Pub Date : 2022-09-29DOI: 10.1017/s0068113x22000186
P. Bidwell
The following collection of seven papers marks the passing of 1900 years since Hadrian travelled through Germany and Britain, setting many things right according to the ancient historians. The emperor left Roman in A.D. 121, probably in the early spring, progressing through Gaul to the German frontier provinces, where he spent the winter. By the summer of the following year he was in Britain, where he almost certainly inspected the building of his great wall on the northern frontier. Winter found him in Tarraco, the principal city of Hispania Tarraconensis. In A.D. 123, he crossed to Africa and then travelled to the east, eventually returning to Rome in A.D. 125. More journeys were to follow, and the amount of time that Hadrian spent in the provinces was exceptional: his successor, Antoninus Pius, never left Italy after he gained power. Consolidation of the frontiers and the prosperity of the provinces were priorities for Hadrian in his administration of the empire. Wolfram Thill argues that the iconography of the Anaglypha Panels in the Roman Forum reflected concerns in the Senate about these policies and reminded the emperor not to neglect matters closer to home. Work on defining the frontier in Upper Germany with a wooden palisade began shortly before Hadrian’s visit, as Thiel explains. This barrier followed a line previously controlled by watch towers, fortlets and forts. Hadrian’s Wall in Britain, also following an existing line of control, was a much stronger fortification, reflecting the troubled state of the frontier which contrasted with the settled conditions in Germany when the palisade was built. Bidwell nevertheless proposes that the first of four stages in the development of the Hadrian’s Wall system incorporated the Devil’s Causeway, a road controlled by forts which ran for 87 km north of the Wall, along the western edge of the densely settled coastal plain of Northumberland. Thiel also refers to Hadrian’s promotions of towns and cities in Upper Germany and Raetia, part of a wider policy of urban development also discussed by Fulford and by Reddé and Mees. In the absence of the rich epigraphic record in the eastern parts of the empire, it is unclear how extensive Hadrian’s benefactions were in the western frontier provinces. Some of his policies had a less welcome effect on some local populations. The building of Hadrian’s Wall, as Bruhn and Hodgson demonstrate, soon disrupted the pattern of settlement which had flourished in north-east England during the late Iron Age and survived the early decades of conquest. Beyond the Wall there seems to have been a shift to more pastoral agriculture supporting far fewer people. To the south, there is increasing evidence for the settlement of immigrants in parts of modern County Durham and North Yorkshire, corresponding to the Britannia 53 (2022), 3–4 doi:10.1017/S0068113X22000186
{"title":"Themed Section: Hadrian's Progress through the North-Western Provinces in a.d. 121–122","authors":"P. Bidwell","doi":"10.1017/s0068113x22000186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0068113x22000186","url":null,"abstract":"The following collection of seven papers marks the passing of 1900 years since Hadrian travelled through Germany and Britain, setting many things right according to the ancient historians. The emperor left Roman in A.D. 121, probably in the early spring, progressing through Gaul to the German frontier provinces, where he spent the winter. By the summer of the following year he was in Britain, where he almost certainly inspected the building of his great wall on the northern frontier. Winter found him in Tarraco, the principal city of Hispania Tarraconensis. In A.D. 123, he crossed to Africa and then travelled to the east, eventually returning to Rome in A.D. 125. More journeys were to follow, and the amount of time that Hadrian spent in the provinces was exceptional: his successor, Antoninus Pius, never left Italy after he gained power. Consolidation of the frontiers and the prosperity of the provinces were priorities for Hadrian in his administration of