Pub Date : 2022-03-30DOI: 10.1017/S0021855322000080
P. Tamuno
ABSTRACT Multinational oil companies adopted corporate social responsibility as a means of addressing the challenges of their relationship with the Niger Delta communities, which had been turbulent for several decades as a result of the ecological devastation of the Niger Delta region. This article analyses the challenges of implementing corporate social responsibility in the Niger Delta, from the inception of the Nigerian oil industry to the present day. Using the experiences of multinational oil companies in the Niger Delta as a case study, the article explores the extent to which multinational oil companies operating in developing countries are increasingly assuming roles that are not traditional corporate roles, to compensate for the bad governance and poor regulatory standards in these countries. The article also provides recommendations for what the Nigerian government can do to develop corporate social responsibility and make it more effective.
{"title":"Corporate Social Responsibility in the Niger Delta: Past, Present and Future Challenges","authors":"P. Tamuno","doi":"10.1017/S0021855322000080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021855322000080","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Multinational oil companies adopted corporate social responsibility as a means of addressing the challenges of their relationship with the Niger Delta communities, which had been turbulent for several decades as a result of the ecological devastation of the Niger Delta region. This article analyses the challenges of implementing corporate social responsibility in the Niger Delta, from the inception of the Nigerian oil industry to the present day. Using the experiences of multinational oil companies in the Niger Delta as a case study, the article explores the extent to which multinational oil companies operating in developing countries are increasingly assuming roles that are not traditional corporate roles, to compensate for the bad governance and poor regulatory standards in these countries. The article also provides recommendations for what the Nigerian government can do to develop corporate social responsibility and make it more effective.","PeriodicalId":44630,"journal":{"name":"Journal of African Law","volume":"66 1","pages":"391 - 417"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49447239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-23DOI: 10.1017/S0021855322000055
A. Ekeke
Abstract In Nworika v Ononeze-Madu, the Nigerian Supreme Court upheld the decision of the lower court, denying the appellant standing to challenge the decision of the Imo State government. This highlighted the position of Nigerian courts on the rule of locus standi, which denies access to justice for many Nigerians who seek a court order to declare a law unconstitutional or to challenge the actions of the government or its agencies. This article examines the context of the application of the rule of locus standi before Nigerian courts and argues that the decision of the Supreme Court in Adesanya v President of Nigeria, which is the classic authority on the strict rule of locus standi in Nigeria, is outdated in the context of contemporary human rights development and that Nigerian courts can learn from the Indian courts that have discarded the strict application of the rule of locus standi through judicial activism.
{"title":"Liberalization of the Rule on Locus Standi before Nigerian Courts: Lessons from India","authors":"A. Ekeke","doi":"10.1017/S0021855322000055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021855322000055","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In Nworika v Ononeze-Madu, the Nigerian Supreme Court upheld the decision of the lower court, denying the appellant standing to challenge the decision of the Imo State government. This highlighted the position of Nigerian courts on the rule of locus standi, which denies access to justice for many Nigerians who seek a court order to declare a law unconstitutional or to challenge the actions of the government or its agencies. This article examines the context of the application of the rule of locus standi before Nigerian courts and argues that the decision of the Supreme Court in Adesanya v President of Nigeria, which is the classic authority on the strict rule of locus standi in Nigeria, is outdated in the context of contemporary human rights development and that Nigerian courts can learn from the Indian courts that have discarded the strict application of the rule of locus standi through judicial activism.","PeriodicalId":44630,"journal":{"name":"Journal of African Law","volume":"66 1","pages":"339 - 354"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45830218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-14DOI: 10.1017/S002185532200002X
Nqobizitha Ndlovu, E. Nwauche
Abstract This article examines the Kenyan legal and policy framework as well as jurisprudence on the principle of free, prior and informed consent (FPIC) occasioned by the decision of the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights (African Commission) in Centre for Minority Rights Development (Kenya) and Minority Rights Group (on behalf of Endorois Welfare Council) v Republic of Kenya (Endorois) and the judgment of the African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights (African Court) in the case of African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights v Republic of Kenya (Ogiek). The main objective of this article is to examine the development and level of operationalization of the principle of FPIC in Kenyan domestic law and policy using the Endorois and Ogiek standard. It examines how the Kenyan domestic legal system has responded to these regional and international developments on FPIC and its operationalization.
