Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.14746/logos.2023.29.3.15
Mats O. Molén
Abstract Models (paradigms) and former interpretations have often been presupposed when conducting field research. In the 19th century diamictites were for the first time interpreted to have originated from ancient glaciations. These interpretations have to a large part prevailed in the geological community, although there has been much progress in the areas of sedimentology, glaciology and physical geography. The present work is an effort to find criteria which most clearly discriminate between geological features produced by different processes, mainly glaciation and mass flow, the latter predominantly sediment gravity flows. Geological features which have been interpreted to have formed by glaciation throughout pre-Pleistocene Earth history are compared to similar-appearing geological features formed by mass flow and tectonics, so as to uncover variations in the appearance between features resulting from these different processes. The starting point for this comparison is documentation of the appearance of Quaternary products of erosion and deposition, in order to discern the origin of older formations. It is shown that the appearance and origin of pavements, dropstones, valleys, small-scale landforms, surface microtextures and most other geological features may in some cases be equivocal, but in others the details are indicative of the process which generated the feature. Detailed geological field data which have been compiled by geologists from outcrops of pre-Pleistocene strata, more often than is considered in most papers, commonly point to a mass flow origin, mainly a sediment gravity flow origin, rather than a glaciogenic origin. A process of multiple working hypotheses or interpretations is therefore advocated, based mainly on a comparison of the appearance of features formed by different geological processes documented from different research disciplines. Instead of starting with current interpretations or models, this multiple working hypothesis or methodology helps to avoid confirmation bias and jumping to conclusions.
{"title":"Patterns, processes and models – an analytical review of current ambiguous interpretations of the evidence for pre-Pleistocene glaciations","authors":"Mats O. Molén","doi":"10.14746/logos.2023.29.3.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14746/logos.2023.29.3.15","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Models (paradigms) and former interpretations have often been presupposed when conducting field research. In the 19th century diamictites were for the first time interpreted to have originated from ancient glaciations. These interpretations have to a large part prevailed in the geological community, although there has been much progress in the areas of sedimentology, glaciology and physical geography. The present work is an effort to find criteria which most clearly discriminate between geological features produced by different processes, mainly glaciation and mass flow, the latter predominantly sediment gravity flows. Geological features which have been interpreted to have formed by glaciation throughout pre-Pleistocene Earth history are compared to similar-appearing geological features formed by mass flow and tectonics, so as to uncover variations in the appearance between features resulting from these different processes. The starting point for this comparison is documentation of the appearance of Quaternary products of erosion and deposition, in order to discern the origin of older formations. It is shown that the appearance and origin of pavements, dropstones, valleys, small-scale landforms, surface microtextures and most other geological features may in some cases be equivocal, but in others the details are indicative of the process which generated the feature. Detailed geological field data which have been compiled by geologists from outcrops of pre-Pleistocene strata, more often than is considered in most papers, commonly point to a mass flow origin, mainly a sediment gravity flow origin, rather than a glaciogenic origin. A process of multiple working hypotheses or interpretations is therefore advocated, based mainly on a comparison of the appearance of features formed by different geological processes documented from different research disciplines. Instead of starting with current interpretations or models, this multiple working hypothesis or methodology helps to avoid confirmation bias and jumping to conclusions.","PeriodicalId":44833,"journal":{"name":"Geologos","volume":"148 2","pages":"139 - 166"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139196364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.14746/logos.2023.29.3.17
Mariusz Dziamara, Paweł Kaczmarek, Jakub Klęsk, Robert Wachocki, Marek Widera
Abstract The studied crevasse-splay complex, situated within the 1st Mid-Polish lignite seam (MPLS-1), ranks amongst the best-developed and most readily accessible for direct research of all hard coal and lignite occurrences worldwide. The sandy-coaly sediments constituting it required a number of field and laboratory tests. However, the present article focuses solely on sedimentological and statistical analyses of sediments along a selected key section, the most important results of which are presented below. First of all, data obtained in previous sedimentological studies have been confirmed, in that individual segments of this complex represent both subaerial and subaqueous types of crevasse splays. On the one hand, their sediments are characterised by an extremely high content of coalified organic matter, reaching 20–40 wt.% in some samples; on the other, these crevasse splays are composed of fine sands with a median and mean grain size of 0.15 mm. In addition, the remaining statistical parameters (standard deviation, skewness and kurtosis) indicate a very good sorting of these sands, no significant so-called ‘tails’ and a better sorting close to the sediment mean grain size value, respectively.
