nicholas Godfrey, Mark Burdon","doi":"10.1080/13600834.2024.2312620","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13600834.2024.2312620","url":null,"abstract":"There is rapidly developing interest in legal coding, the development of machine-consumable code representations of legal rules. However, interpretive ambiguities inherent in legal rules make it ch...","PeriodicalId":44342,"journal":{"name":"Information & Communications Technology Law","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139771813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-08DOI: 10.1080/13600834.2024.2312616
Murat Can Pehlivanoğlu
Among the types of on-demand broadcasting, Over-The-Top video streaming services (‘OTT platforms’) refer to media service providers that provide content and applications, including communication se...
{"title":"The role of corporate social responsibility in the regulation of OTT platforms: the case of film industry and Turkish corporate law","authors":"Murat Can Pehlivanoğlu","doi":"10.1080/13600834.2024.2312616","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13600834.2024.2312616","url":null,"abstract":"Among the types of on-demand broadcasting, Over-The-Top video streaming services (‘OTT platforms’) refer to media service providers that provide content and applications, including communication se...","PeriodicalId":44342,"journal":{"name":"Information & Communications Technology Law","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139771618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-10DOI: 10.1080/13600834.2023.2260687
Konstantina Bania, Damien Geradin
Cloud computing brings important benefits and it is expected to play a key role in facilitating the uptake of emerging technologies and applications, including artificial intelligence, blockchain, and high-performance computing. Despite its potential to deliver cost and time-efficient services, the majority of businesses in the EU have still not implemented cloud computing. This illustrates the need for a more widespread adoption of the technology. Yet, recent regulatory initiatives may obstruct the uptake of cloud services. This is arguably because such initiatives do not reflect a proper understanding of the market, which our paper intends to provide. To that end, the paper examines what cloud computing is and how it works. It subsequently discusses the EU’s attempts to regulate cloud computing, including the Digital Markets Act, the Digital Services Act, and the Data Act proposal. Our analysis demonstrates that the logic of these instruments and the obligations they establish do not fit the characteristics and workings of cloud computing. The paper concludes by noting that future regulation must mirror the specificities of the cloud, which has a value chain and traits that differ significantly from other digital services, most notably online platforms.
{"title":"The regulation of cloud computing: why the European Union failed to get it right","authors":"Konstantina Bania, Damien Geradin","doi":"10.1080/13600834.2023.2260687","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13600834.2023.2260687","url":null,"abstract":"Cloud computing brings important benefits and it is expected to play a key role in facilitating the uptake of emerging technologies and applications, including artificial intelligence, blockchain, and high-performance computing. Despite its potential to deliver cost and time-efficient services, the majority of businesses in the EU have still not implemented cloud computing. This illustrates the need for a more widespread adoption of the technology. Yet, recent regulatory initiatives may obstruct the uptake of cloud services. This is arguably because such initiatives do not reflect a proper understanding of the