{"title":"Assessment Of Turbulent Mixing In A Static Mixer Using Mean Age","authors":"Kanishk Patel, A. Komrakova","doi":"10.32393/csme.2021.195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32393/csme.2021.195","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":446767,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Canadian Mechanical Engineering. Volume 4","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130028193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
—With the advances in manufacturing and design methods, engineers have been constantly pushed to improve mechanical components performance by minimizing part weight, maximize stiffness and optimize material usage. Tools such as topology optimization has been widely used to support the development of new components. While the optimization process for metallic components is well stablished, composite materials optimization still possess challenges to designers, especially due to the plies stacking sequence definition. The recent advances in 3D printed composite additive manufacturing have brought a new alternative to the composite manufacturing adding geometric freedom and challenges on the definition of the optimum material layout and lay-up. Thus, this paper expands upon existing mathematical methods by providing an algorithm to simultaneously minimizing the material distribution and the laminate stacking sequence of composite plates. Lamination parameters are used as design variables to optimize the laminate stacking sequence avoiding local optimum solutions and reducing the number of designable variables. Once the optimum topology and set of lamination parameters are defined, angle retrieval is performed to define the optimum plies orientation. Two problem examples are solved to illustrate the applicability of this approach.
{"title":"Simultaneous Topology And Composite Lay-Up Optimization","authors":"R. Bohrer, I. Kim","doi":"10.32393/csme.2021.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32393/csme.2021.8","url":null,"abstract":"—With the advances in manufacturing and design methods, engineers have been constantly pushed to improve mechanical components performance by minimizing part weight, maximize stiffness and optimize material usage. Tools such as topology optimization has been widely used to support the development of new components. While the optimization process for metallic components is well stablished, composite materials optimization still possess challenges to designers, especially due to the plies stacking sequence definition. The recent advances in 3D printed composite additive manufacturing have brought a new alternative to the composite manufacturing adding geometric freedom and challenges on the definition of the optimum material layout and lay-up. Thus, this paper expands upon existing mathematical methods by providing an algorithm to simultaneously minimizing the material distribution and the laminate stacking sequence of composite plates. Lamination parameters are used as design variables to optimize the laminate stacking sequence avoiding local optimum solutions and reducing the number of designable variables. Once the optimum topology and set of lamination parameters are defined, angle retrieval is performed to define the optimum plies orientation. Two problem examples are solved to illustrate the applicability of this approach.","PeriodicalId":446767,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Canadian Mechanical Engineering. Volume 4","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130194885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Applying Machine Learning Principles To The Study Of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury And Brain Strain Metrics","authors":"Luke Patterson, Yanir Levy, H. Mao","doi":"10.32393/csme.2021.86","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32393/csme.2021.86","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":446767,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Canadian Mechanical Engineering. Volume 4","volume":"148 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121609788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
—The following work presents the process by which the model generation algorithm from Part 1 is implemented in ABAQUS finite element analysis software. Convergence analysis was conducted for the elastic modulus. Simulation results are compared to experimental results for 2D and 3D models. Model performance is evaluated both in the linear elastic region and at strains of up to 10%. Stress field diagrams were captured to illustrate the unusual stress concentration patterns that are unique to powder-based sintered materials.
