Nara desert can be attributed by high wind velocity, heavy shifting and rolling of sand dunes; high diurnal variation of temperature; scanty rainfall; extreme solar radiation and high rate of evapo-transpiration. Phasmids are terrestrial, nocturnal, phytophagous insects found in nearly all temperate and tropical ecosystems. Still now 3,000 species of this group has been described worldwide. Stick insects generally live in trees and bushes, but some species live entirely on grassland. The order Phasmatodea has a worldwide distribution, but most species are found in the tropics. During the present study 05 extensive trips were carried out in Nara desert in result of this survey 87 specimens of stick insect were collected and wondering only single species i-e Carausius (Dixippus) morosus which show its rare status in Pakistan. It was interesting to note that mostly the samples were captured from wheat and other wild vegetation however, its greater percentage was noticed on Acacia nilotica i-e 33.33% and least were reported from Acacia senegal i-e 11.11% female ration was high than male. Beside this, our field observation show that Carausius (Dixippus) morosus feed on fresh leaves. Beside this, it was also noted that Phasmids has strong camouflage ability to escape from predators. Further, it has close resemblance with bark, leaves and even moss or lichen.
{"title":"Diversity of the Phasmids (Phasmatodea) from the Nara\u0000Desert, Sindh Pakistan","authors":"","doi":"10.37605/njbs.v2i1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37605/njbs.v2i1.1","url":null,"abstract":"Nara desert can be attributed by high wind velocity, heavy shifting and rolling of sand dunes; high diurnal variation of temperature; scanty rainfall; extreme solar radiation and high rate of evapo-transpiration. Phasmids are terrestrial, nocturnal, phytophagous insects found in nearly all temperate and tropical ecosystems. Still now 3,000 species of this group has been described worldwide. Stick insects generally live in trees and bushes, but some species live entirely on grassland. The order Phasmatodea has a worldwide distribution, but most species are found in the tropics. During the present study 05 extensive trips were carried out in Nara desert in result of this survey 87 specimens of stick insect were collected and wondering only single species i-e Carausius (Dixippus) morosus which show its rare status in Pakistan. It was interesting to note that mostly the samples were captured from wheat and other wild vegetation however, its greater percentage was noticed on Acacia nilotica i-e 33.33% and least were reported from Acacia senegal i-e 11.11% female ration was high than male. Beside this, our field observation show that Carausius (Dixippus) morosus feed on fresh leaves. Beside this, it was also noted that Phasmids has strong camouflage ability to escape from predators. Further, it has close resemblance with bark, leaves and even moss or lichen.","PeriodicalId":445719,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Biological Sciences","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124563040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wheat is the main crop containing basic calories and proteins. In tropics and subtropics, heat and drought are the major stresses related to environmental conditions that reduce the wheat production. In plants, heat as well as drought stress alters vital activities and generates reactive oxygen species that cause severe oxidative damage to plants. Plants have evolved various protective mechanisms including production of protective proteins to lessen the effect of heat stress. Heat and drought stress alter water relations, osmolyte contents, soluble proteins and sugars. Turgor pressure, ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and peroxidase (POD) are lowest in heat stress. Combined effect of drought and heat stress is more damaging than individual stress on wheat plant.