market, which our paper intends to provide. To that end, the paper examines what cloud computing is and how it works. It subsequently discusses the EU’s attempts to regulate cloud computing, including the Digital Markets Act, the Digital Services Act, and the Data Act proposal. Our analysis demonstrates that the logic of these instruments and the obligations they establish do not fit the characteristics and workings of cloud computing. The paper concludes by noting that future regulation must mirror the specificities of the cloud, which has a value chain and traits that differ significantly from other digital services, most notably online platforms.","PeriodicalId":44342,"journal":{"name":"Information & Communications Technology Law","volume":"91 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136352552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-22DOI: 10.1080/13600834.2023.2260678
Nokuthula Olorunju, Rachel Adams
ABSTRACTNew tools are being explored to provide collective and participatory means of governing data to promote the management of data in ways that benefit those from whom data is collected. This paper discusses whether data trusts are feasible structures in an African context by outlining specific considerations that should be prioritised in the development of bottom-up and collective models of data governance on the continent. Making use of international instruments, principles and established values like Ubuntu, the paper analyses the importance of collective decision-making through collective and participatory governance, women’s empowerment, and capacity-building, and how the alignment of data trusts to African contexts could help balance historical power differentials, and emphasise heterogeneity as the starting point of all discussions in the digital age.KEYWORDS: Datadata trustsdata governanceAfricadata justicecollective decision-makingfundamental rights Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI), ‘Guided by Privacy Laws, Data Trusts can Regulate Access to Data Subject to Consent Permissions (e.g., Purpose and Sharing Limitations) Attached to the Data.’ (2022) <https://gpai.ai/projects/data-governance/data-trusts/> accessed 23 July 2022.2 J Hardinges, ‘What is a data trust?’ (2018) <https://theodi.org/article/what-is-a-data-trust/> accessed 17 June 2022.3 A Ruhaak, ‘Data Trusts: Why, What and How?’ (2019) <https://medium.com/@anoukruhaak/data-trusts-why-what-and-how-a8b53b53d34> accessed 17 June 2022.4 Research ICT Africa (RIA), ‘From Data Protection to Data Justice’ (2022) <https://researchictafrica.net/publication/from-data-protection-to-data-justice-redressing-the-uneven-distribution-of-opportunities-and-harms-in-ai/> accessed 20 June 2022.5 Organisation for African Unity (OAU), ‘African Charter on Human and People’s Rights’, (OAU Addis Ababa 1982) CAB/LEG/67/3 rev. 5, 21 I.L.M. 58 <https://www.achpr.org/legalinstruments/detail?id=49> accessed 10 July 2022.6 Global Indigenous Data Alliance, ‘CARE Principles for Indigenous Data Governance’ (2018) <https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5d3799de845604000199cd24/t/5da9f4479ecab221ce848fb2/1571419335217/CARE±Principles_One±Pagers±FINAL_Oct_17_2019.pdf> accessed 20 June 2022.7 SM Macdonald, ‘Reclaiming Data Trusts’ (2019) <https://www.cigionline.org/articles/reclaiming-data-trusts/> accessed 10 July 2022.8 Ibid.9 A Artyushina, ‘The Future of Data Trusts and the Global Race to Dominate AI’ (2021) <https://www.bennettinstitute.cam.ac.uk/blog/data-trusts1/#:~:text=What%20is%20a%20data%20trust,of%20access%20to%20the%20data.> accessed 20 June 2022.10 J Keller, ‘What are ‘Bottom-up’ Data Institutions and How Do They Empower People?’ (2021) <https://theodi.org/article/what-are-bottom-up-data-institutions-and-how-do-they-empower-people#collective-decision-making> accessed 20 June 2022; S Delacroix a