{"title":"Realistic Representative Volume Element Generation For Sintered Solids Part 2: Finite Element Implementation & Results","authors":"F. Thomas, A. Elruby, S. Nakhla","doi":"10.32393/csme.2021.145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32393/csme.2021.145","url":null,"abstract":"—The following work presents the process by which the model generation algorithm from Part 1 is implemented in ABAQUS finite element analysis software. Convergence analysis was conducted for the elastic modulus. Simulation results are compared to experimental results for 2D and 3D models. Model performance is evaluated both in the linear elastic region and at strains of up to 10%. Stress field diagrams were captured to illustrate the unusual stress concentration patterns that are unique to powder-based sintered materials.","PeriodicalId":446767,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Canadian Mechanical Engineering. Volume 4","volume":"38 2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121168961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Optimization Of A Multi-Jet Water Flow Meter","authors":"Mitchell L Boddy, E. Savory","doi":"10.32393/csme.2021.149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32393/csme.2021.149","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":446767,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Canadian Mechanical Engineering. Volume 4","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126914172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Mohammed, S. Dash, A. Albedah, X.Q. Jiang, D.Y. Li, Daolun L. Chen
{"title":"Microstructure And Mechanical Properties Of Ultrasonic Spot Welded Aluminum Sheets With And Without Clad Layer","authors":"S. Mohammed, S. Dash, A. Albedah, X.Q. Jiang, D.Y. Li, Daolun L. Chen","doi":"10.32393/csme.2021.84","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32393/csme.2021.84","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":446767,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Canadian Mechanical Engineering. Volume 4","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125340483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jean-Philippe Leclair, Newton Borges, D. Cree, L. Hof
— White eggshell (WES) waste was crushed into a fine powder (32 μm) and used as filler in poly lactic acid (PLA), a plant-based polymer, to enhance its mechanical properties such as its flexural strength and modulus. Pure PLA is a relatively brittle material that could benefit extra ductility to broaden its usage opportunities. Therefore, the influence of WES on this characteristic was also observed. Samples containing 5, 10 or 20% (w/w), respectively of WES were compared to samples containing the same proportions of limestone (LS) and to samples of pure PLA in flexural tests following ASTM D790-17. The observed mechanical properties were successfully improved using WES as filler when compared to LS or to pure PLA samples. Considering flexural strength and modulus, an approximate optimal point of 5% (w/w) WES could be determined by analyzing the data. Further, selected fractured samples were observed on a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) (Hitachi TM3000) to characterize and correlate the distribution of filler particles in the PLA matrix to these improvements. The SEM also allowed to characterize the fractures qualitatively on ductility compared to pure PLA. It could be concluded that the samples containing filler particles are more ductile than pure PLA. It was also possible to conclude that samples containing the highest filler content (i.e. 20%), regardless of the filler type, exhibited the most textured fracture surfaces thus indicating a more ductile fracture mode.
{"title":"Towards Circular Manufacturing: Repurposing Eggshell Waste As Filler For Poly Lactic Acid Feedstock For 3D Printing","authors":"Jean-Philippe Leclair, Newton Borges, D. Cree, L. Hof","doi":"10.32393/csme.2021.120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32393/csme.2021.120","url":null,"abstract":"— White eggshell (WES) waste was crushed into a fine powder (32 μm) and used as filler in poly lactic acid (PLA), a plant-based polymer, to enhance its mechanical properties such as its flexural strength and modulus. Pure PLA is a relatively brittle material that could benefit extra ductility to broaden its usage opportunities. Therefore, the influence of WES on this characteristic was also observed. Samples containing 5, 10 or 20% (w/w), respectively of WES were compared to samples containing the same proportions of limestone (LS) and to samples of pure PLA in flexural tests following ASTM D790-17. The observed mechanical properties were successfully improved using WES as filler when compared to LS or to pure PLA samples. Considering flexural strength and modulus, an approximate optimal point of 5% (w/w) WES could be determined by analyzing the data. Further, selected fractured samples were observed on a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) (Hitachi TM3000) to characterize and correlate the distribution of filler particles in the PLA matrix to these improvements. The SEM also allowed to characterize the fractures qualitatively on ductility compared to pure PLA. It could be concluded that the samples containing filler particles are more ductile than pure PLA. It was also possible to conclude that samples containing the highest filler content (i.e. 20%), regardless of the filler type, exhibited the most textured fracture surfaces thus indicating a more ductile fracture mode.","PeriodicalId":446767,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Canadian Mechanical Engineering. Volume 4","volume":"86 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126565305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Tuning The Drag Coefficent Used In Discrete Phase Modelling To Predict The Total Collection Efficiency Of A Standard Cyclone Particle