the empire. Wolfram Thill argues that the iconography of the Anaglypha Panels in the Roman Forum reflected concerns in the Senate about these policies and reminded the emperor not to neglect matters closer to home. Work on defining the frontier in Upper Germany with a wooden palisade began shortly before Hadrian’s visit, as Thiel explains. This barrier followed a line previously controlled by watch towers, fortlets and forts. Hadrian’s Wall in Britain, also following an existing line of control, was a much stronger fortification, reflecting the troubled state of the frontier which contrasted with the settled conditions in Germany when the palisade was built. Bidwell nevertheless proposes that the first of four stages in the development of the Hadrian’s Wall system incorporated the Devil’s Causeway, a road controlled by forts which ran for 87 km north of the Wall, along the western edge of the densely settled coastal plain of Northumberland. Thiel also refers to Hadrian’s promotions of towns and cities in Upper Germany and Raetia, part of a wider policy of urban development also discussed by Fulford and by Reddé and Mees. In the absence of the rich epigraphic record in the eastern parts of the empire, it is unclear how extensive Hadrian’s benefactions were in the western frontier provinces. Some of his policies had a less welcome effect on some local populations. The building of Hadrian’s Wall, as Bruhn and Hodgson demonstrate, soon disrupted the pattern of settlement which had flourished in north-east England during the late Iron Age and survived the early decades of conquest. Beyond the Wall there seems to have been a shift to more pastoral agriculture supporting far fewer people. To the south, there is increasing evidence for the settlement of immigrants in parts of modern County Durham and North Yorkshire, corresponding to the Britannia 53 (2022), 3–4 doi:10.1017/S0068113X22000186","PeriodicalId":44906,"journal":{"name":"Britannia","volume":"53 1","pages":"3 - 4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46703402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-28DOI: 10.1017/s0068113x22000356
R. Tomlin
1 Inscriptions on STONE (‘Monumental’) have been arranged as in the order followed by R.G. Collingwood and R.P. Wright in The Roman Inscriptions of Britain Vol. i (Oxford, 1965) and (slightly modified) by R.S.O. Tomlin, R.P. Wright and M.W.C. Hassall, in The Roman Inscriptions of Britain Vol. iii (Oxford, 2009), which are henceforth cited respectively as RIB (1–2400) and RIB III (3001–3550). Citation is by item and not page number. Inscriptions on PERSONAL BELONGINGS and the like (instrumentum domesticum) have been arranged alphabetically by site under their counties. For each site they have been ordered as in RIB, pp. xiii–xiv. The items of instrumentum domesticum published in the eight fascicules of RIB II (Gloucester and Stroud, 1990–95), edited by S.S. Frere and R.S.O. Tomlin, are cited by fascicule, by the number of their category (RIB 2401–2505) and by their sub-number within it (e.g. RIB II.2, 2415. 53). Non-literate graffiti and graffiti with fewer than three complete letters have generally been excluded. When measurements are quoted, the width precedes the height. No curse tablets from Uley have been included this year. The whole corpus will now be published by Oxford University Press in its series Oxford Studies in Ancient Documents, as R.S.O. Tomlin, The Uley Tablets: Roman Curse Tablets from the Temple of Mercury at Uley (Gloucestershire). 2 Later in the same series of excavations as the two Purbeck Marble fragments published as Britannia 46 (2015), 383, No. 1 (SF 1964) and 384, No. 2 (SF 2577), neither of which it conjoins (SF 3527). Mike Fulford made it available. 3 The first vertical stroke is no more than a ‘chamfer’ on the broken left edge, preserving half the original width; and the very slight broadening downwards of both strokes suggests they should be viewed this way up, as in FIG. 1. The two letters cannot be identified, but the first would have been an abbreviation; and together they would have resembled the middle part of T Δ T in RIB 87 (Silchester).
