Background: Hepatitis B is one of the major health issues around the world, triggered by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and globally around 3.6 million of the world’s populace is chronically diagnosed with HBV. Pakistan is highly endemic and an estimated prevalence rate of 3% has been recorded. Currently, it has been classified into ten diverse variants by the genetic divergence of more than 8% based on the whole genetic makeup of the virus. As different genotypes exhibit different pathogenicity and response towards the medication of HBV, the ongoing study was done with the purpose to inspect the prevailing epidemiological distribution of HBV strains in the Mardan district of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP). Material and Methods: Samples were extracted from 700 chronically detected HBV patients and tested by ICT and further ratified for the presence of viral DNA by qualitative PCR. Samples were processed by type-specific PCR to pinpoint the prevalence of specific HBV genotypes. Results: All samples were found positive through qualitative PCR and the most predominant genotype identified was HBV type D (88.5%) trailed by genotype A of HBV (11.5%) while other genotypes were not detected in our study in district Mardan. Conclusion: The present study shows high prevalence of HBV genotype D and further investigation is needed to understand both the genetic and geographical diversity of the virus in Mardan
{"title":"CIRCULATION OF HBV STRAINS AMONG HEPATITIS B CHRONIC PATIENTS IN DISTRICT MARDAN OF KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA, PAKISTAN","authors":"Farzana, Ayaz Ahmad, Shaila Mehwish, Irum Khalil, Affiliations","doi":"10.37605/v3i1/1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37605/v3i1/1","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Hepatitis B is one of the major health issues around the world, triggered by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and globally around 3.6 million of the world’s populace is chronically diagnosed with HBV. Pakistan is highly endemic and an estimated prevalence rate of 3% has been recorded. Currently, it has been classified into ten diverse variants by the genetic divergence of more than 8% based on the whole genetic makeup of the virus. As different genotypes exhibit different pathogenicity and response towards the medication of HBV, the ongoing study was done with the purpose to inspect the prevailing epidemiological distribution of HBV strains in the Mardan district of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP). Material and Methods: Samples were extracted from 700 chronically detected HBV patients and tested by ICT and further ratified for the presence of viral DNA by qualitative PCR. Samples were processed by type-specific PCR to pinpoint the prevalence of specific HBV genotypes. Results: All samples were found positive through qualitative PCR and the most predominant genotype identified was HBV type D (88.5%) trailed by genotype A of HBV (11.5%) while other genotypes were not detected in our study in district Mardan. Conclusion: The present study shows high prevalence of HBV genotype D and further investigation is needed to understand both the genetic and geographical diversity of the virus in Mardan","PeriodicalId":445719,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Biological Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129604907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Biological, Chemical and Physical contamination of foods is a terrible danger to emerging civilizations' health and economic progress. The abundant literature on0foodborne infections, particularly diarrhea in0children, exclusively illustrates the increased disease0burden associated with foodborne0illness in developing nations. The presence of several0pathogens in a variety of foods is prevalent in Pakistan. Precise0numbers for foodborne0infections in Pakistan0are difficult to come by due to a lack of monitoring, surveillance, and infection control. Aflatoxin contamination and mold proliferation are mostly caused by poor0processing and storage0of milk, cereal0grains, and nuts. Numerous studies show that a wide range of foods is contaminated with heavy0metals. The increasing population restricts the economic potential of individuals and states by encouraging traders and manufacturers to purposely degrade food0commodities provided for sale in order to maximize profit at the expense of quality0and safety. As a result, a recent trend0of food adulteration, notably milk adulteration, creates an urgent concern for the government. This analysis is a concentrated effort to shed light on the current food0safety situation in0Pakistan. Data from0local and relevant international research will be provided to paint a clear picture of food safety0in Pakistan. It is advocated that a comprehensive food0safety infrastructure be created, constructed, and implemented in order to provide a safer food supply.