{"title":"Free, Prior and Informed Consent in Kenyan Law and Policy After Endorois and Ogiek","authors":"Nqobizitha Ndlovu, E. Nwauche","doi":"10.1017/S002185532200002X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S002185532200002X","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article examines the Kenyan legal and policy framework as well as jurisprudence on the principle of free, prior and informed consent (FPIC) occasioned by the decision of the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights (African Commission) in Centre for Minority Rights Development (Kenya) and Minority Rights Group (on behalf of Endorois Welfare Council) v Republic of Kenya (Endorois) and the judgment of the African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights (African Court) in the case of African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights v Republic of Kenya (Ogiek). The main objective of this article is to examine the development and level of operationalization of the principle of FPIC in Kenyan domestic law and policy using the Endorois and Ogiek standard. It examines how the Kenyan domestic legal system has responded to these regional and international developments on FPIC and its operationalization.","PeriodicalId":44630,"journal":{"name":"Journal of African Law","volume":"66 1","pages":"201 - 227"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47319324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-24DOI: 10.1017/s0021855322000043
Badala Tachilisa Balule
Abstract Journalists play an important role in promoting and facilitating the right to freedom of expression. To promote and facilitate freedom of expression effectively, they should be free to perform their duties without fear of reprisals, intimidation or harassment. Journalists should carry out their duties in a legally safe environment. It has, however, been observed that journalists across the world are subjected to various human rights violations and abuses aimed at hindering them in performing their work. Journalists in Botswana also endure harassment and intimidation. One form in which this harassment manifests itself is through the use of sedition laws. In many countries these laws have been found to limit the right to freedom of expression unjustifiably. The legality of sedition laws has been considered by the courts of Botswana, where the High Court upheld their constitutionality. This note critically analyses the High Court's decision.
{"title":"Sedition and Freedom of Expression for Journalists in Botswana: A Comment on Mokone v Attorney General and Others","authors":"Badala Tachilisa Balule","doi":"10.1017/s0021855322000043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0021855322000043","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Journalists play an important role in promoting and facilitating the right to freedom of expression. To promote and facilitate freedom of expression effectively, they should be free to perform their duties without fear of reprisals, intimidation or harassment. Journalists should carry out their duties in a legally safe environment. It has, however, been observed that journalists across the world are subjected to various human rights violations and abuses aimed at hindering them in performing their work. Journalists in Botswana also endure harassment and intimidation. One form in which this harassment manifests itself is through the use of sedition laws. In many countries these laws have been found to limit the right to freedom of expression unjustifiably. The legality of sedition laws has been considered by the courts of Botswana, where the High Court upheld their constitutionality. This note critically analyses the High Court's decision.","PeriodicalId":44630,"journal":{"name":"Journal of African Law","volume":"66 1","pages":"355 - 366"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42959286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-17DOI: 10.1017/S0021855300012651
E. Üstün
The story of the way in which the Codes of Criminal Law and Procedure were introduced in British colonial Africa is indeed a fascinating one. As Dr. Morris observes in his article, by 1935 almost the whole of these territories had developed a body of criminal law and procedure which was virtually common throughout the area, and this was to be inherited by the independent governments a quarter of a century later. But this degree of uniform codification was not achieved without difficulty and in some cases strong objection from the local bar and business interests, who feared a loss of liberty under a new written law, and preferred the English common law "with all its forms, solemnities and technicalities", because they felt safe under it. At the Colonial Office there was some opposition to codification based on the model of the Indian Penal Codes, and although in East Africa the Indian Codes had been introduced at an early period, these Codes encountered hostility from the white settlers as well as the officials at the Colonial Office, and eventually were replaced by Codes originally drafted more along the lines of the Nigerian model, but later adapted to meet the criticisms of the law officers of those territories. There were differences in Nyasaland and Northern Rhodesia, and Zanzibar had the Indian Codes until 1935 but they all eventually were brought more or less in line. In the Gambia, there was resistance to replacing the English common law by Code, although why anyone should wish to cling to "this dizzying mosaic" baffled the Legal Adviser. Eventually the Codes were pushed through, modelled on the Kenya Code of 1930. Only the Gold Coast then had a differently based Code, which had been adopted in 1892, and was based on the Criminal Code of St. Lucia. The position of Botswana is however different, for, as Mr. Brewer shows, it depends in part on the reception of the Roman-Dutch criminal law, in part on the English common law, and in part on customary law. The problems this poses for Botswana today are clearly described by Mr. Brewer.
