Pub Date : 2021-04-01DOI: 10.1093/MED/9780198837114.003.0027
C. Robinson
Pulmonary eosinophilias are disorders classically associated with CXR infiltrates and a raised blood eosinophil count, although eosinophilic infiltration of the lung can occur without blood eosinophilia. Eosinophilia is found on lung biopsy or BAL.
{"title":"Eosinophilic lung disease","authors":"C. Robinson","doi":"10.1093/MED/9780198837114.003.0027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/MED/9780198837114.003.0027","url":null,"abstract":"Pulmonary eosinophilias are disorders classically associated with CXR infiltrates and a raised blood eosinophil count, although eosinophilic infiltration of the lung can occur without blood eosinophilia. Eosinophilia is found on lung biopsy or BAL.","PeriodicalId":447884,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Handbook of Respiratory Medicine","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133157728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-01DOI: 10.1093/MED/9780198837114.003.0014
C. Robinson
Sleep apnoea and related problems are now a common reason for referral to many respiratory units. This is due to much better recognition of the syndromes and the increasing prevalence of obesity. Respiratory units with sleep services are seeing increasing numbers of patients, primarily for possible OSA, and, therefore, most patients tend to be sleepy, and referrals for insomnia are not usually encouraged.
{"title":"Sleep and breathing","authors":"C. Robinson","doi":"10.1093/MED/9780198837114.003.0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/MED/9780198837114.003.0014","url":null,"abstract":"Sleep apnoea and related problems are now a common reason for referral to many respiratory units. This is due to much better recognition of the syndromes and the increasing prevalence of obesity. Respiratory units with sleep services are seeing increasing numbers of patients, primarily for possible OSA, and, therefore, most patients tend to be sleepy, and referrals for insomnia are not usually encouraged.","PeriodicalId":447884,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Handbook of Respiratory Medicine","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122892683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-01DOI: 10.1093/MED/9780198837114.003.0031
C. Robinson
The idiopathic interstitial pneumonias (IIPs) comprise a group of diffuse lung diseases of unknown aetiology that primarily involve the pulmonary interstitium—the area between the alveolar epithelium and capillary endothelium, as well as the septal and bronchovascular tissues that make up the fibrous framework of the lung. These primarily interstitial processes, however, frequently also involve the airways, vasculature, and alveolar airspaces. The underlying pathological process is one of varying degrees of inflammation and fibrosis.
{"title":"Idiopathic interstitial pneumonias","authors":"C. Robinson","doi":"10.1093/MED/9780198837114.003.0031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/MED/9780198837114.003.0031","url":null,"abstract":"The idiopathic interstitial pneumonias (IIPs) comprise a group of diffuse lung diseases of unknown aetiology that primarily involve the pulmonary interstitium—the area between the alveolar epithelium and capillary endothelium, as well as the septal and bronchovascular tissues that make up the fibrous framework of the lung. These primarily interstitial processes, however, frequently also involve the airways, vasculature, and alveolar airspaces. The underlying pathological process is one of varying degrees of inflammation and fibrosis.","PeriodicalId":447884,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Handbook of Respiratory Medicine","volume":"101 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124978738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-01DOI: 10.1093/MED/9780198837114.003.0024
C. Robinson
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a multi-system disease due to mutations in the gene encoding the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), a complex chloride channel. CFTR is essential for regulating chloride permeability across epithelial tissues and, in addition, has other complex cellular roles. Loss of CFTR function or quantity causes inadequate hydration of mucous secretions. In the lungs this results in defective mucociliary clearance, mucus obstruction of the luminal space, and colonization with pathogenic bacteria. Recurrent cycles of infection and inflammation contribute to lung damage and subsequent development of bronchiectasis. In the pancreas, the exocrine ducts become blocked by secretions, leading to pancreatic destruction, pancreatic enzyme insufficiency, and CF-related diabetes.
{"title":"Cystic fibrosis (CF)","authors":"C. Robinson","doi":"10.1093/MED/9780198837114.003.0024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/MED/9780198837114.003.0024","url":null,"abstract":"Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a multi-system disease due to mutations in the gene encoding the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), a complex chloride channel. CFTR is essential for regulating chloride permeability across epithelial tissues and, in addition, has other complex cellular roles. Loss of CFTR function or quantity causes inadequate hydration of mucous secretions. In the lungs this results in defective mucociliary clearance, mucus obstruction of the luminal space, and colonization with pathogenic bacteria. Recurrent cycles of infection and inflammation contribute to lung damage and subsequent development of bronchiectasis. In the pancreas, the exocrine ducts become blocked by secretions, leading to pancreatic destruction, pancreatic enzyme insufficiency, and CF-related diabetes.","PeriodicalId":447884,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Handbook of Respiratory Medicine","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131573987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198837114.003.0060
S. Chapman, G. Robinson, R. Shrimanker, C. Turnbull, J. Wrightson
Pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) is a well-established evidence-based multidisciplinary programme of care for patients with symptomatic chronic respiratory impairment, targeting the extrapulmonary manifestations of the disease. The programme is individually tailored and should contain high-intensity progressive aerobic training, strength training, and self-management education. PR is probably the most cost-effective intervention for COPD. It interrupts the vicious cycle of dyspnoea leading to inactivity, subsequent deconditioning, and further worsening dyspnoea on more minimal exertion.