{"title":"LAWS DEALING WITH FOOD SAFETY LAWS IN PAKISTAN","authors":"","doi":"10.37605/v3i1/2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37605/v3i1/2","url":null,"abstract":"Biological, Chemical and Physical contamination of foods is a terrible danger to emerging civilizations' health and economic progress. The abundant literature on0foodborne infections, particularly diarrhea in0children, exclusively illustrates the increased disease0burden associated with foodborne0illness in developing nations. The presence of several0pathogens in a variety of foods is prevalent in Pakistan. Precise0numbers for foodborne0infections in Pakistan0are difficult to come by due to a lack of monitoring, surveillance, and infection control. Aflatoxin contamination and mold proliferation are mostly caused by poor0processing and storage0of milk, cereal0grains, and nuts. Numerous studies show that a wide range of foods is contaminated with heavy0metals. The increasing population restricts the economic potential of individuals and states by encouraging traders and manufacturers to purposely degrade food0commodities provided for sale in order to maximize profit at the expense of quality0and safety. As a result, a recent trend0of food adulteration, notably milk adulteration, creates an urgent concern for the government. This analysis is a concentrated effort to shed light on the current food0safety situation in0Pakistan. Data from0local and relevant international research will be provided to paint a clear picture of food safety0in Pakistan. It is advocated that a comprehensive food0safety infrastructure be created, constructed, and implemented in order to provide a safer food supply.","PeriodicalId":445719,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Biological Sciences","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134319149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are organisms whose genetic material (DNA) has been artificially modified by using genetic engineering techniques to enhance and altered their characteristics. Genetic engineering plays a significant role in the development of transgenic crops. The four crops canola, maize, cotton, and soybean are the most common ones to use GM crop technology, which has been used extensively for more than 20 years in a variety of nations. The two most significant GM crops in Pakistan are cotton and maize, both of which are resistant to weeds and insects. The impact studies of insect-resistant and herbicide-tolerant crops that are already available demonstrate the advantages of these techniques for both producers and consumers, as well as their favorable effects on both the environment and public health. Additionally, GM crops are a treatment for famine and malnutrition. Future uses may perhaps provide even greater benefits. Implementing an integrated strategy to pest management will be essential for food security, agricultural stability, and protection of the environment as the global population increases. Crops that have been genetically modified (GE) offer resistance to herbicides or protection from pests and diseases. Technology significantly decreases pest damage and improves crop production. As in the case of Bt cotton, pest-resistant genetically modified crops can support higher yields and agricultural development. We provide a thorough update on the status of the cultivated genetically modified (GM) crops in this paper. We address some vector based techniques for modification and some new approaches of transgene transfer without microbial vector insertion into recipient species In order to reduce the hazards associated with microbial vectors.
{"title":"RISKS AND RISK ASSESSMENT OF GM CROPS WITH ADVANCED\u0000MODIFICATION TECHNOLOGIES","authors":"","doi":"10.37605/v3i1/4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37605/v3i1/4","url":null,"abstract":"Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are organisms whose genetic material (DNA) has been artificially modified by using genetic engineering techniques to enhance and altered their characteristics. Genetic engineering plays a significant role in the development of transgenic crops. The four crops canola, maize, cotton, and soybean are the most common ones to use GM crop technology, which has been used extensively for more than 20 years in a variety of nations. The two most significant GM crops in Pakistan are cotton and maize, both of which are resistant to weeds and insects. The impact studies of insect-resistant and herbicide-tolerant crops that are already available demonstrate the advantages of these techniques for both producers and consumers, as well as their favorable effects on both the environment and public health. Additionally, GM crops are a treatment for famine and malnutrition. Future uses may perhaps provide even greater benefits. Implementing an integrated strategy to pest management will be essential for food security, agricultural stability, and protection of the environment as the global population increases. Crops that have been genetically modified (GE) offer resistance to herbicides or protection from pests and diseases. Technology significantly decreases pest damage and improves crop production. As in the case of Bt cotton, pest-resistant genetically modified crops can support higher yields and agricultural development. We provide a thorough update on the status of the cultivated genetically modified (GM) crops in this paper. We address some vector based techniques for modification and some new approaches of transgene transfer without microbial vector insertion into recipient species In order to reduce the hazards associated with microbial vectors.","PeriodicalId":445719,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Biological Sciences","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134229394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gel electrophoresis is a technique which is used for the separation purpose and its applications are in pharmaceuticals, in health especially in cancer detection. Matrix assisted laser ionization is also a technique which is used for crude oil refinement and also used for protein separation. Electrospray ionization is a technique in which it works as a combination with the mass spectrometry. And it has more reproducibility. Electrospray also has both the acidic and basic ionization modes.