{"title":"Effect of Drought and Heat Stress on Physiological and\u0000Biochemical Characteristics of Wheat","authors":"","doi":"10.37605/njbs.v2i1.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37605/njbs.v2i1.2","url":null,"abstract":"Wheat is the main crop containing basic calories and proteins. In tropics and subtropics, heat and drought are the major stresses related to environmental conditions that reduce the wheat production. In plants, heat as well as drought stress alters vital activities and generates reactive oxygen species that cause severe oxidative damage to plants. Plants have evolved various protective mechanisms including production of protective proteins to lessen the effect of heat stress. Heat and drought stress alter water relations, osmolyte contents, soluble proteins and sugars. Turgor pressure, ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and peroxidase (POD) are lowest in heat stress. Combined effect of drought and heat stress is more damaging than individual stress on wheat plant.","PeriodicalId":445719,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Biological Sciences","volume":"80 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126359608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abiotic stress such as Salinity causes serious challenge to plant growth and development, so it causes negative influence on plant's growth and yield. Different growth regulators and osmolytes kept attention as productive strategy and help the plant for enhancing stress tolerance and plant' growth and yield improved under stress condition. This project investigates the performance of Brassica napus at germination and seedling stage after application of abscisic acid and proline with combination of salt stress. Experiment was designed in completely randomized manner and petri plates were arranged in different sets with 10 seeds/each and applied with different concentrations of NaCl solutions. Proline (10 -20mM) and ABA (50-100mg/L) was pplied separately and in combination (proline 10 x ABA 50) and (proline 20 x 100) in these sets. After 8 days experiment was terminated and different parameters (germination percentage, seedling growth, shoot and root length, fresh and dry biomass, vigor index, Reletive water content, (RWC) Water content (WC), Root Shoot Ratio (RSR), Shoot Weight Ratio (SWR) and Root Weight Rratio (RWR). Salt stress exhibited significant decrease in shoot and root length, fresh and dry biomass, vigor index, RWC, different ratios (SWR, RWR) and different physiological indices while RSR exhibited increase in comparison to control in all sets. According to this research the application of proline and abscisic acid alone showed increased performance in all studied parameters. Interactions of proline and ABA did not support germination and seedling establishment process. This study concluded that application of proline (10mM) and ABA (100mg/L) improved germination and seedling establishment process very well as compared to other doses in Brasicca napus
{"title":"Assessing the Impact of Proline and Abscisic Acid on Salt\u0000Stress Grown BRASSICA NAPUS at Germination and\u0000Seedling Establishment","authors":"","doi":"10.37605/njbs.v2i1.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37605/njbs.v2i1.4","url":null,"abstract":"Abiotic stress such as Salinity causes serious challenge to plant growth and development, so it causes negative influence on plant's growth and yield. Different growth regulators and osmolytes kept attention as productive strategy and help the plant for enhancing stress tolerance and plant' growth and yield improved under stress condition. This project investigates the performance of Brassica napus at germination and seedling stage after application of abscisic acid and proline with combination of salt stress. Experiment was designed in completely randomized manner and petri plates were arranged in different sets with 10 seeds/each and applied with different concentrations of NaCl solutions. Proline (10 -20mM) and ABA (50-100mg/L) was pplied separately and in combination (proline 10 x ABA 50) and (proline 20 x 100) in these sets. After 8 days experiment was terminated and different parameters (germination percentage, seedling growth, shoot and root length, fresh and dry biomass, vigor index, Reletive water content, (RWC) Water content (WC), Root Shoot Ratio (RSR), Shoot Weight Ratio (SWR) and Root Weight Rratio (RWR). Salt stress exhibited significant decrease in shoot and root length, fresh and dry biomass, vigor index, RWC, different ratios (SWR, RWR) and different physiological indices while RSR exhibited increase in comparison to control in all sets. According to this research the application of proline and abscisic acid alone showed increased performance in all studied parameters. Interactions of proline and ABA did not support germination and seedling establishment process. This study concluded that application of proline (10mM) and ABA (100mg/L) improved germination and seedling establishment process very well as compared to other doses in Brasicca napus","PeriodicalId":445719,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Biological Sciences","volume":"340 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122994140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bio-active components and a variety of nutrients in colored foods make them therapeutically rich. Worldwide availability and accessibility of these colored foods depend upon geographical and seasonal variations. Evidence based studies previously proved that colored foods have great influence on the prevention of various carcinogenic disorders and other nutritional deficiencies. Diseases like cardio vascular disease, diabetes and cancer which are more prevalent nowadays can be controlled with the help of these colored foods. Abundance of phytochemicals, vitamins and minerals make them active nutraceutical compounds. Each color identifies specific type of nutrients and these nutrients perform specific functions. For instance, yellow colored foods are abundant in vitamin C, ?-carotenoids and bioflavonoids which act as antioxidant and anticoagulant. Green colored foods are loaded with potassium and foliate to improve vision. Chlorophyll in green foods acts as antioxidant and prevents free radicals production which is the root cause of various diseases. Red colored foods are the good source of phytochemicals and lycopene that show anti-aging and antioxidant properties; on the other hand, white and brown foods also contain a large number of vitamins, minerals and many other active ingredients. These foods also contain a significant amount of fiber that helps to promote gastric functioning. Hence, colored foods help in the prevention of different diseases with the help of essential nutrients and phytochemicals.