{"title":"Pulmonary rehabilitation","authors":"S. Chapman, G. Robinson, R. Shrimanker, C. Turnbull, J. Wrightson","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198837114.003.0060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198837114.003.0060","url":null,"abstract":"Pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) is a well-established evidence-based multidisciplinary programme of care for patients with symptomatic chronic respiratory impairment, targeting the extrapulmonary manifestations of the disease. The programme is individually tailored and should contain high-intensity progressive aerobic training, strength training, and self-management education. PR is probably the most cost-effective intervention for COPD. It interrupts the vicious cycle of dyspnoea leading to inactivity, subsequent deconditioning, and further worsening dyspnoea on more minimal exertion.","PeriodicalId":447884,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Handbook of Respiratory Medicine","volume":"258 5","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133391856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-08-01DOI: 10.1093/MED/9780198703860.003.0017
S. Chapman, G. Robinson, J. Stradling, S. West, J. Wrightson
Asbestos consists of a family of naturally occurring hydrated silicate fibres that may be subdivided into two groups: curly serpentine fibres, of which chrysotile (white) is the only fibre currently in commercial use, and straight, needle-like amphiboles, which comprise crocidolite (blue), amosite (brown), anthophyllite, tremolite, and actinolite. Fibres have a predisposition to localize to the pleura. They differ in their lung clearance kinetics and pathogenic potential; amphibole fibres clear more slowly from the lung and are more carcinogenic than chrysotile. While asbestos usage in developed countries is restricted, the use of chrysotile asbestos in developing economies continues to rise.
{"title":"Asbestos and the lung","authors":"S. Chapman, G. Robinson, J. Stradling, S. West, J. Wrightson","doi":"10.1093/MED/9780198703860.003.0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/MED/9780198703860.003.0017","url":null,"abstract":"Asbestos consists of a family of naturally occurring hydrated silicate fibres that may be subdivided into two groups: curly serpentine fibres, of which chrysotile (white) is the only fibre currently in commercial use, and straight, needle-like amphiboles, which comprise crocidolite (blue), amosite (brown), anthophyllite, tremolite, and actinolite. Fibres have a predisposition to localize to the pleura. They differ in their lung clearance kinetics and pathogenic potential; amphibole fibres clear more slowly from the lung and are more carcinogenic than chrysotile. While asbestos usage in developed countries is restricted, the use of chrysotile asbestos in developing economies continues to rise.","PeriodicalId":447884,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Handbook of Respiratory Medicine","volume":"103 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115556832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-08-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198703860.003.0047
S. Chapman, G. Robinson, J. Stradling, S. West, J. Wrightson
OSA, or obstructive sleep apnoea/hypopnoea (OSAH) are currently the preferred terms for the problem of dynamic upper airway obstruction during sleep. OSA is part of a spectrum, with trivial snoring at one end and repetitive complete obstruction throughout the night (such that the patient cannot sleep and breathe at the same time). Along this spectrum is a point at which the degree of obstruction and the attendant arousal fragments sleep sufficiently to cause daytime symptoms. Distinction should be made between just the findings on sleep study of OSA episodes (OSA) and an abnormal sleep study plus the presence of symptoms (i.e. obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome, OSAS). Asymptomatic OSA is much more common than symptomatic (OSAS).
{"title":"Sleep apnoea and hypoventilation","authors":"S. Chapman, G. Robinson, J. Stradling, S. West, J. Wrightson","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198703860.003.0047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198703860.003.0047","url":null,"abstract":"OSA, or obstructive sleep apnoea/hypopnoea (OSAH) are currently the preferred terms for the problem of dynamic upper airway obstruction during sleep. OSA is part of a spectrum, with trivial snoring at one end and repetitive complete obstruction throughout the night (such that the patient cannot sleep and breathe at the same time). Along this spectrum is a point at which the degree of obstruction and the attendant arousal fragments sleep sufficiently to cause daytime symptoms. Distinction should be made between just the findings on sleep study of OSA episodes (OSA) and an abnormal sleep study plus the presence of symptoms (i.e. obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome, OSAS). Asymptomatic OSA is much more common than symptomatic (OSAS).","PeriodicalId":447884,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Handbook of Respiratory Medicine","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132735594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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