{"title":"III. INSCRIPTIONS","authors":"R. Tomlin","doi":"10.1017/s0068113x22000356","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0068113x22000356","url":null,"abstract":"1 Inscriptions on STONE (‘Monumental’) have been arranged as in the order followed by R.G. Collingwood and R.P. Wright in The Roman Inscriptions of Britain Vol. i (Oxford, 1965) and (slightly modified) by R.S.O. Tomlin, R.P. Wright and M.W.C. Hassall, in The Roman Inscriptions of Britain Vol. iii (Oxford, 2009), which are henceforth cited respectively as RIB (1–2400) and RIB III (3001–3550). Citation is by item and not page number. Inscriptions on PERSONAL BELONGINGS and the like (instrumentum domesticum) have been arranged alphabetically by site under their counties. For each site they have been ordered as in RIB, pp. xiii–xiv. The items of instrumentum domesticum published in the eight fascicules of RIB II (Gloucester and Stroud, 1990–95), edited by S.S. Frere and R.S.O. Tomlin, are cited by fascicule, by the number of their category (RIB 2401–2505) and by their sub-number within it (e.g. RIB II.2, 2415. 53). Non-literate graffiti and graffiti with fewer than three complete letters have generally been excluded. When measurements are quoted, the width precedes the height. No curse tablets from Uley have been included this year. The whole corpus will now be published by Oxford University Press in its series Oxford Studies in Ancient Documents, as R.S.O. Tomlin, The Uley Tablets: Roman Curse Tablets from the Temple of Mercury at Uley (Gloucestershire). 2 Later in the same series of excavations as the two Purbeck Marble fragments published as Britannia 46 (2015), 383, No. 1 (SF 1964) and 384, No. 2 (SF 2577), neither of which it conjoins (SF 3527). Mike Fulford made it available. 3 The first vertical stroke is no more than a ‘chamfer’ on the broken left edge, preserving half the original width; and the very slight broadening downwards of both strokes suggests they should be viewed this way up, as in FIG. 1. The two letters cannot be identified, but the first would have been an abbreviation; and together they would have resembled the middle part of T Δ T in RIB 87 (Silchester).","PeriodicalId":44906,"journal":{"name":"Britannia","volume":"53 1","pages":"501 - 534"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47033398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-28DOI: 10.1017/S0068113X2200037X
K. Hayward, Christiane Meckseper
ABSTRACT The retention of 2.6 metric tonnes of building material from three rural masonry buildings from Bottisham, south-east Cambridgeshire, provided a rare opportunity for a thorough investigation into their fabric, form, construction style and function. A double-apsidal building may have been a bath-house and another building had evidence for an extensive box-flue tile heating system. Both buildings showed signs of either being unfinished or the heating element having never been used. A third building was a later construction that used rare red-slipped tegulae and imbrices. This article goes beyond suggesting the existence of a villa or villa-type complex at Bottisham to offer a detailed case study of the use of ceramic building materials
{"title":"Crystal Park, Bottisham: The Construction Materials of a Roman Villa Complex – A Cambridgeshire Case Study","authors":"K. Hayward, Christiane Meckseper","doi":"10.1017/S0068113X2200037X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0068113X2200037X","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The retention of 2.6 metric tonnes of building material from three rural masonry buildings from Bottisham, south-east Cambridgeshire, provided a rare opportunity for a thorough investigation into their fabric, form, construction style and function. A double-apsidal building may have been a bath-house and another building had evidence for an extensive box-flue tile heating system. Both buildings showed signs of either being unfinished or the heating element having never been used. A third building was a later construction that used rare red-slipped tegulae and imbrices. This article goes beyond suggesting the existence of a villa or villa-type complex at Bottisham to offer a detailed case study of the use of ceramic building materials","PeriodicalId":44906,"journal":{"name":"Britannia","volume":"53 1","pages":"295 - 322"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47645870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-27DOI: 10.1017/S0068113X2200023X
P. Bidwell
Abstract The structural relationships of the forts, Wall curtain and Vallum are reviewed and a revised sequence of construction for Hadrian's Wall is proposed. The original plan (Stage 1) incorporated much of the earlier Trajanic frontier (the Stanegate) and probably included the Devil's Causeway which ran north-eastwards from Corbridge. Forts were then added to the line of the Wall as a result of three modifications of the plan (Stages 2–4), continuing until late in Hadrian's reign. The Vallum was added in Stage 3. Hadrian probably conceived the original plan for the Wall, but the modifications that followed seem to have been consequences of shifting focuses of loyalty, resistance and outright warfare, beyond and behind the frontier.