{"title":"Facies and statistical analyses of a crevasse-splay complex at the Tomisławice opencast lignite mine in central Poland","authors":"Mariusz Dziamara, Paweł Kaczmarek, Jakub Klęsk, Robert Wachocki, Marek Widera","doi":"10.14746/logos.2023.29.3.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14746/logos.2023.29.3.17","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The studied crevasse-splay complex, situated within the 1st Mid-Polish lignite seam (MPLS-1), ranks amongst the best-developed and most readily accessible for direct research of all hard coal and lignite occurrences worldwide. The sandy-coaly sediments constituting it required a number of field and laboratory tests. However, the present article focuses solely on sedimentological and statistical analyses of sediments along a selected key section, the most important results of which are presented below. First of all, data obtained in previous sedimentological studies have been confirmed, in that individual segments of this complex represent both subaerial and subaqueous types of crevasse splays. On the one hand, their sediments are characterised by an extremely high content of coalified organic matter, reaching 20–40 wt.% in some samples; on the other, these crevasse splays are composed of fine sands with a median and mean grain size of 0.15 mm. In addition, the remaining statistical parameters (standard deviation, skewness and kurtosis) indicate a very good sorting of these sands, no significant so-called ‘tails’ and a better sorting close to the sediment mean grain size value, respectively.","PeriodicalId":44833,"journal":{"name":"Geologos","volume":"44 4","pages":"173 - 181"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139191622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.14746/logos.2023.29.3.16
Rachid Khalili, O. Vinn
Abstract Fossil pearls are rare but important palaeoecological indicators in proving the former presence of parasites. A single right valve of Hyotissa hyotis from the Pliocene of Sidi Brahim shows numerous blister pearls inside the adductor muscle imprint. At the same locality, numerous shells with smooth adductor scars and without any blisters, have been collected. The structures in the studied valve can be assigned to blister pearls with high confidence due to their similarity to other Cenozoic pearls from Austria. The blister pearls likely formed as a reaction to parasite infestation. It is possible that some parasites especially targeted areas associated with the adductor muscles in the oyster genus Hyotissa, because similar blister pearls have previously been described in a congeneric species, H. squarrosa, from the Miocene of Austria.
{"title":"First record of blister pearls in the oyster Hyotissa hyotis (Linné, 1758) from Pliocene deposits at Sidi Brahim, Lower Chelif Basin (north-west Algeria)","authors":"Rachid Khalili, O. Vinn","doi":"10.14746/logos.2023.29.3.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14746/logos.2023.29.3.16","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Fossil pearls are rare but important palaeoecological indicators in proving the former presence of parasites. A single right valve of Hyotissa hyotis from the Pliocene of Sidi Brahim shows numerous blister pearls inside the adductor muscle imprint. At the same locality, numerous shells with smooth adductor scars and without any blisters, have been collected. The structures in the studied valve can be assigned to blister pearls with high confidence due to their similarity to other Cenozoic pearls from Austria. The blister pearls likely formed as a reaction to parasite infestation. It is possible that some parasites especially targeted areas associated with the adductor muscles in the oyster genus Hyotissa, because similar blister pearls have previously been described in a congeneric species, H. squarrosa, from the Miocene of Austria.","PeriodicalId":44833,"journal":{"name":"Geologos","volume":"48 3","pages":"167 - 172"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139191145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.14746/logos.2023.29.3.18
W. Mahaney
Abstract Jenny’s soil formation equation places soil morphogenesis as a response to climate (cl), biota (o), relief (r), parent material (p), and time (t), written thus: s= f (cl, o, r, p, t…), where each variable is considered independent. Because some soils and paleosols contain cosmic impact/airburst evidence, recent soil morphogenesis research requires a rewritten equation: s= f (cl, o, r, p, t, c…), where c = cosmic. This addition serves to alert researchers to the presence of cosmic input to soils under investigation as part of geological and geomorphological projects. In particular, research targeting the cause of the Younger Dryas Climatic Divide (YDCD) might focus only on pollen in European glaciolacustrine sediments, reversal of the marine thermohaline circulation in the N. Atlantic Ocean, and possible reversal of postglacial warming at the Allerød termination (12.8 ka), when a search for cosmic grains may change the research outcome. Hence, the importance of the ‘c’ addition to Jenny’s factor analysis of soil morphogenesis.
