{"title":"Noun Phrases Rooted by Adjectives: A Dependency Grammar Analysis of the Big Mess Construction","authors":"Timothy Osborne","doi":"10.18653/v1/w19-7707","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/w19-7707","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":443459,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Dependency Linguistics (Depling, SyntaxFest 2019)","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115878098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Despite spectacular progress in language modeling tasks, neural networks still fall short of the performance of human infants when it comes to learning a language from scarce and noisy data. Such performance presumably stems from human-specific inductive biases in the neural networks sustaining language acquisitions in the child. Here, we use two paradigms to study experimentally such inductive biases in artificial neural networks. The first one relies on iterative learning, where a sequence of agents learn from each other, simulating historical linguistic transmission. We find evidence that sequence to sequence neural models have some of the human inductive biases (like the preference for local dependencies), but lack others (like the preference for nonredundant markers of argument structure). The second paradigm relies on language emergence, where two agents engage in a communicative game. Here we find that sequence to sequence networks lack the preference for efficient communication found in humans, and in fact display an anti-Zipfian law of abbreviation. We conclude that the study of the inductive biases of neural networks is an important topic to improve the data efficiency of current systems.
{"title":"SyntaxFest 2019 Invited talk - Inductive biases and language emergence in communicative agents","authors":"Emmanuel Dupoux","doi":"10.18653/v1/W19-7701","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/W19-7701","url":null,"abstract":"Despite spectacular progress in language modeling tasks, neural networks still fall short of the performance of human infants when it comes to learning a language from scarce and noisy data. Such performance presumably stems from human-specific inductive biases in the neural networks sustaining language acquisitions in the child. Here, we use two paradigms to study experimentally such inductive biases in artificial neural networks. The first one relies on iterative learning, where a sequence of agents learn from each other, simulating historical linguistic transmission. We find evidence that sequence to sequence neural models have some of the human inductive biases (like the preference for local dependencies), but lack others (like the preference for nonredundant markers of argument structure). The second paradigm relies on language emergence, where two agents engage in a communicative game. Here we find that sequence to sequence networks lack the preference for efficient communication found in humans, and in fact display an anti-Zipfian law of abbreviation. We conclude that the study of the inductive biases of neural networks is an important topic to improve the data efficiency of current systems.","PeriodicalId":443459,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Dependency Linguistics (Depling, SyntaxFest 2019)","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126914791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Reflexives are the source of ambiguity in many languages, including Czech. In this paper, we address Czech reflexives and their description in the dependency-oriented theory, Functional Generative Description. Our primary focus in this paper lies in the reflexives that form analogous syntactic structures as personal pronouns (e.g., Jan si / jí nevěří. ‘John does not believe in himself / in her.’). In Czech (similarly as in other Slavic languages), these reflexives encode reflexivity or reciprocity, two closely related phenomena. We offer an in-depth analysis of both these phenomena and propose their description in lexicon and in grammar. Further, we clarify principles underlying ambiguity of reflexive and reciprocal constructions.
反身反义是许多语言歧义的来源，包括捷克语。在本文中，我们讨论了捷克语自反体及其在依赖导向理论——功能生成描述中的描述。本文主要关注与人称代词形成类似句法结构的反身代词(如Jan si / jí nevěří)。约翰不相信他自己/不相信她。在捷克语(类似于其他斯拉夫语言)中，这些反身性表示反身性或互惠性，这是两种密切相关的现象。我们对这两种现象进行了深入的分析，并从词汇和语法上提出了它们的描述。此外，我们澄清了自反和互反结构歧义的基本原则。
{"title":"Reflexives in Czech from a Dependency Perspective","authors":"Václava Kettnerová, Markéta Lopatková","doi":"10.18653/v1/W19-7704","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/W19-7704","url":null,"abstract":"Reflexives are the source of ambiguity in many languages, including Czech. In this paper, we address Czech reflexives and their description in the dependency-oriented theory, Functional Generative Description. Our primary focus in this paper lies in the reflexives that form analogous syntactic structures as personal pronouns (e.g., Jan si / jí nevěří. ‘John does not believe in himself / in her.’). In Czech (similarly as in other Slavic languages), these reflexives encode reflexivity or reciprocity, two closely related phenomena. We offer an in-depth analysis of both these phenomena and propose their description in lexicon and in grammar. Further, we clarify principles underlying ambiguity of reflexive and reciprocal constructions.","PeriodicalId":443459,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Dependency Linguistics (Depling, SyntaxFest 2019)","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121916934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper we describe the early stage application of the Universal Dependencies to an Italian corpus from social media developed for shared tasks related to irony and stance detection. The development of this novel resource (TWITTIRÒ-UD) serves a twofold goal: it enriches the scenario of treebanks for social media and for Italian, and it paves the way for a more reliable extraction of a larger variety of morphological and syntactic features to be used by sentiment analysis tools. On the one hand, social media texts are especially hard to parse and the limited amount of resources for training and testing NLP tools further damages the situation. On the other hand, we thought that adding the Universal Dependencies format to the fine-grained annotation for irony, that was previously applied on TWITTIRÒ, might meaningfully help in the investigation of possible relationships between syntax and semantics of the uses of figurative language, irony in particular.