{"title":"Hadrian's Frontiers in Northern Britain","authors":"P. Bidwell","doi":"10.1017/S0068113X2200023X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0068113X2200023X","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The structural relationships of the forts, Wall curtain and Vallum are reviewed and a revised sequence of construction for Hadrian's Wall is proposed. The original plan (Stage 1) incorporated much of the earlier Trajanic frontier (the Stanegate) and probably included the Devil's Causeway which ran north-eastwards from Corbridge. Forts were then added to the line of the Wall as a result of three modifications of the plan (Stages 2–4), continuing until late in Hadrian's reign. The Vallum was added in Stage 3. Hadrian probably conceived the original plan for the Wall, but the modifications that followed seem to have been consequences of shifting focuses of loyalty, resistance and outright warfare, beyond and behind the frontier.","PeriodicalId":44906,"journal":{"name":"Britannia","volume":"53 1","pages":"99 - 124"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48082101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-27DOI: 10.1017/S0068113X22000216
Michel Reddé, A. Mees
ABSTRACT This paper assesses the effects which the building of Hadrian's Wall had on the patterns of supply and communication from the continent. Existing systems were strengthened rather than altered, and Hadrian's reign saw the full development of ports and military installations on the North Sea and Channel coasts. Navigation to Britain and sailing conditions on various routes are discussed, comparing their importance in the transport of wine, oil, exotic plants and samian ware and the movement of military personnel. Use of the Rhône–Rhine axis is emphasised for the movement of goods from Central Gaul and the Mediterranean, but other rivers in western and north-western Gaul were of some importance, as the details of samian distribution demonstrate. Finally, non-state organisation of the acquisition and distribution of commodities supplied to the army on Hadrian's Wall is strongly favoured.
{"title":"Hadrian's Wall and its Continental Hinterland","authors":"Michel Reddé, A. Mees","doi":"10.1017/S0068113X22000216","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0068113X22000216","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper assesses the effects which the building of Hadrian's Wall had on the patterns of supply and communication from the continent. Existing systems were strengthened rather than altered, and Hadrian's reign saw the full development of ports and military installations on the North Sea and Channel coasts. Navigation to Britain and sailing conditions on various routes are discussed, comparing their importance in the transport of wine, oil, exotic plants and samian ware and the movement of military personnel. Use of the Rhône–Rhine axis is emphasised for the movement of goods from Central Gaul and the Mediterranean, but other rivers in western and north-western Gaul were of some importance, as the details of samian distribution demonstrate. Finally, non-state organisation of the acquisition and distribution of commodities supplied to the army on Hadrian's Wall is strongly favoured.","PeriodicalId":44906,"journal":{"name":"Britannia","volume":"53 1","pages":"55 - 84"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44172518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-27DOI: 10.1017/S0068113X22000198
E. Wolfram Thill
Abstract Discovered in the Forum Romanum, the Anaglypha Panels have traditionally been viewed as a monument concerned exclusively with the capital city. A new interpretation presented here argues that instead the panels represent a direct Senatorial response to Hadrianic provincial policy. This response drew on a recent more traditional monument, the Column of Trajan. By employing specific visual references from that military monument, the Anaglypha Panels plastered over the ideological gap left by Hadrian's reliance on peaceful consolidation. Rather than an obsequious paean to the emperor, the Anaglypha Panels can be seen as a Senatorial reminder of their expectations of their emperor, and even a rebuke to the emperor who turned his eyes from Rome.
{"title":"Dispatches from the Home Front: The Anaglypha Panels in Rome","authors":"E. Wolfram Thill","doi":"10.1017/S0068113X22000198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0068113X22000198","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Discovered in the Forum Romanum, the Anaglypha Panels have traditionally been viewed as a monument concerned exclusively with the capital city. A new interpretation presented here argues that instead the panels represent a direct Senatorial response to Hadrianic provincial policy. This response drew on a recent more traditional monument, the Column of Trajan. By employing specific visual references from that military monument, the Anaglypha Panels plastered over the ideological gap left by Hadrian's reliance on peaceful consolidation. Rather than an obsequious paean to the emperor, the Anaglypha Panels can be seen as a Senatorial reminder of their expectations of their emperor, and even a rebuke to the emperor who turned his eyes from Rome.","PeriodicalId":44906,"journal":{"name":"Britannia","volume":"53 1","pages":"5 - 30"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41336120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-26DOI: 10.1017/S0068113X22000228
M. Fulford
Abstract The lack of written sources and the difficulties of establishing close chronologies from archaeological material mean that it is difficult to identify initiatives other than the commissioning of Hadrian's Wall that can confidently be attributed either to the emperor's visit to Britain in 122 or to his reign more generally. However, the early second century presents several archaeological proxies which point to a quickening of economic activity integrating the frontiers of Wales and the north of Britain with the civil zone of the south. Developments in the countryside hint at the growth of larger estates, including the emergence of larger, ‘complex’ farms, villages and better communications, together assuring the province's sustained ability to feed both military and civilian populations. At the same time there is evidence for public building across the towns of the south, especially of forum basilicas, which may be linked to administrative reforms including the establishment of new civitates.