摘要 詹尼的土壤形成方程将土壤形态形成作为对气候（cl）、生物群（o）、地形（r）、母质（p）和时间（t）的反应，因此写成：s= f（cl、o、r、p、t......），其中每个变量都被认为是独立的。由于一些土壤和古溶胶中含有宇宙撞击/空爆证据，最近的土壤形态发生研究需要改写方程：s= f (cl, o, r, p, t, c...), 其中 c = 宇宙。这一添加的作用是提醒研究人员，作为地质和地貌项目的一部分，正在调查的土壤中存在宇宙输入。特别是，针对杨格干期气候分异（YDCD）成因的研究可能只关注欧洲冰川岩屑沉积物中的花粉、北大西洋海洋温盐环流的逆转以及阿勒罗德末期（12.8 ka）冰川后变暖的可能逆转，而此时宇宙颗粒的搜索可能会改变研究结果。因此，在珍妮的土壤形态发生因子分析中添加 "c "具有重要意义。
{"title":"Critical assessment of Jenny’s soil forming equation in light of cosmic airbursts on the Viso Massif","authors":"W. Mahaney","doi":"10.14746/logos.2023.29.3.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14746/logos.2023.29.3.18","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Jenny’s soil formation equation places soil morphogenesis as a response to climate (cl), biota (o), relief (r), parent material (p), and time (t), written thus: s= f (cl, o, r, p, t…), where each variable is considered independent. Because some soils and paleosols contain cosmic impact/airburst evidence, recent soil morphogenesis research requires a rewritten equation: s= f (cl, o, r, p, t, c…), where c = cosmic. This addition serves to alert researchers to the presence of cosmic input to soils under investigation as part of geological and geomorphological projects. In particular, research targeting the cause of the Younger Dryas Climatic Divide (YDCD) might focus only on pollen in European glaciolacustrine sediments, reversal of the marine thermohaline circulation in the N. Atlantic Ocean, and possible reversal of postglacial warming at the Allerød termination (12.8 ka), when a search for cosmic grains may change the research outcome. Hence, the importance of the ‘c’ addition to Jenny’s factor analysis of soil morphogenesis.","PeriodicalId":44833,"journal":{"name":"Geologos","volume":"68 4","pages":"183 - 195"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139191813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-01DOI: 10.14746/logos.2023.29.2.12
Li Fu
Book review: Climate change and life: The complex co-evolution of climate and life on Earth, and beyond, by Gabriel Filippelli, 2022. Elsevier, Amsterdam. 275 pages. Paperback: price $135.00, ISBN 978-0-12-822568-4.
{"title":"Book reviews: Climate change and life: The complex co-evolution of climate and life on Earth, and beyond, by Gabriel Filippelli, 2022. Elsevier, Amsterdam. 275 pages. Paperback: price $135.00, ISBN 978-0-12-822568-4.","authors":"Li Fu","doi":"10.14746/logos.2023.29.2.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14746/logos.2023.29.2.12","url":null,"abstract":"Book review: Climate change and life: The complex co-evolution of climate and life on Earth, and beyond, by Gabriel Filippelli, 2022. Elsevier, Amsterdam. 275 pages. Paperback: price $135.00, ISBN 978-0-12-822568-4.","PeriodicalId":44833,"journal":{"name":"Geologos","volume":"29 1","pages":"133 - 134"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43633168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-01DOI: 10.14746/logos.2023.29.2.10
Dony Adryansyah Nazaruddin, Vimoltip Singtuen, N. B. Baharim, Muhd Nur Ismail Abdul Rahman
Abstract This study aims to analyse the geosite candidates of the Betong District (Yala Province) in Southern Thailand by means of several methods including inventory, characterisation, classification, assessment and SWOT analysis. Results of the present study are illustrated through seven proposed geosites that become resources for the development of the Betong District, namely Betong Hot Spring, Inthasorn Waterfall, Chaloem Phra Kiat Waterfall, Mount Silipat and Nakor Hot Spring, as well as Piyamit Tunnel and Aiyerweng Skywalk, two human-modified sites which can be used to observe geological and geomorphological features. The present study is expected to promote the conservation and development of these resources as geological heritage of the district.