42南非福利部，“社会福利白皮书”(1997)，2022.6月12日查阅。43 MF murrove，“Ubuntu”(2014)59 Diogenes 6.44同上。45 T haka，“非洲背景下的数据治理”(2022)，2022.6月20日查阅。46全球土著数据联盟(第6期)。47同上:48南非国家斯托克维尔协会(nasa)，“关于斯托克维尔”(2021)访问2022.6月2日49同上:50 A Hutchison，“南非斯托克维尔如何管理法院外的借贷活动”(2020)访问2022.6月20日51 G. Dafuleya，“为什么通过社区组织借贷是有意义的”(2015)访问2022.52年6月20日南非国家斯托克维尔协会(nasa)，S Matuku和E Kaseke，“Stokvels在改善人们生活中的作用:以南非约翰内斯堡的Orange Farm为例”(2014)50 Social Work/ maatskapplike Werk 504,505.54 Hutchison (n 50).55第一国民银行(FNB)， ' Stokvel账户'(2022)于2022.6月15日访问56 Matuku (n 53) 504.57 Ibid 505-506.58 Ibid 512.59 haka (n 45).60凯勒(n 10).6162 . Tennison (n . 30T Ilori，“最大限度地提高公众对非洲国家参与式数据治理的认识”(2022)非洲经济研究中心(CESA)访问2022.7月20日63同上。64 A Artyushina，“可持续数据经济中的隐私:现有和失败的数据信任的教训”(2021)访问2022.65 N Couldry和U Mejias，连接的成本(斯坦福大学出版社，2019)。66L·泰勒，《什么是数据公正?》《连接全球数字权利和自由的案例》(2017)4大数据与社会1 - 14,1访问2022.67年7月23日同上;研究ICT非洲，“从数据保护到数据正义——解决人工智能中的机会和危害分配不均”(2022年)，2022.6月12日访问。水社区行动网络，“关于我们”(2022)，于2022年6月15日访问;OpenStreetMap，“关于OSM社区”(未日期)于2022年6月15日访问;维基数据，“介绍”(2022)，于2022年6月15日访问;驾驶员的座位，' Home '(2022)于2022.6月15日访问。Artyushina (n 64)71 . Ruhaak (n . 20)Tennison(21)。
{"title":"African data trusts: new tools towards collective data governance?","authors":"Nokuthula Olorunju, Rachel Adams","doi":"10.1080/13600834.2023.2260678","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13600834.2023.2260678","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTNew tools are being explored to provide collective and participatory means of governing data to promote the management of data in ways that benefit those from whom data is collected. This paper discusses whether data trusts are feasible structures in an African context by outlining specific considerations that should be prioritised in the development of bottom-up and collective models of data governance on the continent. Making use of international instruments, principles and established values like Ubuntu, the paper analyses the importance of collective decision-making through collective and participatory governance, women’s empowerment, and capacity-building, and how the alignment of data trusts to African contexts could help balance historical power differentials, and emphasise heterogeneity as the starting point of all discussions in the digital age.KEYWORDS: Datadata trustsdata governanceAfricadata justicecollective decision-makingfundamental rights Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI), ‘Guided by Privacy Laws, Data Trusts can Regulate Access to Data Subject to Consent Permissions (e.g., Purpose and Sharing Limitations) Attached to the Data.’ (2022) <https://gpai.ai/projects/data-governance/data-trusts/> accessed 23 July 2022.2 J Hardinges, ‘What is a data trust?’ (2018) <https://theodi.org/article/what-is-a-data-trust/> accessed 17 June 2022.3 A Ruhaak, ‘Data Trusts: Why, What and How?’ (2019) <https://medium.com/@anoukruhaak/data-trusts-why-what-and-how-a8b53b53d34> accessed 17 June 2022.4 Research ICT Africa (RIA), ‘From Data Protection to Data Justice’ (2022) <https://researchictafrica.net/publication/from-data-protection-to-data-justice-redressing-the-uneven-distribution-of-opportunities-and-harms-in-ai/> accessed 20 June 2022.5 Organisation for African Unity (OAU), ‘African Charter on Human and People’s Rights’, (OAU Addis Ababa 1982) CAB/LEG/67/3 rev. 5, 21 I.L.M. 58 <https://www.achpr.org/legalinstruments/detail?id=49> accessed 10 July 2022.6 Global Indigenous Data Alliance, ‘CARE Principles for Indigenous Data Governance’ (2018) <https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5d3799de845604000199cd24/t/5da9f4479ecab221ce848fb2/1571419335217/CARE±Principles_One±Pagers±FINAL_Oct_17_2019.pdf> accessed 20 June 2022.7 SM Macdonald, ‘Reclaiming Data Trusts’ (2019) <https://www.cigionline.org/articles/reclaiming-data-trusts/> accessed 10 July 2022.8 Ibid.9 A Artyushina, ‘The Future of Data Trusts and the Global Race to Dominate AI’ (2021) <https://www.bennettinstitute.cam.ac.uk/blog/data-trusts1/#:~:text=What%20is%20a%20data%20trust,of%20access%20to%20the%20data.