{"title":"USE AND ADVANCEMENT OF ANALYTICAL AND INSTRUMENTATION SYSTEMS: TWO-DIMENSIONAL GEL ELECTROPHORESIS, ELECTROSPRAY IONIZATION, MATRIX ASSISTED LASER","authors":"","doi":"10.37605/v3i1/3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37605/v3i1/3","url":null,"abstract":"Gel electrophoresis is a technique which is used for the separation purpose and its applications are in pharmaceuticals, in health especially in cancer detection. Matrix assisted laser ionization is also a technique which is used for crude oil refinement and also used for protein separation. Electrospray ionization is a technique in which it works as a combination with the mass spectrometry. And it has more reproducibility. Electrospray also has both the acidic and basic ionization modes.","PeriodicalId":445719,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Biological Sciences","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123977575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Several endophytic fungi are involved in mitigating the heavy metal stress imposed on plants. The experiment was performed to find the impact of B. bassiana (AL) on the seedlings of B. rapa which were stressed by cobalt Result showed that Cobalt treated plant showed reductions in parameters of growth such as Fresh weight (FW) Dry Weight (DW), Shoot length (SL), germination percentage (GP) and Root length (RL). However, when AL was applied, the seedlings showed a sharp increase in growth parameters. Additionally, the seedlings also produced high relative water content (RWC). It has been concluded that AL improved the Co stressed seedlings through increasing the RWC in it.
{"title":"Impact of Beauveria Bassiana on the Growth of Brassica\u0000Rapa under Cobalt Stress","authors":"","doi":"10.37605/njbs.v2i2.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37605/njbs.v2i2.2","url":null,"abstract":"Several endophytic fungi are involved in mitigating the heavy metal stress imposed on plants. The experiment was performed to find the impact of B. bassiana (AL) on the seedlings of B. rapa which were stressed by cobalt Result showed that Cobalt treated plant showed reductions in parameters of growth such as Fresh weight (FW) Dry Weight (DW), Shoot length (SL), germination percentage (GP) and Root length (RL). However, when AL was applied, the seedlings showed a sharp increase in growth parameters. Additionally, the seedlings also produced high relative water content (RWC). It has been concluded that AL improved the Co stressed seedlings through increasing the RWC in it.","PeriodicalId":445719,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Biological Sciences","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114907748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Different abiotic stresses create noticeable changes in plant growth and development and plant under such condition reduced its yield. Different ions and growth regulators are very important and play key role for creation of stress tolerance in plants. This project was proposed to evaluate the performance of gibberellic acid and silicon on germination and seedling establishment stage of wheat under salinity. Experiment was completely randomized design, in which seeds were sown in petri plates, which were irrigated with different concentration of NaCl (control, 50mM and 150mM), GA3 (50ppm and 100ppm), silicon (5mM and 10mM) and combination of silicon and GA3 (50ppm GA3 x 5 mM Si and 100ppmGA3 x 10 mM Si). After 7 days experiment was terminated and shoot length, root length, fresh weight, dry weight, vigor index, RWC, RSR, SWR and RWR were measured. Shoot length, root length, Fresh weight and dry weight, Vigor index, RWC, SWR, RWR and different physiological indices were reduced with increasing salt (50mM and 150mM) as compare to control. Result indicated that different concentration of salt significantly increased RSR as compare to control plant. Further investigations revealed that under non-saline conditions application of GA3, silicon, and interactions showed increase in studied parameters except vigor index, RWR which decreased after foliar applications as compare to without GA3 and silicon applied plants. Additionally, under saline conditions foliar applications of GA3, silicon and interactions increase root length, shoot length, fresh and dry weight, RSR, RWR, SWR and stress tolerance indices. Consequently, the results suggested that these chemicals under studied doses can act as an effective strategy to cope up the deleterious effects of salt in wheat at germination and seedling growth stages.