Separator","authors":"M. Parker, E. Savory, A. Straatman","doi":"10.32393/csme.2021.101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32393/csme.2021.101","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":446767,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Canadian Mechanical Engineering. Volume 4","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129061590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Experimental Simulation Of Downburst Lines: A Particle Image Velocimetry Study Of Downburst Collisions","authors":"Kyle Graat, Shivani Jariwala, E. Savory","doi":"10.32393/csme.2021.175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32393/csme.2021.175","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":446767,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Canadian Mechanical Engineering. Volume 4","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122211457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In recent years, nanofibers are increasingly used in many fields such as textiles, catalysis, sensors, filtration, and tissue engineering. Therefore, a reliable, validated and automated analysis method for characterizing nanofiber morphology from scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrographs is strongly needed for all these applications. The common methods that determine the nanofiber diameter manually, are time-consuming and can be easily biased during the operation. Several commercial software development labs have developed SEM image analysis tools to automatically assess nanofiber’s orientation and diameter from a single-image analysis. However, the magnification and picture resolution can largely influence the results of nanofiber diameter. Therefore, there is a great need for a more accurate image analysis tool that can process multiple images automatically, making the result less affected by image resolution. This study aimed to develop an image processing code to determine nanofiber morphology from multiple images using MATLAB. This tool can process two images with a different magnification of one sample at the same time. On one hand, the lowmagnification image contains a larger area of the sample, providing more sampling points and a more realistic result. On the other hand, the high-magnification image can offer a more accurate diameter for low fiber size diameters. After utilizing the data from both images, this tool will automatically draw a distribution diagram contains three data sets, the low magnification data set, the high magnification data set and the combined data set, giving more statistically reliable results. In this study, median filtering, image intensity adjustment, and histogram equalization are used to reduce noise and increase the contrast of images. A local thresholding method is utilized to transform the image into a binary image using Sauvola binarization. The fiber boundaries are detected using canny edge detection. Then the fiber diameters are calculated by Euclidean distance transform matrix. These procedures ensure the analysis quality of each image and the multiple-image function makes this nanofiber diameter measurement tool more accurate and realizable than other single-image analysis ones.
{"title":"A Multiple-Image Nanofiber Diameter Measurement Tool","authors":"Erqian Gao, M. Razavi, Z. Tan","doi":"10.32393/csme.2021.29","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32393/csme.2021.29","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, nanofibers are increasingly used in many fields such as textiles, catalysis, sensors, filtration, and tissue engineering. Therefore, a reliable, validated and automated analysis method for characterizing nanofiber morphology from scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrographs is strongly needed for all these applications. The common methods that determine the nanofiber diameter manually, are time-consuming and can be easily biased during the operation. Several commercial software development labs have developed SEM image analysis tools to automatically assess nanofiber’s orientation and diameter from a single-image analysis. However, the magnification and picture resolution can largely influence the results of nanofiber diameter. Therefore, there is a great need for a more accurate image analysis tool that can process multiple images automatically, making the result less affected by image resolution. This study aimed to develop an image processing code to determine nanofiber morphology from multiple images using MATLAB. This tool can process two images with a different magnification of one sample at the same time. On one hand, the lowmagnification image contains a larger area of the sample, providing more sampling points and a more realistic result. On the other hand, the high-magnification image can offer a more accurate diameter for low fiber size diameters. After utilizing the data from both images, this tool will automatically draw a distribution diagram contains three data sets, the low magnification data set, the high magnification data set and the combined data set, giving more statistically reliable results. In this study, median filtering, image intensity adjustment, and histogram equalization are used to reduce noise and increase the contrast of images. A local thresholding method is utilized to transform the image into a binary image using Sauvola binarization. The fiber boundaries are detected using canny edge detection. Then the fiber diameters are calculated by Euclidean distance transform matrix. These procedures ensure the analysis quality of each image and the multiple-image function makes this nanofiber diameter measurement tool more accurate and realizable than other single-image analysis ones.","PeriodicalId":446767,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Canadian Mechanical Engineering. Volume 4","volume":"146 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116617620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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