> accessed 20 June 2022.10 J Keller, ‘What are ‘Bottom-up’ Data Institutions and How Do They Empower People?’ (2021) <https://theodi.org/article/what-are-bottom-up-data-institutions-and-how-do-they-empower-people#collective-decision-making> accessed 20 June 2022; S Delacroix a","PeriodicalId":44342,"journal":{"name":"Information & Communications Technology Law","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136061162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-22DOI: 10.1080/13600834.2023.2261345
Saleh Al-Sharieh
ABSTRACTThis article identifies efficiency, certainty, and agility as essential facilitators of a copyright system’s ability to attract foreign direct investment (FDI) to the cultural and creative industries in today’s knowledge economy. The article further provides a set of principles and rules that enable these characteristics in copyright law. Whereas some of these copyright principles and rules are inherently compatible and, hence, can concurrently serve the efficiency, certainty, and agility of copyright law, the co-existence of some of them requires legislative and judicial balancing, as neither of them should defeat the purpose of the other.Furthermore, given the role that legal efficiency, certainty, and agility play in the sustainability of copyright law, legislatures should weigh these characteristics in the copyright law balance when enacting or amending copyright statutes. Courts also should consider these qualities when reconciling competing copyright law interests via statutory interpretation. Both types of balancing are necessary to ensure that the economic competitive advantage of copyright law does not prejudice its fairness foundations.From a business strategy perspective, firms in the cultural and creative industry may want to consider the efficiency, certainty, and agility of a copyright system when choosing their investment destinations.KEYWORDS: Intellectual propertycopyrightinvestmentregulatory competitionmarket of lawsknowledge economy AcknowledgmentAn earlier version of this article was presented at the IP Researchers Europe Conference 2023 (IPRE 2023), Geneva, 29–30 June 2023. The author thanks the participants in the IPRE 2023 and the anonymous reviewers of Information & Communications Technology Law for their valuable feedback.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 Yochai Benkler, The Wealth of Networks How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom (Yale University Press, 2006) 33.2 Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD), ‘The Knowledge-Based Economy’ (1996) OECD General Distribution OCDE/GD(96)102, 9 < https://one.oecd.org/document/OCDE/GD%2896%29102/En/pdf> accessed 13 August 2023; Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Economic Committee, ‘Towards Knowledge-Based Economies in APEC’ (2000) vii <https://www.apec.org/docs/default-source/Publications/2000/11/Towards-KnowledgeBased-Economies-in-APEC-2000/00_ec_knowledgebased.pdf> accessed 13 August 2023.3 Rafael Gely and Leonard Bierman, ‘The Law and Economics of Employee Information Exchange in the Knowledge Economy’ (2004) 12 Geo Mason L Rev 651, 660.4 ibid.5 OECD, ‘The Knowledge-Based Economy’ (n 2), 7.6 World Bank, ‘The Four Pillars of The Knowledge Economy’ <https://web.worldbank.org/archive/website01503/WEB/0__CO-10.HTM> accessed 5 June 2023.7 Alina Ng, ‘Copyright's Empire: Why the Law Matters’ (2007) 11 Marq Intell Prop L Rev 337, 340.8 Michael Schwager, Director General, IP Austra