{"title":"Bio-Active Potential of Naturally Coloured Foods and Their\u0000Nutraceutical Significance","authors":"","doi":"10.37605/njbs.v2i1.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37605/njbs.v2i1.3","url":null,"abstract":"Bio-active components and a variety of nutrients in colored foods make them therapeutically rich. Worldwide availability and accessibility of these colored foods depend upon geographical and seasonal variations. Evidence based studies previously proved that colored foods have great influence on the prevention of various carcinogenic disorders and other nutritional deficiencies. Diseases like cardio vascular disease, diabetes and cancer which are more prevalent nowadays can be controlled with the help of these colored foods. Abundance of phytochemicals, vitamins and minerals make them active nutraceutical compounds. Each color identifies specific type of nutrients and these nutrients perform specific functions. For instance, yellow colored foods are abundant in vitamin C, ?-carotenoids and bioflavonoids which act as antioxidant and anticoagulant. Green colored foods are loaded with potassium and foliate to improve vision. Chlorophyll in green foods acts as antioxidant and prevents free radicals production which is the root cause of various diseases. Red colored foods are the good source of phytochemicals and lycopene that show anti-aging and antioxidant properties; on the other hand, white and brown foods also contain a large number of vitamins, minerals and many other active ingredients. These foods also contain a significant amount of fiber that helps to promote gastric functioning. Hence, colored foods help in the prevention of different diseases with the help of essential nutrients and phytochemicals.","PeriodicalId":445719,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Biological Sciences","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123406201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pakistan carries one of the world’s highest burdens of chronic hepatitis and mortality due to liver failure and hepatocellular carcinoma. In Pakistan about 10-12 million of the people are suffering from hepatitis B. World Health organization estimates that there are about 300 million of carriers of HBV all over the world. This study is conducted in the Khyber Teaching Hospital Peshawar. A total of 3,977 patients, belonging to different localities were screened for HBsAg by using ELISA (enzyme linked immunosorbent assay) and ICT (immune chromatographic technique). Out of 3,977 cases, 81(2.03%) were positive for HBV. Co-infection was found only in 6 patients. The common risk factors associated with HBV was found such that history of dental treatment was 70%, treatment from unqualified doctor 49%, history of blood transfusion 43%, history of minor/major surgery 40%, HBV positive patients in family 35%, shaving from street barbers 32%, diabetes 16%, tattooing 11%, HCV co- infection 7.41%, sharing of drug injecting equipment’s 1.2%, HIV and T.B co- infection was 0%
{"title":"Prevalence of Hepatitis B in KPK Province Pakistan","authors":"","doi":"10.37605/njbs.v1i2.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37605/njbs.v1i2.3","url":null,"abstract":"Pakistan carries one of the world’s highest burdens of chronic hepatitis and mortality due to liver failure and hepatocellular carcinoma. In Pakistan about 10-12 million of the people are suffering from hepatitis B. World Health organization estimates that there are about 300 million of carriers of HBV all over the world. This study is conducted in the Khyber Teaching Hospital Peshawar. A total of 3,977 patients, belonging to different localities were screened for HBsAg by using ELISA (enzyme linked immunosorbent assay) and ICT (immune chromatographic technique). Out of 3,977 cases, 81(2.03%) were positive for HBV. Co-infection was found only in 6 patients. The common risk factors associated with HBV was found such that history of dental treatment was 70%, treatment from unqualified doctor 49%, history of blood transfusion 43%, history of minor/major surgery 40%, HBV positive patients in family 35%, shaving from street barbers 32%, diabetes 16%, tattooing 11%, HCV co- infection 7.41%, sharing of drug injecting equipment’s 1.2%, HIV and T.B co- infection was 0%","PeriodicalId":445719,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Biological Sciences","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114793234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is an important cash crop in the world. Rice is 2 nd most important food and cash crop of Pakistan after wheat. Forty accessions consisting of 20 conventional varieties and 20 New Plant Type (NPT) lines were used to determine percentage of hull over grain weight. The percentage of hull over grain weight was significantly different among varieties. The hull over grain weight percentage for varieties ranged from 10.5% to 30%. The percentage of hull /grain weight varied from 7.5% to 27.33 % for NPT lines and there was significant difference among NPT lines for this trait. This trait can be used in breeding program in order to increase rice production through increasing the milling efficiency by having thinner hull.
