Pub Date : 2006-05-01DOI: 10.1109/MAES.2006.1626056
S. Reddaway, P. Bruno, R. Pancoast, P. Rogina
Radar involves similar operations applied to large amounts of data. It is thus well suited to data parallel (SIMD) hardware. In the past, large data-parallel machines have been applied to radar with limited success. This has been due to such reasons as programming issues, cost, and the hardware being too big for most embedded applications. Most SIMD machines went away a decade ago. There is now a new generation of SIMD COTS technology with powerful processing elements (PEs) and floating-point hardware. WorldScape is applying these chips to radar processing, and has demonstrated significantly more performance with much lower power dissipation (GFLOPS/Watt). These implementations provide attractive alternatives to traditional FPGA and DSP solutions. Lockheed-Martin has provided benchmark validation testing and support for these implementations. The current implementation is based on a 64 PE, 25 GFLOP CS-301 chip supplied by ClearSpeed Technology PLC. WorldScape has demonstrated FFT, pulse compression, a form of QR factorization, and other applications on this generation of hardware using a mix of C-level programming and optimized assembly. The next generation chip is compatible, but also has several improvements that will significantly enhance I/O performance as well as raw GFLOP throughput. WorldScape and Lockheed-Martin presents the updated demonstrations and discuss a scalable processing platform for embedded radar processing which significantly improves I/O performance and provides a roadmap to government-qualified hardware for technology insertion. Architectures, data parallel coding approaches, additional functionality of the scalable processing platform, and relevance to embedded defense radar applications is discussed.
{"title":"Ultra-high performance, low-power, data parallel radar implementations","authors":"S. Reddaway, P. Bruno, R. Pancoast, P. Rogina","doi":"10.1109/MAES.2006.1626056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MAES.2006.1626056","url":null,"abstract":"Radar involves similar operations applied to large amounts of data. It is thus well suited to data parallel (SIMD) hardware. In the past, large data-parallel machines have been applied to radar with limited success. This has been due to such reasons as programming issues, cost, and the hardware being too big for most embedded applications. Most SIMD machines went away a decade ago. There is now a new generation of SIMD COTS technology with powerful processing elements (PEs) and floating-point hardware. WorldScape is applying these chips to radar processing, and has demonstrated significantly more performance with much lower power dissipation (GFLOPS/Watt). These implementations provide attractive alternatives to traditional FPGA and DSP solutions. Lockheed-Martin has provided benchmark validation testing and support for these implementations. The current implementation is based on a 64 PE, 25 GFLOP CS-301 chip supplied by ClearSpeed Technology PLC. WorldScape has demonstrated FFT, pulse compression, a form of QR factorization, and other applications on this generation of hardware using a mix of C-level programming and optimized assembly. The next generation chip is compatible, but also has several improvements that will significantly enhance I/O performance as well as raw GFLOP throughput. WorldScape and Lockheed-Martin presents the updated demonstrations and discuss a scalable processing platform for embedded radar processing which significantly improves I/O performance and provides a roadmap to government-qualified hardware for technology insertion. Architectures, data parallel coding approaches, additional functionality of the scalable processing platform, and relevance to embedded defense radar applications is discussed.","PeriodicalId":444253,"journal":{"name":"IEEE International Radar Conference, 2005.","volume":"683 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130759409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-10-01DOI: 10.1109/MAES.2005.1581095
E. Im, Chialin Wu, S. Durden
The cloud profiling radar (CPR) for the upcoming CloudSat mission is a spaceborne 94-GHz nadir-looking radar that measures the power backscattered by clouds as a function of distance from the radar. This sensor is expected to provide cloud measurements at a 500-m vertical resolution and a 1.5-km horizontal resolution. CPR operates in a short-pulse mode and yields measurements at a minimum detectable sensitivity of-28 dBZ.