{"title":"Presenting TWITTIRÒ-UD: An Italian Twitter Treebank in Universal Dependencies","authors":"A. T. Cignarella, C. Bosco, Paolo Rosso","doi":"10.18653/v1/W19-7723","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/W19-7723","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we describe the early stage application of the Universal Dependencies to an Italian corpus from social media developed for shared tasks related to irony and stance detection. The development of this novel resource (TWITTIRÒ-UD) serves a twofold goal: it enriches the scenario of treebanks for social media and for Italian, and it paves the way for a more reliable extraction of a larger variety of morphological and syntactic features to be used by sentiment analysis tools. On the one hand, social media texts are especially hard to parse and the limited amount of resources for training and testing NLP tools further damages the situation. On the other hand, we thought that adding the Universal Dependencies format to the fine-grained annotation for irony, that was previously applied on TWITTIRÒ, might meaningfully help in the investigation of possible relationships between syntax and semantics of the uses of figurative language, irony in particular.","PeriodicalId":443459,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Dependency Linguistics (Depling, SyntaxFest 2019)","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121752462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Eleni (Lena) Metheniti, P. Park, K. Kolesova, G. Neumann
We propose a method of determining the syntactic difficulty of a sentence, using syntactic patterns that identify grammatical rules on dependency parses. We have constructed a novel query language based on constraint-based dependency grammars and a grammar of German rules (relevant to primary school education) with patterns in our language. We annotated these rules with a difficulty score and grammatical prerequisites and built a matching algorithm that matches the dependency parse of a sentence in CoNLL-U format with its relevant syntactic patterns. We achieved 96% precision and 95% recall on a manually annotated set of sentences, and our best results on using parses from four parsers are 88% and 84% respectively.
{"title":"Identifying Grammar Rules for Language Education with Dependency Parsing in German","authors":"Eleni (Lena) Metheniti, P. Park, K. Kolesova, G. Neumann","doi":"10.18653/v1/W19-7712","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/W19-7712","url":null,"abstract":"We propose a method of determining the syntactic difficulty of a sentence, using syntactic patterns that identify grammatical rules on dependency parses. We have constructed a novel query language based on constraint-based dependency grammars and a grammar of German rules (relevant to primary school education) with patterns in our language. We annotated these rules with a difficulty score and grammatical prerequisites and built a matching algorithm that matches the dependency parse of a sentence in CoNLL-U format with its relevant syntactic patterns. We achieved 96% precision and 95% recall on a manually annotated set of sentences, and our best results on using parses from four parsers are 88% and 84% respectively.","PeriodicalId":443459,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Dependency Linguistics (Depling, SyntaxFest 2019)","volume":"583 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113997445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The purpose of this study is to examine methods of measuring syntactic complexity by analyzing an original corpus of written Japanese data from native speakers and learners of Japanese. We compared two measures, mean dependency distance (MDD) and mean hierarchical distance (MHD), which have been examined using in English in previous studies. Our research question is to compare the two methods and evaluate them in order to develop an index for measuring Japanese learner's syntactic complexity.
{"title":"Examining MDD and MHD as Syntactic Complexity Measures with Intermediate Japanese Learner Corpus Data","authors":"Saeko Komori, Masatoshi Sugiura, Wenping Li","doi":"10.18653/v1/W19-7715","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/W19-7715","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this study is to examine methods of measuring syntactic complexity by analyzing an original corpus of written Japanese data from native speakers and learners of Japanese. We compared two measures, mean dependency distance (MDD) and mean hierarchical distance (MHD), which have been examined using in English in previous studies. Our research question is to compare the two methods and evaluate them in order to develop an index for measuring Japanese learner's syntactic complexity.","PeriodicalId":443459,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Dependency Linguistics (Depling, SyntaxFest 2019)","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115072115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This manuscript proposes a syntactic analysis of it-cleft sentences in English in dependency syntax. The connectivity effects of it-clefts are addressed in terms of the catena unit. A central claim is that despite the presence of two finite clauses, the matrix predicate of it-clefts, which is a catena, reaches into the embedded clause to include the primary predicate residing there. This means that despite the presence of two finite verbs, it-clefts are in fact mono-clausal in a central way. Given this essentially mono-clausal status of it-clefts, the widely discussed connectivity effects that appear in them are not surprising.