{"title":"Effect of Gibberellic Acid and Silicon at Germination and\u0000Seedling Growth of Triticum Aestivum Grown under\u0000Salinity","authors":"","doi":"10.37605/njbs.v2i2.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37605/njbs.v2i2.3","url":null,"abstract":"Different abiotic stresses create noticeable changes in plant growth and development and plant under such condition reduced its yield. Different ions and growth regulators are very important and play key role for creation of stress tolerance in plants. This project was proposed to evaluate the performance of gibberellic acid and silicon on germination and seedling establishment stage of wheat under salinity. Experiment was completely randomized design, in which seeds were sown in petri plates, which were irrigated with different concentration of NaCl (control, 50mM and 150mM), GA3 (50ppm and 100ppm), silicon (5mM and 10mM) and combination of silicon and GA3 (50ppm GA3 x 5 mM Si and 100ppmGA3 x 10 mM Si). After 7 days experiment was terminated and shoot length, root length, fresh weight, dry weight, vigor index, RWC, RSR, SWR and RWR were measured. Shoot length, root length, Fresh weight and dry weight, Vigor index, RWC, SWR, RWR and different physiological indices were reduced with increasing salt (50mM and 150mM) as compare to control. Result indicated that different concentration of salt significantly increased RSR as compare to control plant. Further investigations revealed that under non-saline conditions application of GA3, silicon, and interactions showed increase in studied parameters except vigor index, RWR which decreased after foliar applications as compare to without GA3 and silicon applied plants. Additionally, under saline conditions foliar applications of GA3, silicon and interactions increase root length, shoot length, fresh and dry weight, RSR, RWR, SWR and stress tolerance indices. Consequently, the results suggested that these chemicals under studied doses can act as an effective strategy to cope up the deleterious effects of salt in wheat at germination and seedling growth stages.","PeriodicalId":445719,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Biological Sciences","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133986268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Salinity stress gives serious negative impact on plant growth and development and reduces yield and productivity of plants. In world, increase demand of food with increase in salinity worldwide results in cultivation of salt tolerant varieties to fulfill food demand from salt affected areas. For this purpose, present study was conducted with the aim to screen four lines of Linum usitatissimum (i.e; Alsi Ari 1, Alsi Ari 20, Alsi Ari 22 and Alsi Ari 50) for salt tolerance in terms of germination and seedling growth. Experiment was completely randomized, replicated thrice and conducted at Plant Physiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan. Five seeds of four varieties of Linum usitatissimum were placed in each Petri plate. Seeds treated with different concentrations (0, 50mM and 150mM) of NaCl. After 8 days, experiment was terminated and germination percentage, seedling length, seedlings biomass were recorded, while relative water content, vigor index, RSR, SWR, RWR and stress tolerance index of different parameters were calculated. Analyzing the results, outcome confirmed that salt stress damage the plant at observed stages in the form of drastic and significant reduction in germination percentage, shoot length, root length, fresh weight, dry weight, relative water content, vigor index, PHSI, RLSI, SFTI, RFTI, SDTI, RDTI, SWR and RWR while RSR increased in different varieties. Reduction percentages of different parameters were increased as salt stress level increased in all studied varieties. On the basis of results obtained using above mentioned physiological criteria, among four lines, Alsi ARI 1 showed higher salt tolerance at germination and seedling growth stage as compare to the other lines. Results of present investigation, different physiological parameters of this study are useful to screen different flax lines for salt tolerance, leading to selection of suitable line, recommended for different saline areas to
盐胁迫对植物的生长发育造成严重的负面影响，降低了植物的产量和生产力。在世界范围内，随着盐度的增加，粮食需求的增加导致了耐盐品种的种植，以满足受盐影响地区的粮食需求。为此，本研究的目的是筛选四系(即;Alsi Ari 1, Alsi Ari 20, Alsi Ari 22和Alsi Ari 50)在萌发和幼苗生长方面的耐盐性。实验是完全随机的，重复三次，在马丹Abdul Wali Khan大学植物系植物生理实验室进行。在每个培养皿中放置4个品种的5颗种子。不同浓度(0、50、150mM) NaCl处理的种子。8 d后终止试验，记录发芽率、幼苗长、幼苗生物量，计算不同参数的相对含水量、活力指数、RSR、SWR、RWR和耐胁迫指数。结果表明，盐胁迫在不同时期对植株的危害表现为发芽率、茎长、根长、鲜重、干重、相对含水量、活力指数、PHSI、RLSI、SFTI、RFTI、SDTI、RDTI、SWR和RWR显著降低，而不同品种的RSR则呈上升趋势。随着盐胁迫水平的提高，各参数的降低率均有所增加。根据上述生理指标得出的结果，4个品系中，Alsi ARI 1在萌发期和幼苗生长期的耐盐性高于其他品系。本研究结果表明，不同生理参数有助于筛选不同亚麻品系的耐盐性，从而选择合适的品系，推荐用于不同盐碱区