{"title":"Cloud profiling radar for the CloudSat mission","authors":"E. Im, Chialin Wu, S. Durden","doi":"10.1109/MAES.2005.1581095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MAES.2005.1581095","url":null,"abstract":"The cloud profiling radar (CPR) for the upcoming CloudSat mission is a spaceborne 94-GHz nadir-looking radar that measures the power backscattered by clouds as a function of distance from the radar. This sensor is expected to provide cloud measurements at a 500-m vertical resolution and a 1.5-km horizontal resolution. CPR operates in a short-pulse mode and yields measurements at a minimum detectable sensitivity of-28 dBZ.","PeriodicalId":444253,"journal":{"name":"IEEE International Radar Conference, 2005.","volume":"123 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133388836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-05-12DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.2005.1435862
J. Balke
Monostatic radar systems reach their limits if a two-dimensional resolution is desired for a forward-looking geometry. Bistatic systems offer an alternative to handle this problem if the transmitter operates as a separated illuminator while the receiver is arranged in a forward-looking mode. A newly arranged field test presented in this paper successfully showed the applicability of the chosen approach. By this test the idea to realize a two-dimensional image in a forward-looking mode with a bistatic geometry could be verified. Furthermore the adjustment of collected pulses by the use of timestamps from the received signals was introduced successfully. In addition, a new calibration method for bistatic measurements with the help of spheres was presented. Further steps are intended in order to determine the correct dimensioning of designed SAR images.
{"title":"Field test of bistatic forward-looking synthetic aperture radar","authors":"J. Balke","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.2005.1435862","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.2005.1435862","url":null,"abstract":"Monostatic radar systems reach their limits if a two-dimensional resolution is desired for a forward-looking geometry. Bistatic systems offer an alternative to handle this problem if the transmitter operates as a separated illuminator while the receiver is arranged in a forward-looking mode. A newly arranged field test presented in this paper successfully showed the applicability of the chosen approach. By this test the idea to realize a two-dimensional image in a forward-looking mode with a bistatic geometry could be verified. Furthermore the adjustment of collected pulses by the use of timestamps from the received signals was introduced successfully. In addition, a new calibration method for bistatic measurements with the help of spheres was presented. Further steps are intended in order to determine the correct dimensioning of designed SAR images.","PeriodicalId":444253,"journal":{"name":"IEEE International Radar Conference, 2005.","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126357329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-05-09DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.2005.1435815
Jiajin Lei, Chao Lu
In this paper, we propose a Gabor filtering method to extract localized micro-Doppler signatures represented in the time-frequency domain. The dimensionality of the extracted Gabor features is further reduced by using the principal component analysis (PCA) method. Therefore, a suitable classifier can be used for target classification based on their different motion dynamics. In our study, we use simulated radar data. Three different classifiers (Bayes linear, k-nearest neighbor, and support vector machine) are compared and tested. Our experiments show that Gabor features are robust in discriminating micro-Doppler effects of different types of micro-motions, and SVM classifier provides the best performance.
{"title":"Target classification based on micro-Doppler signatures","authors":"Jiajin Lei, Chao Lu","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.2005.1435815","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.2005.1435815","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we propose a Gabor filtering method to extract localized micro-Doppler signatures represented in the time-frequency domain. The dimensionality of the extracted Gabor features is further reduced by using the principal component analysis (PCA) method. Therefore, a suitable classifier can be used for target classification based on their different motion dynamics. In our study, we use simulated radar data. Three different classifiers (Bayes linear, k-nearest neighbor, and support vector machine) are compared and tested. Our experiments show that Gabor features are robust in discriminating micro-Doppler effects of different types of micro-motions, and SVM classifier provides the best performance.","PeriodicalId":444253,"journal":{"name":"IEEE International Radar Conference, 2005.","volume":"125 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126008587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-05-09DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.2005.1435873
C. Bares, C. Brousseau, A. Bourdillon
MOSAR is a multifrequency and multipolarization radar system used for analysis of aircraft radar cross section by means of measurements in the low VHF frequency band (20-80 MHz). At first, basic principles of this project are presented and technical choices are explained. After extraction of radar cross sections (RCS) from the MOSAR data, a target identification algorithm, based on a comparison with a numerical database containing RCS of commercial aircraft, is applied to measurements. The influence of signal to noise ratio (SNR) and flight level is evaluated.
