Annals of Geriatric Medicine and Research最新文献

Background: With the increasing number of older individuals, understanding the interplay among muscle strength, muscle mass, and cognitive functions in aging populations is important. This study aimed to investigate the relationships among muscle mass, muscle strength, and cognitive function among older adults, with a focus on understanding the bidirectional correlations among these factors.

Methods: A total of 335 participants aged ≥65 years were analyzed. Comprehensive assessments, including body composition measurements, cognitive function evaluations using the Korean version of Mini-Mental State Examination (K-MMSE), tablet-based cognitive tests, and grip strength measurements were conducted. Statistical analyses included Spearman correlation and binary logistic regression explore the relationships among muscle mass, grip strength, and cognitive function while adjusting for potential confounders.

Results: Significant correlations were observed among grip strength, lean and skeletal muscle mass index, and cognitive function. Lower grip strength was associated with lower K-MMSE scores, indicating a higher risk of cognitive decline. But lean and skeletal muscle masses index were not associated with cognitive decline. Further analysis revealed a bidirectional relationship, with cognitive decline being associated with reduced grip strength.

Conclusion: Maintaining muscle strength and mass are important potential strategies to support cognitive health in older individuals. These findings suggest a potential reciprocal relationship where better cognitive function may also contribute to the maintenance or improvement of grip strength. This interconnectedness highlights the importance of considering both physical and cognitive health in aging populations.

Background: Sarcopenia is a prevalent condition in patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis. Therefore, a convenient and reliable method of monitoring muscle health is required. This study identified the utility of the phase angle (PhA) to estimate muscle health, and evaluated its changes following intradialytic neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) and oral nutritional supplement interventions in patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis.

Methods: This post-hoc analysis was conducted using data obtained from a 12-week multicenter randomized trial that examined the effects of NMES and protein supplementation. The participants were divided into four groups according to intradialytic NMES and protein supplementation. The PhA, muscle mass, muscle strength, and physical performance were measured every 4 weeks.

Results: Overall, 59 participants completed the study. PhA values were linearly associated with muscle mass and muscle strength. Additionally, high PhA levels indicated fast gait speed and shortened timed up-and-go test (TUG) results. We further evaluated the association between the PhA slope and muscle health-related parameters. In participants with the PhA slope <0° over 12 weeks, TUG results worsened over time, relative to those with a slope ≥0° over 12 weeks, independent of age, sex, diabetes, and body mass index. NMES did not improve the PhA values over time; however, protein supplementation tended to increase the PhA values.

Conclusion: PhA is a reliable marker for estimating and monitoring muscle health in patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis, and a strong association exists between PhA and TUG results.

Background: This study aimed to evaluate the long-term clinical outcomes of patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) who underwent successful stent implantation and were subsequently treated with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB).

Methods: Among 13,104 patients enrolled in the Korean AMI registry, 2,763 older patients aged 70 years or older, who were prescribed either ACEI or ARB at discharge, were included in this study. Propensity score matching (PSM) was performed to adjust for baseline confounders. The primary outcome was a composite of cardiac death and recurrent myocardial infarction (MI) at the 3-year follow-up.

Results: In PSM cohort, use of ACEI at discharge was associated with a significantly lower incidence of primary outcome (hazard ratio, 1.60; 95% confidence interval, 1.20-2.14; p=0.001) compared to those of ARB at discharge. Additionally, incidences of cardiac death, recurrent MI and all-cause death were lower in use of ACEI at discharge than in those of ARB. However, there were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in hospitalization for heart failure, any revascularization, stent thrombosis, or stroke.

Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that ACEI use at discharge, compared with ARB use, was associated with lower incidences of cardiac death, and recurrent MI in older patients with AMI after successful stent implantation.

Activities of daily living (ADL) assessments are crucial for evaluating functional independence and formulating care strategies for older adults. However, the existing tools encounter challenges, including cultural bias, subjectivity, and limited sensitivity to subtle changes in functional abilities. This review examines these limitations across basic, instrumental, and extended ADL categories and explores the integration of emerging technologies, such as artificial intelligence, sensor-based systems, and remote monitoring tools, to address these gaps. Technological advancements have the potential to enhance the accuracy, efficiency, and inclusivity of ADL assessment by providing objective data, supporting real-time evaluations, and enabling personalized care plans. By bridging the gap between traditional methods and innovative technologies, this review highlights a pathway for more equitable and effective assessments, ensuring that older adults across diverse contexts receive tailored support to maintain their independence and improve their quality of life.

Celiac disease is a chronic, immune-mediated enteropathy that is precipitated by dietary gluten in genetically predisposed individuals. Gastrointestinal symptoms and signs of malabsorption characterize a classical form of the disease, while patients with nonclassical celiac disease lack significant gastrointestinal symptoms. We report an uncommon case of celiac disease in an 84-year-old oligosymptomatic female with a recently treated colon tumor, diagnosed during the investigation of profound hypoproteinemia and hypoalbuminemia. In this case, two factors could have been misleading about the cause of hypoalbuminemia: malignant tumor and advanced age. Since the oncological disease was in remission, and the albumin concentration in the healthy elderly people in the community usually exceeds 38 g/L until after the age of 90, we pursued an alternative cause, leading to the diagnosis of celiac disease. Even in the absence of intestinal symptoms, advanced age, or other diagnoses, celiac disease should be considered a potential differential diagnosis in every patient presenting with hypoalbuminemia.