{"title":"Variation of Hull Over Grain Weight Percentage of Rice (Oryza Sativa L.) From Pakistan","authors":"","doi":"10.37605/njbs.v1i2.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37605/njbs.v1i2.4","url":null,"abstract":"Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is an important cash crop in the world. Rice is 2 nd most important food and cash crop of Pakistan after wheat. Forty accessions consisting of 20 conventional varieties and 20 New Plant Type (NPT) lines were used to determine percentage of hull over grain weight. The percentage of hull over grain weight was significantly different among varieties. The hull over grain weight percentage for varieties ranged from 10.5% to 30%. The percentage of hull /grain weight varied from 7.5% to 27.33 % for NPT lines and there was significant difference among NPT lines for this trait. This trait can be used in breeding program in order to increase rice production through increasing the milling efficiency by having thinner hull.","PeriodicalId":445719,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Biological Sciences","volume":"104 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115571203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Food security and food safety are alarming issues in the developing world. Aflatoxins are among the naturally occurring poisons that are fatal for all animals due to their carcinogenic potential. Recent studies have shown the correlation of these toxins with food chains. This correlation has been found to be more significant in developing countries as compared to developed countries. Since the discovery of aflatoxins, great efforts have been exerted to investigate their biochemical nature, biosynthesis, mode of pathogenesis and health-associated effects. However, no sound remedy has yet been designed to completely control their development. The main purpose of this review is to consolidate the findings of published studies on the status of aflatoxins in developing countries, including recent perspectives in this field. The areas that need to be elucidated further are also highlighted
{"title":"An Overview of Aflatoxins in the Developing World Regarding Food Security and Safety","authors":"","doi":"10.37605/njbs.v1i2.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37605/njbs.v1i2.2","url":null,"abstract":"Food security and food safety are alarming issues in the developing world. Aflatoxins are among the naturally occurring poisons that are fatal for all animals due to their carcinogenic potential. Recent studies have shown the correlation of these toxins with food chains. This correlation has been found to be more significant in developing countries as compared to developed countries. Since the discovery of aflatoxins, great efforts have been exerted to investigate their biochemical nature, biosynthesis, mode of pathogenesis and health-associated effects. However, no sound remedy has yet been designed to completely control their development. The main purpose of this review is to consolidate the findings of published studies on the status of aflatoxins in developing countries, including recent perspectives in this field. The areas that need to be elucidated further are also highlighted","PeriodicalId":445719,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Biological Sciences","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121675098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hundreds of millions of people worldwide are af ected by neurological disorders. More than 50 million people have epilepsy; 7.7 million new dementia cases are reported every year worldwide. Over the last decade, fewer new drugs for nervous system disorders have garnered approval in comparison to other therapeutic areas. An important step of the drug development process is the lead identification and lead optimization to develop the best pharmacokinetic profile for the desired formulation and preferred route of administration. It requires Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR) to understand which modifications will best enhance af inity. Computer-aided molecular design (CAMD) is used in innovative strategies assisting in improving the binding af inities of drug candidates to specific receptors. Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET) have proven to be useful in phases ranging from preclinical development to the initial stages of clinical testing. The high sensitivity of these imaging modalities makes them particularly suited for exploratory investigational new drug development.