{"title":"Comparative Study on Effect of Salinity on Seed\u0000Germination and Seedling Growth of Different Linum\u0000Usitatissimum Varieties","authors":"","doi":"10.37605/njbs.v2i2.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37605/njbs.v2i2.5","url":null,"abstract":"Salinity stress gives serious negative impact on plant growth and development and reduces yield and productivity of plants. In world, increase demand of food with increase in salinity worldwide results in cultivation of salt tolerant varieties to fulfill food demand from salt affected areas. For this purpose, present study was conducted with the aim to screen four lines of Linum usitatissimum (i.e; Alsi Ari 1, Alsi Ari 20, Alsi Ari 22 and Alsi Ari 50) for salt tolerance in terms of germination and seedling growth. Experiment was completely randomized, replicated thrice and conducted at Plant Physiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan. Five seeds of four varieties of Linum usitatissimum were placed in each Petri plate. Seeds treated with different concentrations (0, 50mM and 150mM) of NaCl. After 8 days, experiment was terminated and germination percentage, seedling length, seedlings biomass were recorded, while relative water content, vigor index, RSR, SWR, RWR and stress tolerance index of different parameters were calculated. Analyzing the results, outcome confirmed that salt stress damage the plant at observed stages in the form of drastic and significant reduction in germination percentage, shoot length, root length, fresh weight, dry weight, relative water content, vigor index, PHSI, RLSI, SFTI, RFTI, SDTI, RDTI, SWR and RWR while RSR increased in different varieties. Reduction percentages of different parameters were increased as salt stress level increased in all studied varieties. On the basis of results obtained using above mentioned physiological criteria, among four lines, Alsi ARI 1 showed higher salt tolerance at germination and seedling growth stage as compare to the other lines. Results of present investigation, different physiological parameters of this study are useful to screen different flax lines for salt tolerance, leading to selection of suitable line, recommended for different saline areas to","PeriodicalId":445719,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Biological Sciences","volume":"84 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125452329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Unrefined methanolic extracts of Ziziphus mauritiana (Ber) leaves, bulbs of Allium sativum (Garlic) and seeds of Brassica nigra (Black Mustard/Sarso) generally utilized in medication were studied for their in vitro phytochemical and pharmacological screening. Phytochemical screening of Z. mauritiana showed the presence of flavonoids, flavones, phenolic compounds, saponins, terpenoids and nonattendance of tannins, steroids, and glycosides. Similarly, unrefined methanolic extract of A. sativum bulbs showed the presence of flavonoids, phenols, tannins, saponins, terpenoids and steroids. Also, B. nigra seeds showed the indicated the presence of flavonoids, phenols, tannins, terpenoids and glycosides. The antibacterial activity of plant extracts was determined by utilizing agar well diffusion technique. The plant extracts demonstrated varied levels of antibacterial activity. In this study five bacterial isolates were utilized (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pesudomonas aerugenosa, Klebseila pneunomonae, and Proteus). ZM leaves and AS bulbs extracts showed good antibacterial action against P. aeruginosa and Proteus (50% and 60%), while BN seeds showed low inhibition against P. aeruginosa (28%) but showed great restraint effect against E. coli and Proteus (50%and 60%). The antifungal activity was determined by agar slant technique in contradiction of R. stolonifer, A. niger and A. flavus. AS bulbs extract showed good (14%) antifungal activity when contrasted with ZM leaves (14%) and BN seeds (13%) against R. stolonifer. The extract exhibited low activity against A. niger and A. flavus similarly methanolic extract showed low antifungal activity (10% and 11%). Phytotoxic activities show that these plants caused substantial growth inhibition of Lemna minor in all the dilutions.