{"title":"A multifrequency HF-VHF radar system for aircraft identification","authors":"C. Bares, C. Brousseau, A. Bourdillon","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.2005.1435873","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.2005.1435873","url":null,"abstract":"MOSAR is a multifrequency and multipolarization radar system used for analysis of aircraft radar cross section by means of measurements in the low VHF frequency band (20-80 MHz). At first, basic principles of this project are presented and technical choices are explained. After extraction of radar cross sections (RCS) from the MOSAR data, a target identification algorithm, based on a comparison with a numerical database containing RCS of commercial aircraft, is applied to measurements. The influence of signal to noise ratio (SNR) and flight level is evaluated.","PeriodicalId":444253,"journal":{"name":"IEEE International Radar Conference, 2005.","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123575137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-05-09DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.2005.1435889
M. Fiani-Nouvel
SAR imaging has an increasing interest in the surveillance and aircraft combat fields. The final aim is generally automatic target detection and recognition applications for assisted interpretation. To help these recognition processes it is important to get good quality SAR images, without loss of resolution. Particularly, we propose to enhance the image feature by reducing the sidelobe artefacts and smoothing the speckle. The methodology is the resolution of an ill-posed inverse problem by Bayesian regularization. The solution is then the value which minimizes a well-chosen penalised criteria. The originalities are minimization algorithm choice and real data applications.
{"title":"Feature-enhancement of SAR images by Bayesian regularization","authors":"M. Fiani-Nouvel","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.2005.1435889","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.2005.1435889","url":null,"abstract":"SAR imaging has an increasing interest in the surveillance and aircraft combat fields. The final aim is generally automatic target detection and recognition applications for assisted interpretation. To help these recognition processes it is important to get good quality SAR images, without loss of resolution. Particularly, we propose to enhance the image feature by reducing the sidelobe artefacts and smoothing the speckle. The methodology is the resolution of an ill-posed inverse problem by Bayesian regularization. The solution is then the value which minimizes a well-chosen penalised criteria. The originalities are minimization algorithm choice and real data applications.","PeriodicalId":444253,"journal":{"name":"IEEE International Radar Conference, 2005.","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116125093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-05-09DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.2005.1435964
I.G. Farvanov, C.A. Kabakciev
In this paper, excision (EXC) CFAR and EXC CFAR BI (binary integration) detectors in presence of randomly arriving impulse interference with binomial distributed flow and Raleigh amplitude distribution are studied. The mathematical expressions for calculating of the probability of detection and probability of false alarm in binomial distributed impulse interference are obtained. The average decision threshold (ADT) of the EXC CFAR detector is also obtained. The analytical results of the research EXC CFAR detector for binominal distribution impulse interference are more general and include the probability characteristics and average decision threshold of this detector in presence of Poisson distribution impulse interference. The obtained analytical results of excision CFAR detectors can be used in both, radar and communications receivers.
{"title":"Excision CFAR BI detector in randomly arriving impulse interference","authors":"I.G. Farvanov, C.A. Kabakciev","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.2005.1435964","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.2005.1435964","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, excision (EXC) CFAR and EXC CFAR BI (binary integration) detectors in presence of randomly arriving impulse interference with binomial distributed flow and Raleigh amplitude distribution are studied. The mathematical expressions for calculating of the probability of detection and probability of false alarm in binomial distributed impulse interference are obtained. The average decision threshold (ADT) of the EXC CFAR detector is also obtained. The analytical results of the research EXC CFAR detector for binominal distribution impulse interference are more general and include the probability characteristics and average decision threshold of this detector in presence of Poisson distribution impulse interference. The obtained analytical results of excision CFAR detectors can be used in both, radar and communications receivers.","PeriodicalId":444253,"journal":{"name":"IEEE International Radar Conference, 2005.","volume":"258 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129802893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-05-09DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.2005.1435935
J. García, J. M. Molina, A. Berlanga, G. de Miguel
This work presents the integration of data from a network of millimeter wave sensors in the data fusion system of an A-SMGCS surveillance function. Most airport surface have multiple radar coverage, without the necessary synchronized sensors, so a data fusion scheme is essential to provide a coherent and stable output. Several alternatives are open, from the low-level image combination up to plot/data fusion techniques applied after target segmentation. The analysis is motivated by the future installation of a set of short-range miniradars (millimetre wave sensor, MWSs) in the Madrid/Barajas international airport. These sensors should be integrated in the currently on-going A-SMGCS prototype. MWSs covers certain airport zones such as platform and apron areas (parking positions, passenger terminals, fingers, etc.) complementing the current coverage of installed ASDE radars, mainly dedicated to the surveillance of runways and external taxiways.