{"title":"Introduction","authors":"E. Üstün","doi":"10.1017/S0021855300012651","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021855300012651","url":null,"abstract":"The story of the way in which the Codes of Criminal Law and Procedure were introduced in British colonial Africa is indeed a fascinating one. As Dr. Morris observes in his article, by 1935 almost the whole of these territories had developed a body of criminal law and procedure which was virtually common throughout the area, and this was to be inherited by the independent governments a quarter of a century later. But this degree of uniform codification was not achieved without difficulty and in some cases strong objection from the local bar and business interests, who feared a loss of liberty under a new written law, and preferred the English common law \"with all its forms, solemnities and technicalities\", because they felt safe under it. At the Colonial Office there was some opposition to codification based on the model of the Indian Penal Codes, and although in East Africa the Indian Codes had been introduced at an early period, these Codes encountered hostility from the white settlers as well as the officials at the Colonial Office, and eventually were replaced by Codes originally drafted more along the lines of the Nigerian model, but later adapted to meet the criticisms of the law officers of those territories. There were differences in Nyasaland and Northern Rhodesia, and Zanzibar had the Indian Codes until 1935 but they all eventually were brought more or less in line. In the Gambia, there was resistance to replacing the English common law by Code, although why anyone should wish to cling to \"this dizzying mosaic\" baffled the Legal Adviser. Eventually the Codes were pushed through, modelled on the Kenya Code of 1930. Only the Gold Coast then had a differently based Code, which had been adopted in 1892, and was based on the Criminal Code of St. Lucia. The position of Botswana is however different, for, as Mr. Brewer shows, it depends in part on the reception of the Roman-Dutch criminal law, in part on the English common law, and in part on customary law. The problems this poses for Botswana today are clearly described by Mr. Brewer.","PeriodicalId":44630,"journal":{"name":"Journal of African Law","volume":"18 1","pages":"3 - 5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/S0021855300012651","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47409776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-09DOI: 10.5380/reterm.v20i4.84639
Lauber de Souza Martins
The editorial of Thermal Engineering of this issue continues the discussion on scientific research needs in vital areas in which thermal engineering has important participation. The main goal is to motivate the readers, within their specialties, to identify possible subjects for their future research. It is estimated that the existing amount of fossil fuels will last for many years. However, there is a need to look for alternative sources of energy in order to preserve the environment. De Angelis et. al., in his article, Energy Research Outlook. What to Look for in 2018 (ACS Energy Lett. 3(2018) 261-263), argues that generation and storage of technical and economically viable renewable forms of energies are the main obstacles to be overcome. In his article, De Angelis also lists some technological areas that need more research effort in the energy field: energy materials, electrochemical energy conversion and energy storage, solar cells, solar fuels, LED and display devices and, the last but not least, theory and computational modeling. Possible answers for those questions can be given from what it is called constructal theory. Constructal theory states that geometry (flow architecture) is generated by seeking the global performance subjected to global restrictions. According to the constructal law, the optimization of the flow architecture begins in a small scale (elementary level), in which, even though small, the system still keeps its identity (e.g., a brook in a river basin, a single polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) in a PEMFC stack, a cell in a multicellular organisms). The irreversibility caused by the flow resistance is minimized for a maximum global performance at the level of the complete system. Any physical system is a combination of several flow systems (e.g., electric, chemical, fluid and heat). Therefore, it can be seen that the optimization of the architecture of flow systems is as common in engineering as is in nature, where the most fit organisms (optimum configuration) survive selection (global restrictions). The mission of Thermal Engineering is to document the scientific progress in areas related to thermal engineering (e.g., energy, oil and renewable fuels). We are confident that we will continue to receive articles’ submissions that contribute to the progress of science.