Background: Long coronavirus disease (COVID) poses significant challenges for older adult patients, affecting their cardiopulmonary function and overall well-being. This study aimed to investigate the effects of slow deep breathing exercises on cardiopulmonary function, physical performance, biochemical markers, oxidative stress, and stress levels in older adult patients with long COVID.

Methods: Sixty older adult patients with long COVID were randomly assigned to an exercise group of 30 patients and a control group of 30 patients. The exercise group engaged in slow deep breathing exercises for 30 minutes, five times a week over a period of 8 weeks, while the control group maintained their usual activities. Cardiovascular parameters, heart rate variability (HRV), respiratory muscle strength (RMS), pulmonary function tests (PFT), physical performance, biochemical and oxidative stress markers, and stress levels were assessed at baseline, 4 weeks, and 8 weeks. Data were analyzed using one-way repeated measures ANOVA.

Results: The exercise group showed significant reductions in cardiovascular parameters (systolic and diastolic blood pressure, pulse pressure, mean arterial pressure, and heart rate). Additionally, RMS, PFT, and physical performance showed significant increases. Improvements were also observed in HRV, biochemical markers (fasting blood sugar and lipid profile), oxidative stress markers (catalase, superoxide dismutase, and malondialdehyde), and stress levels. In contrast, no significant changes were found in the control group.

Conclusion: Slow deep breathing exercises, as a non-pharmacological intervention, significantly improve cardiopulmonary function, physical performance, and various health markers in older adult patients with long COVID. This approach provides a valuable and accessible therapeutic option for this population.

Background: Cognitive decline in dementia often leads to impaired activities of daily living (ADL), which worsens as the condition progresses. Although a complex rehabilitation program that includes exercise, cognitive tasks, and family guidance improves physical ability in people with dementia and mild cognitive impairment (MCI), the effects on cognitive function and ADL remain unclear. We conducted this study to clarify this point.

Methods: This retrospective observational study was conducted at the outpatient rehabilitation department of the National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Japan. It analyzed 50 MCI and Alzheimer disease (AD) patients who participated in a holistic physico-cognitive rehabilitation (HPCR) program. The control group consisted of 50 patients matched by age, gender, disease, and Barthel Index (BI) from 963 MCI and AD patients who did not undergo HPCR. Cognitive function was assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination, and ADL was evaluated with the BI.

Results: Both groups showed a significant decline in MMSE scores after 1 year. However, the intervention group maintained its ADL function, while the control group experienced a significant reduction in BI scores.

Conclusion: HPCR, combining exercise therapy and cognitive training, may help maintain ADL in patients with MCI and AD despite cognitive decline. This study suggests that rehabilitation plays a crucial role in sustaining daily functioning in dementia care.

Background: Guidelines for heart failure (HF) management recommend high target doses for medications. These targets are based on standardized dosing regimens that rarely consider the complex challenges faced by older patients. However, little is known about such challenges perceived by older adults. We assessed older adults' perceived challenges with HF medication utilization, which may guide a more patient-centered definition of the target intensity for HF medications.

Methods: We conducted a pilot qualitative study using one-on-one, semi-structured interviews with older adults. We included patients over the age of 65 years admitted to the acute cardiac care units (cardiac intensive care unit or cardiac intermediate care unit) with a known diagnosis of HF. We conducted a deductive and inductive thematic analysis based on a prior conceptual framework for the Medication-Related Burden Quality of Life tool. Subthemes and themes were finalized with two other coders who were study investigators.

Results: Ten patients were enrolled in the study. Six major themes were identified in the perception of challenges of HF medication utilization. The most common themes were experiencing adverse drug effects (80%) and psychological distress (80%), followed by problems in logistics (70%), the burden from the number of medications (70%), impact from patient-doctor relations (70%), and burden from the cost (40%). Conclusions: The results from this pilot study provide preliminary insight into the perceived challenges of HF medication utilization and the distinctive ways the treatment burden is experienced by patients. These results will need validation in larger studies and different patient settings.

Background: Comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA) is a process supporting a multidimensional assessment of the health and well-being of older adults and leads to the development of long-term personalized care plans. CGA is resource intensive, hence shorter forms such as brief geriatric assessments (BGA) could be alternatives. However, little is known about BGA's implementability in community and primary care settings. To understand the core requirements for BGA in Singapore's community and primary care settings, an electronic two-round Delphi study with Singaporean clinical experts was conducted.

Methods: Statements were informed by a previous scoping review and three study advisors. Statements related to target population, essential domains and sub-domains, and approach to BGA administration and implementation. Sixteen participants identified as experts in geriatric or family medicine were invited. Consensus was defined a priori as 75% agreement and an interquartile range of ≤1.

Results: Fifteen participants responded, and 45/72 and 11/31 statements reached consensus in Round 1 and Round 2, respectively. Round 2 contained statements that did not reach consensus and were modified or added based on feedback. Participants agreed on targeting selected older adults for BGA to identify geriatric syndromes; physical, psychological, function, mobility/balance, and social status as domains to assess for BGA; and healthcare professionals administering BGA.

Conclusion: Results suggest using BGA to identify high-risk older adults for CGA, potentially saving resources. Additional research is needed to determine identification of older adults for BGA, and feasibility of interventions for older adults after a BGA.