摘要本文认为，在当今知识经济时代，效率、确定性和敏捷性是版权制度吸引外国直接投资到文化和创意产业的重要促进因素。本文进一步提供了一套在版权法中实现这些特征的原则和规则。虽然这些版权原则和规则中的一些本质上是相容的，因此可以同时服务于版权法的效率，确定性和灵活性，但其中一些的共存需要立法和司法平衡，因为它们都不应该破坏另一个的目的。此外，鉴于法律效率、确定性和灵活性在版权法的可持续性中所起的作用，立法机构在制定或修改版权法时应在版权法的平衡中权衡这些特征。法院在通过成文法解释协调相互竞争的版权法利益时也应考虑到这些品质。这两种平衡都是必要的，以确保版权法的经济竞争优势不损害其公平基础。从商业战略的角度来看，文化和创意产业的公司在选择投资目的地时可能需要考虑版权制度的效率、确定性和灵活性。关键词:知识产权、版权、投资、监管、竞争、法律市场、知识经济致谢本文的早期版本发表于2023年欧洲知识产权研究人员会议(IPRE 2023)，日内瓦，2023年6月29-30日。作者感谢IPRE 2023的参与者和《信息与通信技术法》的匿名审稿人提供的宝贵意见。披露声明作者未报告潜在的利益冲突。注1 Yochai Benkler，社会生产如何改变市场和自由的网络财富(耶鲁大学出版社，2006)33.2经济合作与发展组织(OECD)，“知识经济”(1996)OECD总分布OCDE/GD(96)102, 9 < https://one.oecd.org/document/OCDE/GD%2896%29102/En/pdf>访问2023年8月13日;亚太经济合作组织(APEC)经济委员会，《APEC迈向知识经济》(2000)vii, 2022.3年8月13日查阅。Rafael gey和Leonard Bierman，《知识经济中员工信息交换的法律和经济学》(2004)。12 Geo Mason L Rev 651, 660.4同上。5 OECD，《知识经济》(第2期)，7.6世界银行，《知识经济的四大支柱》，2023.7月5日查阅。《法律为何重要》(2007)11 Marq Intell Prop L Rev 337,340.8 Michael Schwager，澳大利亚知识产权局局长。前言。见:澳大利亚知识产权局，《2021年澳大利亚知识产权报告》(2021)，于2023年8月13日获取;Keith E . Maskus，《知识产权在鼓励外国直接投资和技术转让中的作用》(1998)9 Duke J Comp & international ' L L 109, 152.9 Richard Watt，《版权经济学的实证分析:发达国家的研究结果对发展中国家有多有效?》见WIPO(编)，《知识产权经济学:对发展中国家和经济转型国家进一步研究的建议》(WIPO, 2009) 65.10见《与贸易有关的知识产权协定》(1994年4月15日通过，1995年1月1日生效)1869 UNTS 299 (TRIPS协定)Jerome H Reichman，“在美国诉印度案之后确保对TRIPS协议的遵守”(1998)1 J国际经济法585,585.12保护文学和艺术作品伯尔尼公约(1886年9月9日通过，1971年7月24日修订，1979年9月28日修订)S条约文件第99-27号(1986)(伯尔尼公约)。13同上第7(1)条参见欧洲议会和理事会2006年12月12日关于版权和某些相关权利的保护期的第2006/116/EC号指令[2006]OJ L372/12第1.1条(规定欧盟文学和艺术作品的版权一般保护期为作者去世后70年)参见美国密苏里州国会代表Richard A . Gephardt阁下在美国的“声明”。国会。的房子。司法委员会。法院、知识产权和司法小组委员会(编)，《工业设计保护:法院、知识产权和司法委员会司法小组委员会听证会》，第100届国会，《1987年工业创新和技术法案》第二次会议，《1989年工业设计反盗版法案》和《1989年设计保护法》(美国政府印刷局，1991年)90。 16参见eg，知识产权澳大利亚，“知识产权澳大利亚与知识产权大趋势、情景及其战略影响的未来”(2017)5-7，可于2023年8月13日查阅。17见Ximena Benavides，“法律之间的竞争”(2008)77 Rev Jur UPR 373,376(认为当国家通过借鉴外国法律改革其法律体系时，他们将选择有效的法律规则，其适应成本最低)本尼迪克特·奥拉玛和里奇曼·德泽尼，“全球化与最近的贸易战:联系和教训”，《全球政策》(2019)10,401,402;Aaditya Mattoo, Nadia Rocha和Michele Ruta，“深度贸易协定的演变”(2022)27 PJPS 35,36.19 Horst eidenmller，“跨国法律市场，监管竞争和跨国公司”(2011)18 Ind J全球法律研究707,713-14.20参见eg， -，“德国法律制定”(2014)5访问2023年6月5日;西蒙·迪肯:《法律多样性与监管竞争:哪个模式适合欧洲?》(2006) 12 elj 440, 440;Erin A O'Hara, Larry E Ribstein，《法律市场》(OUP, 2009) 3-4;Abhishek Saurav和Ryan Kuo，《外国直接投资的声音:发展中国家的外国投资者政策偏好和经验》(2020)，世界银行政策研究工作文件，第9425期，第3期，2023年8月13日访问;Kusi Hornberger, Joseph Battat和Peter Kusek，《吸引外国直接投资:投资环境有多重要?》(2011)世界银行第327,4号钞票于2023年8月13日访问;康斯坦蒂诺斯•戴利斯、大卫•桑德曼和伊莎贝尔•范斯蒂恩基斯特:《发达经济体FDI流入的决定因素:经济结构质量重要吗?》(2017)欧洲中央银行工作文件系列第2066号，2023年8月13日。但请参阅阿曼达•佩里的《吸引外国直接投资的理想法律制度?》一些理论和现实”(2000)15 Am U Int' L Rev 1627, 1628-57)(注意到学术界对法律作为吸引外国直接投资的一个因素的重要性的共识，但以斯里兰卡为例研究认为“法律制度作为外国直接投资的决定因素的作用既不直接，也不被证明，也不统一”)O'Hara and Ribstein (n 20) 3-4;Dan Wielsch，《全球法律的工具箱:私人监管的标准》(2012)60 AJCL 1075, 1075 - 76。eidenmller (n 19) 749。但参见Claudio M Radaelli，“监管竞争的谜题”(2004)24 J公共政策1,3(怀疑监管对公司外国投资决策的假设影响)参见美国国际开发署CAFTA-DR区域贸易计划，“洪都拉斯“Dirección General De Promoción De Comercio external E Inversión”组织结构重组建议”(2009)，2023年6月5日(建议采用国家战略吸引外国直接投资)He
{"title":"Competitive advantage in the international market of laws: the case of copyright law","authors":"Saleh Al-Sharieh","doi":"10.1080/13600834.2023.2261345","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13600834.2023.2261345","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTThis article identifies efficiency, certainty, and agility as essential facilitators of a copyright system’s ability to attract foreign direct investment (FDI) to the cultural and creative industries in today’s knowledge economy. The article further provides a set of principles and rules that enable these characteristics in copyright law. Whereas some of these copyright principles and rules are inherently compatible and, hence, can concurrently serve the efficiency, certainty, and