{"title":"Phytochemical and Pharmacological Evaluation of\u0000Ziziphus mauritiana, Allium sativum and Brassica nigra","authors":"","doi":"10.37605/njbs.v2i2.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37605/njbs.v2i2.4","url":null,"abstract":"Unrefined methanolic extracts of Ziziphus mauritiana (Ber) leaves, bulbs of Allium sativum (Garlic) and seeds of Brassica nigra (Black Mustard/Sarso) generally utilized in medication were studied for their in vitro phytochemical and pharmacological screening. Phytochemical screening of Z. mauritiana showed the presence of flavonoids, flavones, phenolic compounds, saponins, terpenoids and nonattendance of tannins, steroids, and glycosides. Similarly, unrefined methanolic extract of A. sativum bulbs showed the presence of flavonoids, phenols, tannins, saponins, terpenoids and steroids. Also, B. nigra seeds showed the indicated the presence of flavonoids, phenols, tannins, terpenoids and glycosides. The antibacterial activity of plant extracts was determined by utilizing agar well diffusion technique. The plant extracts demonstrated varied levels of antibacterial activity. In this study five bacterial isolates were utilized (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pesudomonas aerugenosa, Klebseila pneunomonae, and Proteus). ZM leaves and AS bulbs extracts showed good antibacterial action against P. aeruginosa and Proteus (50% and 60%), while BN seeds showed low inhibition against P. aeruginosa (28%) but showed great restraint effect against E. coli and Proteus (50%and 60%). The antifungal activity was determined by agar slant technique in contradiction of R. stolonifer, A. niger and A. flavus. AS bulbs extract showed good (14%) antifungal activity when contrasted with ZM leaves (14%) and BN seeds (13%) against R. stolonifer. The extract exhibited low activity against A. niger and A. flavus similarly methanolic extract showed low antifungal activity (10% and 11%). Phytotoxic activities show that these plants caused substantial growth inhibition of Lemna minor in all the dilutions.","PeriodicalId":445719,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Biological Sciences","volume":"173 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134011763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dental disparities and poor oral hygiene are an established problem of dental public health in the less developed countries. Pakistan is not an exception to this: socio economic oral health disparities exist in Pakistan's society at a large scale. As Pakistan is a developing economy, it allocates funds far lesser than the international standard set by World Health Organization (WHO) of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) for health sector. A large part of population lives in low income category, which exacerbates the problem further. The present study focuses on discussing the GDP allocation to health sector in addition to figuring out the impact of socio-economic factors on oral hygiene. The sample was divided into two categories: high income group and low income group. Both primary and secondary data have been used; the data was collected using a scale of oral health. The analyzed data showed that people with low socio-economic status have low profile dental health. They visit the dentist only when they have a severe problem because they are either unaware of oral hygiene or don't pay heed to it.
{"title":"The Impact of Socio-Economic Determinants on Dental\u0000Public Health and Oral Hygiene in Pakistan","authors":"","doi":"10.37605/njbs.v2i2.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37605/njbs.v2i2.1","url":null,"abstract":"Dental disparities and poor oral hygiene are an established problem of dental public health in the less developed countries. Pakistan is not an exception to this: socio economic oral health disparities exist in Pakistan's society at a large scale. As Pakistan is a developing economy, it allocates funds far lesser than the international standard set by World Health Organization (WHO) of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) for health sector. A large part of population lives in low income category, which exacerbates the problem further. The present study focuses on discussing the GDP allocation to health sector in addition to figuring out the impact of socio-economic factors on oral hygiene. The sample was divided into two categories: high income group and low income group. Both primary and secondary data have been used; the data was collected using a scale of oral health. The analyzed data showed that people with low socio-economic status have low profile dental health. They visit the dentist only when they have a severe problem because they are either unaware of oral hygiene or don't pay heed to it.","PeriodicalId":445719,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Biological Sciences","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123187812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The study was carried out to determine the causes of prevalence of dental caries among adolescents in Peshawar particularly the type of food causing caries and to quantify the data on food education and dental caries among adolescents in Peshawar. An analytical cross sectional study to determine the prevalence of caries among adolescents of age16-18 years was done in Peshawar. Total sample size was 100 adolescents. Data were collected through a self-administered questionnaire. The results show that poor food education positively correlated to dental caries. It was concluded that food education is lacking in Pakistan and to reduce the number of Dental Caries, the Education Department should include Food Education in the curriculum of high school. In addition to this the Health Department should regularly run campaigns promoting Food Education on electronic and print media.
{"title":"An Analysis of the Impact of Poor Food Education on Dental\u0000Caries among Adolescents in Peshawar","authors":"","doi":"10.37605/njbs.v2i1.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37605/njbs.v2i1.5","url":null,"abstract":"The study was carried out to determine the causes of prevalence of dental caries among adolescents in Peshawar particularly the type of food causing caries and to quantify the data on food education and dental caries among adolescents in Peshawar. An analytical cross sectional study to determine the prevalence of caries among adolescents of age16-18 years was done in Peshawar. Total sample size was 100 adolescents. Data were collected through a self-administered questionnaire. The results show that poor food education positively correlated to dental caries. It was concluded that food education is lacking in Pakistan and to reduce the number of Dental Caries, the Education Department should include Food Education in the curriculum of high school. In addition to this the Health Department should regularly run campaigns promoting Food Education on electronic and print media.","PeriodicalId":445719,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Biological Sciences","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133553702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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