{"title":"An Overview of Aflat Neurological Diseases and Drug Discovery: An Overview","authors":"","doi":"10.37605/njbs.v1i2.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37605/njbs.v1i2.5","url":null,"abstract":"Hundreds of millions of people worldwide are af ected by neurological disorders. More than 50 million people have epilepsy; 7.7 million new dementia cases are reported every year worldwide. Over the last decade, fewer new drugs for nervous system disorders have garnered approval in comparison to other therapeutic areas. An important step of the drug development process is the lead identification and lead optimization to develop the best pharmacokinetic profile for the desired formulation and preferred route of administration. It requires Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR) to understand which modifications will best enhance af inity. Computer-aided molecular design (CAMD) is used in innovative strategies assisting in improving the binding af inities of drug candidates to specific receptors. Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET) have proven to be useful in phases ranging from preclinical development to the initial stages of clinical testing. The high sensitivity of these imaging modalities makes them particularly suited for exploratory investigational new drug development.","PeriodicalId":445719,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Biological Sciences","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127688393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Due to recent increase in price hike of petroleum products, different efforts are being done throughout the world in search of an alternative source of fuel. For this reason, various agricultural countries are trying to produce their own fuel from plant based materials. Different types of biofuels like bioethanol, biodiesel, biohydrogen, biogas etc. are being investigated throughout the world. The type of the biofuel being produced depends upon the availability of the substrate. This review mainly focused on sugar industry waste called molasses, which is rich in fermentable sugars. The easiest form of the fuel that can be produced from sugar rich substrate is bioethanol, thus the review mainly focused on different methods of bioethanol production from molasses and the challenges related to this process. There are several factors that can affect the production of bioethanol that includes the type of substrate, the fermenting microorganisms, optimization of physicochemical parameters like pH, temperature, and the nutrient requirements of fermenting microbes for the conversion of sugar rich substrate into bioethanol. Moreover, the current scenario of the utilization of bioethanol as a fuel in various countries throughout the world was also discussed in this review.
{"title":"Bioethanol Production from Sugarcane Molasses an Industrial Waste Product","authors":"","doi":"10.37605/njbs.v1i2.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37605/njbs.v1i2.1","url":null,"abstract":"Due to recent increase in price hike of petroleum products, different efforts are being done throughout the world in search of an alternative source of fuel. For this reason, various agricultural countries are trying to produce their own fuel from plant based materials. Different types of biofuels like bioethanol, biodiesel, biohydrogen, biogas etc. are being investigated throughout the world. The type of the biofuel being produced depends upon the availability of the substrate. This review mainly focused on sugar industry waste called molasses, which is rich in fermentable sugars. The easiest form of the fuel that can be produced from sugar rich substrate is bioethanol, thus the review mainly focused on different methods of bioethanol production from molasses and the challenges related to this process. There are several factors that can affect the production of bioethanol that includes the type of substrate, the fermenting microorganisms, optimization of physicochemical parameters like pH, temperature, and the nutrient requirements of fermenting microbes for the conversion of sugar rich substrate into bioethanol. Moreover, the current scenario of the utilization of bioethanol as a fuel in various countries throughout the world was also discussed in this review.","PeriodicalId":445719,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Biological Sciences","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121058572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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