{"title":"Analysis of proposed geosites in the Betong District, Yala Province, Southern Thailand","authors":"Dony Adryansyah Nazaruddin, Vimoltip Singtuen, N. B. Baharim, Muhd Nur Ismail Abdul Rahman","doi":"10.14746/logos.2023.29.2.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14746/logos.2023.29.2.10","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study aims to analyse the geosite candidates of the Betong District (Yala Province) in Southern Thailand by means of several methods including inventory, characterisation, classification, assessment and SWOT analysis. Results of the present study are illustrated through seven proposed geosites that become resources for the development of the Betong District, namely Betong Hot Spring, Inthasorn Waterfall, Chaloem Phra Kiat Waterfall, Mount Silipat and Nakor Hot Spring, as well as Piyamit Tunnel and Aiyerweng Skywalk, two human-modified sites which can be used to observe geological and geomorphological features. The present study is expected to promote the conservation and development of these resources as geological heritage of the district.","PeriodicalId":44833,"journal":{"name":"Geologos","volume":"29 1","pages":"99 - 116"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46088647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-01DOI: 10.14746/logos.2023.29.2.14
B. Berkowski
Book review: A Dictionary of Geology and Earth Sciences (5th Edition), , by Michael Allaby, 2020. Oxford University Press Academic UK, 720 pages, eBook price £14.99, ISBN: 9780198839033.
Pub Date : 2023-08-01DOI: 10.14746/logos.2023.29.2.13
C. Scarpati
Book review: Vesiculation and crystallization of magma: fundamentals of the volcanic eruption pro-cess, by Atsushi Toramaru, 2022. Springer [Advances in Volcanology]; xxxii + 427 pages;hardcover price €149.79, paperback price €149.79; eBookprice €117.69, ISBN 978-981-16-4208-1
Pub Date : 2023-08-01DOI: 10.14746/logos.2023.29.2.11
W. Stankowski
Abstract In the Solar System, the coming into existence of a peculiar, fully developed atmosphere on Earth was determined by the ‘Great Oxidation Event’ at the turn of the Proterozoic and Palaeozoic. Within about 600 million years, there were large changes in oxygen concentrations in this atmosphere, ranging from 15 to 35 per cent, having been determined by a combination of cosmic-climatic, tectonic-volcanic and biological phenomena. A particular environmental change occurred at the beginning of the 19th century, as a result of the overlap of the end of the natural Little Ice Age and the beginning of anthropogenic warming of the ‘industrial revolution’. According to the author, the rate of human impact on environmental changes is estimated at about 15 per cent. The appearance of mankind brought new changes in the natural environment, including the oxygen content of the air. The current scale of anthropogenic impact justifies the introduction of a new time slice in the planet’s history - the Anthropocene. The functioning of civilisation is conditioned by meeting energy needs, to be implemented by creating a system of energy generators, among which the heat of the Earth should be an important component. The energy generated from this inexhaustible and cost-free geo-resource should be seen as the most ecological among all currently used energy carriers.
{"title":"The role of oxygen in the functioning of the Earth system: past, present and future","authors":"W. Stankowski","doi":"10.14746/logos.2023.29.2.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14746/logos.2023.29.2.11","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In the Solar System, the coming into existence of a peculiar, fully developed atmosphere on Earth was determined by the ‘Great Oxidation Event’ at the turn of the Proterozoic and Palaeozoic. Within about 600 million years, there were large changes in oxygen concentrations in this atmosphere, ranging from 15 to 35 per cent, having been determined by a combination of cosmic-climatic, tectonic-volcanic and biological phenomena. A particular environmental change occurred at the beginning of the 19th century, as a result of the overlap of the end of the natural Little Ice Age and the beginning of anthropogenic warming of the ‘industrial revolution’. According to the author, the rate of human impact on environmental changes is estimated at about 15 per cent. The appearance of mankind brought new changes in the natural environment, including the oxygen content of the air. The current scale of anthropogenic impact justifies the introduction of a new time slice in the planet’s history - the Anthropocene. The functioning of civilisation is conditioned by meeting energy needs, to be implemented by creating a system of energy generators, among which the heat of the Earth should be an important component. The energy generated from this inexhaustible and cost-free geo-resource should be seen as the most ecological among all currently used energy carriers.","PeriodicalId":44833,"journal":{"name":"Geologos","volume":"29 1","pages":"117 - 131"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49053902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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