{"title":"Predicate Catenae: A Dependency Grammar Analysis of It-Clefts","authors":"Timothy Osborne","doi":"10.18653/v1/W19-7706","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/W19-7706","url":null,"abstract":"This manuscript proposes a syntactic analysis of it-cleft sentences in English in dependency syntax. The connectivity effects of it-clefts are addressed in terms of the catena unit. A central claim is that despite the presence of two finite clauses, the matrix predicate of it-clefts, which is a catena, reaches into the embedded clause to include the primary predicate residing there. This means that despite the presence of two finite verbs, it-clefts are in fact mono-clausal in a central way. Given this essentially mono-clausal status of it-clefts, the widely discussed connectivity effects that appear in them are not surprising.","PeriodicalId":443459,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Dependency Linguistics (Depling, SyntaxFest 2019)","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116051422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of this paper is to propose a dependency analysis of coordination of unlike grammatical functions, as witnessed in Slavic and some neighbouring languages (including Romanian, Hungarian and West Armenian). In order to increase the practical impact of the analysis, the proposed representations adhere to Universal Dependencies, a syntactic corpus annotation scheme, though arguments are given for validity of such representations from the theoretical linguistic perspective.
{"title":"Coordination of Unlike Grammatical Functions","authors":"Agnieszka Patejuk, A. Przepiórkowski","doi":"10.18653/v1/W19-7705","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/W19-7705","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this paper is to propose a dependency analysis of coordination of unlike grammatical functions, as witnessed in Slavic and some neighbouring languages (including Romanian, Hungarian and West Armenian). In order to increase the practical impact of the analysis, the proposed representations adhere to Universal Dependencies, a syntactic corpus annotation scheme, though arguments are given for validity of such representations from the theoretical linguistic perspective.","PeriodicalId":443459,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Dependency Linguistics (Depling, SyntaxFest 2019)","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121893112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper looks into cliticization of Serbian personal pronouns and auxiliary verbs. Cliticization is the operation whereby, in the process of clause construction, a clitic (= unstressed) form of a pronominal/verbal lexeme is chosen, rather than a full (= stressed) form. Cliticization of both pronouns and auxiliaries is obligatory under neutral communicative conditions (i.e., in the absence of contrast or emphasis) and unless specific syntactic/prosodic factors impose the choice of a full form. Under marked communicative conditions, cliticization is precluded. Corresponding rules are proposed within a Meaning-Text dependency framework. 1 Overview of the Problem Personal pronouns and auxiliary verbs in Serbian (and all other languages stemming from former Serbo-Croatian) have both full (= stressed, tonic) and clitic (= unstressed) forms, the latter being so-called second-position clitics (Halpern & Zwicky, eds, 1996). In any sentence featuring pronouns and/or auxiliaries, the choice between full and clitic forms is obligatory, which means that the opposition “tonic ~ clitic” is inflectional in nature. The operation whereby the inflectional value (= a grammeme) CLITIC is assigned to a lexical item, in the course of clause synthesis, is called cliticization. Roughly speaking, cliticization of both personal pronouns and auxiliary verbs is obligatory under neutral communicative conditions (i.e., in the absence of contrast or emphasis) and unless specific syntactic/prosodic factors impose the choice of a full form. Under marked communicative conditions, cliticization is precluded. It is precisely these conditions that the paper intends to specify. Here are some preliminary examples of the use of clitic vs. full pronominal and verbal forms; as most examples in the paper, these are taken from the Serbian corpus (Korpus savremenog srpskog jezika: www.korpus.matf.bg.ac.rs). (1) a. Možda me je Mira podsticala na brbljivost. Gledala me je netremice ... lit. ‘Maybe me is Mira having.incited on volubililty. [She] having.looked me is intently...’ ‘Maybe Mira was inciting my volubility. She was looking at me intently...’ b. No, bilo kako bilo, prepoznao ga jeste. lit. ‘But, be it as it may, having.recognised him [he] is.’ ‘But, be it as it may, he did recognize him.’ c. Ali nije gledala njega, gledala je mene. lit. ‘But [she] is.not having.looked him, having.looked [she] is me.’ ‘But she wasn’t looking at him, she was looking at me.’ Example (1a) illustrates a communicatively unmarked context, where clitic forms are used by default and the corresponding full forms would be inappropriate; we see here instances of the accusative 1p pronominal clitic, me ‘me’, and the 3sg past tense auxiliary clitic, je ‘is’. In sentence (1b), a full form of the past tense auxiliary is used contrastively—to insist that the fact of recognizing did take place; note also a marked word order, with the auxiliary clausefinal. The corresponding clitic auxiliary is possible here if the con
本文对塞尔维亚语人称代词和助动词的批评进行了探讨。Cliticization是一种操作，在从句的结构过程中，代词/动词素的修饰形式(=非重读形式)被选择，而不是完整形式(=重读形式)。在中性交际条件下(即，在没有对比或强调的情况下)，除非特定的句法/韵律因素迫使选择完整形式，否则代词和助动词的修饰都是必须的。在有标记的交流条件下，不允许进行批评。在语义-文本依赖框架中提出相应的规则。塞尔维亚语(以及源于前塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语的所有其他语言)中的人称代词和助动词有完整形式(=重音，主音)和定语形式(=非重读)，后者被称为第二位置定语(Halpern & Zwicky，主编，1996)。在任何以代词和/或助词为特征的句子中，必须在完整形式和clitic形式之间进行选择，这意味着对立的“主音~ clitic”在本质上是屈折的。在分句合成过程中，将词形变化值(=一个语法)CLITIC赋给一个词汇项的操作称为cliticization。粗略地说，在中性交际条件下(即在没有对比或强调的情况下)，除非特定的句法/韵律因素迫使选择完整形式，否则人称代词和助动词的修饰都是必须的。在有标记的交流条件下，不允许进行批评。本文所要说明的正是这些条件。下面是一些关于状语从句、代词的完整形式和动词形式的初步例子;与本文中的大多数示例一样，这些示例取自塞尔维亚语料库(Korpus savremenog srpskog jezika: www.korpus.matf.bg.ac.rs)。(1) a. Možda me je Mira podsticala na brbljivost。格莱达，我很高兴……“也许我是米拉。”受多嘴多舌的煽动。[她]。专注地看着我……“也许米拉是在煽动我多嘴。”她目不转睛地看着我……不，bilo kako bilo, prepoznao ga jeste。“但是，不管怎样，我。”我认出他来了。”“但是，不管怎样，他确实认出了他。c. Ali nije gledala njega, gledala je mene。“但(她)是。”没有。看着他，有。看[她]就是我。”“但她不是在看他，而是在看我。例(1a)说明了一个交际上没有标记的上下文，默认情况下使用关键字形式，相应的完整形式是不合适的;我们在这里看到了宾格代词定语从句me ' me '和过去时态助动词定语从句je ' is '。在(1b)句中，过去式助动词的完整形式用于对比——坚持承认的事实确实发生了;还要注意有标记的词序，加上辅助从句和final。如果对比是通过词汇表达的，则可以在这里使用相应的助动词:[…][参考译文cliticization这个词至少还有另外两种用法是我不赞同的:1)成为cliticization的历时过程;clitic的用法和例:clitic附着在宿主上的操作。prepoznao”[…其实他已经认出来了。”最后，在句子(1c)中使用完整人称代词njega“他”和mene“我”是有理由的，因为它们具有对比焦点;在这种类型的语境中，不包括临界形式。虽然阴蒂行为的其他一些方面，特别是它们的线性放置，已经得到了广泛的研究，但阴蒂化(在这里的意义上)得到的关注较少。Kayne(1975)对法语批评现象进行了开创性的研究，为其他语言的批评现象研究提供了一个跳板。例如，在dimitrova - vulanova(1999年)和Franks(1998年和2010年)中可以找到斯拉夫语言中批评的讨论;现存对塞尔维亚语/克罗地亚语的批评性描述最完整的是Browne(1975: 276-282)。Progovac (2005: 126-136)， Mrazovac, 2009: 364-366)和Caink(从不同的角度)在2000年解决了这个问题的某些方面;petie - stantiki(2017年和2018年)报告了最近关于克罗地亚数据主题的一些研究。Cliticization在理论上很有趣，因为它涉及句法和交际(即信息)结构在句子生成中的相互作用，并与其他重要现象如主语省略和连词减少有关。在本节的剩余部分，我提供了一些关于塞尔维亚语词汇项目容易受到批评的基本事实(1.1)，并描述了所采用的理论框架的要点(1.2)。
{"title":"Cliticization of Serbian Personal Pronouns and Auxiliary Verbs. A Dependency-Based Account","authors":"Jasmina Milicevic","doi":"10.18653/v1/W19-7708","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/W19-7708","url":null,"abstract":"The paper looks into cliticization of Serbian personal pronouns and auxiliary verbs. Cliticization is the operation whereby, in the process of clause construction, a clitic (= unstressed) form of a pronominal/verbal lexeme is chosen, rather than a full (= stressed) form. Cliticization of both pronouns and auxiliaries is obligatory under neutral communicative conditions (i.e., in the absence of contrast or emphasis) and unless specific syntactic/prosodic factors impose the choice of a full form. Under marked communicative conditions, cliticization is precluded. Corresponding rules are proposed within a Meaning-Text dependency framework. 