agility of copyright law, the co-existence of some of them requires legislative and judicial balancing, as neither of them should defeat the purpose of the other.Furthermore, given the role that legal efficiency, certainty, and agility play in the sustainability of copyright law, legislatures should weigh these characteristics in the copyright law balance when enacting or amending copyright statutes. Courts also should consider these qualities when reconciling competing copyright law interests via statutory interpretation. Both types of balancing are necessary to ensure that the economic competitive advantage of copyright law does not prejudice its fairness foundations.From a business strategy perspective, firms in the cultural and creative industry may want to consider the efficiency, certainty, and agility of a copyright system when choosing their investment destinations.KEYWORDS: Intellectual propertycopyrightinvestmentregulatory competitionmarket of lawsknowledge economy AcknowledgmentAn earlier version of this article was presented at the IP Researchers Europe Conference 2023 (IPRE 2023), Geneva, 29–30 June 2023. The author thanks the participants in the IPRE 2023 and the anonymous reviewers of Information & Communications Technology Law for their valuable feedback.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 Yochai Benkler, The Wealth of Networks How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom (Yale University Press, 2006) 33.2 Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD), ‘The Knowledge-Based Economy’ (1996) OECD General Distribution OCDE/GD(96)102, 9 < https://one.oecd.org/document/OCDE/GD%2896%29102/En/pdf> accessed 13 August 2023; Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Economic Committee, ‘Towards Knowledge-Based Economies in APEC’ (2000) vii <https://www.apec.org/docs/default-source/Publications/2000/11/Towards-KnowledgeBased-Economies-in-APEC-2000/00_ec_knowledgebased.pdf> accessed 13 August 2023.3 Rafael Gely and Leonard Bierman, ‘The Law and Economics of Employee Information Exchange in the Knowledge Economy’ (2004) 12 Geo Mason L Rev 651, 660.4 ibid.5 OECD, ‘The Knowledge-Based Economy’ (n 2), 7.6 World Bank, ‘The Four Pillars of The Knowledge Economy’ <https://web.worldbank.org/archive/website01503/WEB/0__CO-10.HTM> accessed 5 June 2023.7 Alina Ng, ‘Copyright's Empire: Why the Law Matters’ (2007) 11 Marq Intell Prop L Rev 337, 340.8 Michael Schwager, Director General, IP Austra","PeriodicalId":44342,"journal":{"name":"Information & Communications Technology Law","volume":"78 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136061155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-30DOI: 10.1080/13600834.2023.2249781
Rita Matulionyte
Law enforcement authorities around the world are increasingly trialing or using facial recognition technologies (FRT). Their use has raised many legal and ethical challenges, one of which is a lack of transparency: Community members do not have sufficient information about what government organizations use FRT, for what purposes, and what safeguards are in place to manage the risks that they pose to human rights. While increased transparency around FRT use has been demanded by policy makers and academics, there are no established guidelines on how much transparency is needed around different FRT (authentication, identification, categorization) and what the barriers are in achieving the expected levels of transparency. This article fills this gap by proposing criteria which would help determine the required levels of transparency for different FRT applications (both low-risk and high-risk ones) and examines organizational, technical, legal and operational barriers in achieving adequate transparency and how they could be addressed.