本期《热工》杂志的社论继续讨论了热工重要参与领域的科研需求。主要目标是激励读者，在他们的专业范围内，为他们未来的研究确定可能的主题。据估计，现有的化石燃料数量将持续多年。然而，为了保护环境，有必要寻找替代能源。De Angelis等人，在他的文章《能源研究展望》中。2018年要寻找什么（ACS Energy Lett.3（2018）261-263）认为，技术和经济上可行的可再生能源的生产和储存是需要克服的主要障碍。德安吉利斯在文章中还列出了能源领域需要更多研究的一些技术领域：能源材料、电化学能量转换和储能、太阳能电池、太阳能燃料、LED和显示设备，以及最后但并非最不重要的理论和计算建模。这些问题的可能答案可以从所谓的结构理论中给出。构造理论指出，几何（流结构）是通过寻求受全局限制的全局性能而产生的。根据结构定律，流动结构的优化从小规模（基本水平）开始，其中，即使很小，系统仍然保持其特性（例如，流域中的小溪、PEMFC堆中的单个聚合物电解质膜燃料电池（PEMFC）、多细胞生物中的电池）。由流动阻力引起的不可逆性被最小化，以在整个系统的水平上获得最大的全局性能。任何物理系统都是几个流动系统（例如，电、化学、流体和热）的组合。因此，可以看出，流动系统结构的优化在工程中和在自然界中一样常见，在自然界中，最合适的生物体（最佳配置）在选择（全球限制）中幸存下来。热能工程的任务是记录热能工程（如能源、石油和可再生燃料）相关领域的科学进展。我们相信，我们将继续收到有助于科学进步的文章。
{"title":"Editorial","authors":"Lauber de Souza Martins","doi":"10.5380/reterm.v20i4.84639","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5380/reterm.v20i4.84639","url":null,"abstract":"The editorial of Thermal Engineering of this issue continues the discussion on scientific research needs in vital areas in which thermal engineering has important participation. The main goal is to motivate the readers, within their specialties, to identify possible subjects for their future research. It is estimated that the existing amount of fossil fuels will last for many years. However, there is a need to look for alternative sources of energy in order to preserve the environment. De Angelis et. al., in his article, Energy Research Outlook. What to Look for in 2018 (ACS Energy Lett. 3(2018) 261-263), argues that generation and storage of technical and economically viable renewable forms of energies are the main obstacles to be overcome. In his article, De Angelis also lists some technological areas that need more research effort in the energy field: energy materials, electrochemical energy conversion and energy storage, solar cells, solar fuels, LED and display devices and, the last but not least, theory and computational modeling. Possible answers for those questions can be given from what it is called constructal theory. Constructal theory states that geometry (flow architecture) is generated by seeking the global performance subjected to global restrictions. According to the constructal law, the optimization of the flow architecture begins in a small scale (elementary level), in which, even though small, the system still keeps its identity (e.g., a brook in a river basin, a single polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) in a PEMFC stack, a cell in a multicellular organisms). The irreversibility caused by the flow resistance is minimized for a maximum global performance at the level of the complete system. Any physical system is a combination of several flow systems (e.g., electric, chemical, fluid and heat). Therefore, it can be seen that the optimization of the architecture of flow systems is as common in engineering as is in nature, where the most fit organisms (optimum configuration) survive selection (global restrictions). The mission of Thermal Engineering is to document the scientific progress in areas related to thermal engineering (e.g., energy, oil and renewable fuels). We are confident that we will continue to receive articles’ submissions that contribute to the progress of science.","PeriodicalId":44630,"journal":{"name":"Journal of African Law","volume":"18 1","pages":"1 - 2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42474936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-01DOI: 10.1017/S0021855322000031
C. Fombad
Abstract The contention of this article is that there is a need to debunk the myth that the diversity of Africa's inherited legal systems means that the continent has little to contribute to the global legal dialogue. For Africa to make an effective contribution to global legal dialogue, there is a need for serious intra-African legal dialogue. The article focuses on sub-Saharan countries and provides an overview of the numerous legal traditions that were imposed on them at independence. It then looks at the global legal dialogue within which the global south is marginalized. Thereafter, the article discusses the ways in which an intra-African trans-systemic dialogue can be promoted. The main argument of the article is that such a dialogue is likely to provide the critical understanding necessary to pave the way for closer collaboration between African countries in their efforts to develop legal values, principles and institutions that are better suited to addressing the continent's complex and multifaceted problems.