1 Overview of the Problem Personal pronouns and auxiliary verbs in Serbian (and all other languages stemming from former Serbo-Croatian) have both full (= stressed, tonic) and clitic (= unstressed) forms, the latter being so-called second-position clitics (Halpern & Zwicky, eds, 1996). In any sentence featuring pronouns and/or auxiliaries, the choice between full and clitic forms is obligatory, which means that the opposition “tonic ~ clitic” is inflectional in nature. The operation whereby the inflectional value (= a grammeme) CLITIC is assigned to a lexical item, in the course of clause synthesis, is called cliticization. Roughly speaking, cliticization of both personal pronouns and auxiliary verbs is obligatory under neutral communicative conditions (i.e., in the absence of contrast or emphasis) and unless specific syntactic/prosodic factors impose the choice of a full form. Under marked communicative conditions, cliticization is precluded. It is precisely these conditions that the paper intends to specify. Here are some preliminary examples of the use of clitic vs. full pronominal and verbal forms; as most examples in the paper, these are taken from the Serbian corpus (Korpus savremenog srpskog jezika: www.korpus.matf.bg.ac.rs). (1) a. Možda me je Mira podsticala na brbljivost. Gledala me je netremice ... lit. ‘Maybe me is Mira having.incited on volubililty. [She] having.looked me is intently...’ ‘Maybe Mira was inciting my volubility. She was looking at me intently...’ b. No, bilo kako bilo, prepoznao ga jeste. lit. ‘But, be it as it may, having.recognised him [he] is.’ ‘But, be it as it may, he did recognize him.’ c. Ali nije gledala njega, gledala je mene. lit. ‘But [she] is.not having.looked him, having.looked [she] is me.’ ‘But she wasn’t looking at him, she was looking at me.’ Example (1a) illustrates a communicatively unmarked context, where clitic forms are used by default and the corresponding full forms would be inappropriate; we see here instances of the accusative 1p pronominal clitic, me ‘me’, and the 3sg past tense auxiliary clitic, je ‘is’. In sentence (1b), a full form of the past tense auxiliary is used contrastively—to insist that the fact of recognizing did take place; note also a marked word order, with the auxiliary clausefinal. The corresponding clitic auxiliary is possible here if the con","PeriodicalId":443459,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Dependency Linguistics (Depling, SyntaxFest 2019)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129396218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Experiments have been conducted in which the subjects incrementally constructed dependency trees of Russian sentences. The subject was successively presented with growing initial segments of a sentence, and had to draw syntactic links between the last word of the segment and the previous words. The subject was also shown a limited right context – a fixed number of words following the last word of the segment. The results of the experiments show that the right context of 1 or 2 words is sufficient for confident incremental parsing of Russian narrative sentences.
{"title":"Experiments on human incremental parsing","authors":"L. Mityushin, L. Iomdin","doi":"10.18653/v1/W19-7725","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/W19-7725","url":null,"abstract":"Experiments have been conducted in which the subjects incrementally constructed dependency trees of Russian sentences. The subject was successively presented with growing initial segments of a sentence, and had to draw syntactic links between the last word of the segment and the previous words. The subject was also shown a limited right context – a fixed number of words following the last word of the segment. The results of the experiments show that the right context of 1 or 2 words is sufficient for confident incremental parsing of Russian narrative sentences.","PeriodicalId":443459,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Dependency Linguistics (Depling, SyntaxFest 2019)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122562210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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