{"title":"Increasing transparency around facial recognition technologies in law enforcement: towards a model framework","authors":"Rita Matulionyte","doi":"10.1080/13600834.2023.2249781","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13600834.2023.2249781","url":null,"abstract":"Law enforcement authorities around the world are increasingly trialing or using facial recognition technologies (FRT). Their use has raised many legal and ethical challenges, one of which is a lack of transparency: Community members do not have sufficient information about what government organizations use FRT, for what purposes, and what safeguards are in place to manage the risks that they pose to human rights. While increased transparency around FRT use has been demanded by policy makers and academics, there are no established guidelines on how much transparency is needed around different FRT (authentication, identification, categorization) and what the barriers are in achieving the expected levels of transparency. This article fills this gap by proposing criteria which would help determine the required levels of transparency for different FRT applications (both low-risk and high-risk ones) and examines organizational, technical, legal and operational barriers in achieving adequate transparency and how they could be addressed.","PeriodicalId":44342,"journal":{"name":"Information & Communications Technology Law","volume":"820 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136143213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-07DOI: 10.1080/13600834.2023.2231326
Stanislaw Piasecki
ABSTRACT This article introduces information gathered through 21 semi-structured interviews conducted with UK, EU and international professionals in the field of General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) compliance and technology design, with a focus on the smart home context and vulnerable people using smart products. Those discussions gave various insights and perspectives into how the two communities (lawyers and technologists) view intricate practical data protection challenges in this specific setting. The variety of interviewees allowed to compare different approaches to data protection compliance topics. Answers to the following questions were provided: when organisations develop and/or deploy smart devices that use personal data, do they take into consideration the needs of vulnerable groups of people to comply with the GDPR? What are the underlying issues linked to the practical data protection law challenges faced by organisations working on smart devices used by vulnerable persons? How do experts perceive data protection law-related problems in this context?
{"title":"Expert perspectives on GDPR compliance in the context of smart homes and vulnerable persons","authors":"Stanislaw Piasecki","doi":"10.1080/13600834.2023.2231326","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13600834.2023.2231326","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article introduces information gathered through 21 semi-structured interviews conducted with UK, EU and international professionals in the field of General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) compliance and technology design, with a focus on the smart home context and vulnerable people using smart products. Those discussions gave various insights and perspectives into how the two communities (lawyers and technologists) view intricate practical data protection challenges in this specific setting. The variety of interviewees allowed to compare different approaches to data protection compliance topics. Answers to the following questions were provided: when organisations develop and/or deploy smart devices that use personal data, do they take into consideration the needs of vulnerable groups of people to comply with the GDPR? What are the underlying issues linked to the practical data protection law challenges faced by organisations working on smart devices used by vulnerable persons? How do experts perceive data protection law-related problems in this context?","PeriodicalId":44342,"journal":{"name":"Information & Communications Technology Law","volume":"32 1","pages":"385 - 417"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43605735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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