{"title":"Fostering a Constructive Intra-African Legal Dialogue in Post-Colonial Africa","authors":"C. Fombad","doi":"10.1017/S0021855322000031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021855322000031","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The contention of this article is that there is a need to debunk the myth that the diversity of Africa's inherited legal systems means that the continent has little to contribute to the global legal dialogue. For Africa to make an effective contribution to global legal dialogue, there is a need for serious intra-African legal dialogue. The article focuses on sub-Saharan countries and provides an overview of the numerous legal traditions that were imposed on them at independence. It then looks at the global legal dialogue within which the global south is marginalized. Thereafter, the article discusses the ways in which an intra-African trans-systemic dialogue can be promoted. The main argument of the article is that such a dialogue is likely to provide the critical understanding necessary to pave the way for closer collaboration between African countries in their efforts to develop legal values, principles and institutions that are better suited to addressing the continent's complex and multifaceted problems.","PeriodicalId":44630,"journal":{"name":"Journal of African Law","volume":"66 1","pages":"1 - 22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41322141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-01DOI: 10.1017/S0021855300012997
R. Eagles, M. Schaich
Since the day when, in my first year of teaching, I found myself trying to explain the feudal origins of trover to a puzzled class of Sudanese students, I have had occasional flickers of doubt whether the English law of torts has been one of Britain's most appropriate colonial legacies. One journey down the Lagos-Ibadan road should suffice to raise questions about the suitability of the common-law action for negligence as an instrument for compensating for or reducing road accidents in Nigeria; while the amount of damages awarded in some East African personal injuries actions, like the Mercedes Benz, contrasts sharply with the general living standards of the vast majority of the local population. Nevertheless the distinction between libel and slander, and between aggravated and punitive damages, and even some survivals from the Year Books have found their way into the law reports and treatises of some African jurisdictions. The elegant generalities of civilian doctrines of extra-contractual obligation seem, not surprisingly, to have made the transition to warmer climates more smoothly.
{"title":"Introduction","authors":"R. Eagles, M. Schaich","doi":"10.1017/S0021855300012997","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021855300012997","url":null,"abstract":"Since the day when, in my first year of teaching, I found myself trying to explain the feudal origins of trover to a puzzled class of Sudanese students, I have had occasional flickers of doubt whether the English law of torts has been one of Britain's most appropriate colonial legacies. One journey down the Lagos-Ibadan road should suffice to raise questions about the suitability of the common-law action for negligence as an instrument for compensating for or reducing road accidents in Nigeria; while the amount of damages awarded in some East African personal injuries actions, like the Mercedes Benz, contrasts sharply with the general living standards of the vast majority of the local population. Nevertheless the distinction between libel and slander, and between aggravated and punitive damages, and even some survivals from the Year Books have found their way into the law reports and treatises of some African jurisdictions. The elegant generalities of civilian doctrines of extra-contractual obligation seem, not surprisingly, to have made the transition to warmer climates more smoothly.","PeriodicalId":44630,"journal":{"name":"Journal of African Law","volume":"17 1","pages":"1 - 3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/S0021855300012997","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48648762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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