{"title":"Data fusion alternatives for the integration of millimetre radar in airport surveillance systems","authors":"J. García, J. M. Molina, A. Berlanga, G. de Miguel","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.2005.1435935","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.2005.1435935","url":null,"abstract":"This work presents the integration of data from a network of millimeter wave sensors in the data fusion system of an A-SMGCS surveillance function. Most airport surface have multiple radar coverage, without the necessary synchronized sensors, so a data fusion scheme is essential to provide a coherent and stable output. Several alternatives are open, from the low-level image combination up to plot/data fusion techniques applied after target segmentation. The analysis is motivated by the future installation of a set of short-range miniradars (millimetre wave sensor, MWSs) in the Madrid/Barajas international airport. These sensors should be integrated in the currently on-going A-SMGCS prototype. MWSs covers certain airport zones such as platform and apron areas (parking positions, passenger terminals, fingers, etc.) complementing the current coverage of installed ASDE radars, mainly dedicated to the surveillance of runways and external taxiways.","PeriodicalId":444253,"journal":{"name":"IEEE International Radar Conference, 2005.","volume":"C-20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126775062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-05-09DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.2005.1435792
G. M. Herbert
The effects of platform rotation, and in particular antenna rotation, on the performance of space-time adaptive processing (STAP) in clutter limited, forward looking airborne radar applications are considered. The change of shape of the clutter surface in angle-Doppler space as the antenna rotates is critical to the performance of STAP. Theoretical considerations and simulation results show that STAP is likely to be more resilient to roll than yaw, although the problems of yaw can be alleviated by the application of motion compensated phase delay steering.
{"title":"Effects of antenna rotation on STAP performance in forward applications","authors":"G. M. Herbert","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.2005.1435792","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.2005.1435792","url":null,"abstract":"The effects of platform rotation, and in particular antenna rotation, on the performance of space-time adaptive processing (STAP) in clutter limited, forward looking airborne radar applications are considered. The change of shape of the clutter surface in angle-Doppler space as the antenna rotates is critical to the performance of STAP. Theoretical considerations and simulation results show that STAP is likely to be more resilient to roll than yaw, although the problems of yaw can be alleviated by the application of motion compensated phase delay steering.","PeriodicalId":444253,"journal":{"name":"IEEE International Radar Conference, 2005.","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129165582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-05-09DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.2005.1435942
Y. Salama, D. Fitzgerald, G. Bright, J. Rooks
Power efficiency and ease of programming are key issues in the implementation of real-time systems in airborne and space-based applications. This paper describes a radiation tolerant processor designed for space-based radar applications. The proposed system achieves real-time performance while minimizing power consumption. It is a fully programmable general purpose processor that can be used for existing and future radar signal processing algorithms as well as other computationally intensive tasks. In addition to programmability, the processor and I/O design facilitate scaling to thousands of processors. The system is based on synthesizable VHDL and can be radiation hardened by design or by process technology. This paper gives an overview of the processor design. Further, it explains the software environment and tools available for the programmers. All of the software tools are open source and many are based on the GNU tools. In this paper we present the performance of some of the key routines such as fast Fourier transform, and householder Q/R factorization used for matrix inversion. Also presented is a sample radar application that includes a joint domain localized (JDL) space time adaptive processing (STAP) algorithm.
{"title":"Power efficient radar signal processor","authors":"Y. Salama, D. Fitzgerald, G. Bright, J. Rooks","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.2005.1435942","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.2005.1435942","url":null,"abstract":"Power efficiency and ease of programming are key issues in the implementation of real-time systems in airborne and space-based applications. This paper describes a radiation tolerant processor designed for space-based radar applications. The proposed system achieves real-time performance while minimizing power consumption. It is a fully programmable general purpose processor that can be used for existing and future radar signal processing algorithms as well as other computationally intensive tasks. In addition to programmability, the processor and I/O design facilitate scaling to thousands of processors. The system is based on synthesizable VHDL and can be radiation hardened by design or by process technology. This paper gives an overview of the processor design. Further, it explains the software environment and tools available for the programmers. All of the software tools are open source and many are based on the GNU tools. In this paper we present the performance of some of the key routines such as fast Fourier transform, and householder Q/R factorization used for matrix inversion. Also presented is a sample radar application that includes a joint domain localized (JDL) space time adaptive processing (STAP) algorithm.","PeriodicalId":444253,"journal":{"name":"IEEE International Radar Conference, 2005.","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121532428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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