{"title":"Hadrian and Britain: The Civil Zone","authors":"M. Fulford","doi":"10.1017/S0068113X22000228","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0068113X22000228","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The lack of written sources and the difficulties of establishing close chronologies from archaeological material mean that it is difficult to identify initiatives other than the commissioning of Hadrian's Wall that can confidently be attributed either to the emperor's visit to Britain in 122 or to his reign more generally. However, the early second century presents several archaeological proxies which point to a quickening of economic activity integrating the frontiers of Wales and the north of Britain with the civil zone of the south. Developments in the countryside hint at the growth of larger estates, including the emergence of larger, ‘complex’ farms, villages and better communications, together assuring the province's sustained ability to feed both military and civilian populations. At the same time there is evidence for public building across the towns of the south, especially of forum basilicas, which may be linked to administrative reforms including the establishment of new civitates.","PeriodicalId":44906,"journal":{"name":"Britannia","volume":"53 1","pages":"85 - 97"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45108323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-26DOI: 10.1017/S0068113X22000241
J. Bruhn, N. Hodgson
ABSTRACT Recent research projects, publications, and above all the results of developer-funded archaeology provide materials for a re-assessment of the impact of Hadrian's Wall on the indigenous peoples whose lands it transected. Previous analysis has been concerned with the greater or lesser degree of ‘Romanisation’ of an Iron Age society perceived as little changed under Roman rule, with the Wall seen as a bureaucratic border running through an homogeneous frontier zone, as described by C.R. Whittaker. Although the local settlement pattern survived the original Flavian conquest of the region intact, it is now apparent that the building of the Wall under Hadrian had profound and far from benign consequences for local people. To the north of the barrier the traditional settlement pattern was largely abandoned and new social authorities emerged, while to the south there is evidence for new economic structures imposed from outside and the settlement of immigrants. The paper considers the extent to which these developments were the outcome of conscious policies by the Roman authorities.
{"title":"The Social and Economic Impact of Hadrian's Wall on the Frontier Zone in Britain","authors":"J. Bruhn, N. Hodgson","doi":"10.1017/S0068113X22000241","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0068113X22000241","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Recent research projects, publications, and above all the results of developer-funded archaeology provide materials for a re-assessment of the impact of Hadrian's Wall on the indigenous peoples whose lands it transected. Previous analysis has been concerned with the greater or lesser degree of ‘Romanisation’ of an Iron Age society perceived as little changed under Roman rule, with the Wall seen as a bureaucratic border running through an homogeneous frontier zone, as described by C.R. Whittaker. Although the local settlement pattern survived the original Flavian conquest of the region intact, it is now apparent that the building of the Wall under Hadrian had profound and far from benign consequences for local people. To the north of the barrier the traditional settlement pattern was largely abandoned and new social authorities emerged, while to the south there is evidence for new economic structures imposed from outside and the settlement of immigrants. The paper considers the extent to which these developments were the outcome of conscious policies by the Roman authorities.","PeriodicalId":44906,"journal":{"name":"Britannia","volume":"53 1","pages":"125 - 157"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44672853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-23DOI: 10.1017/s0068113x22000034
B. Cunliffe
{"title":"The Sanctuary of Bath in the Roman Empire. By E.H. Cousins. Cambridge Classical Studies. Cambridge University Press, 2020. Pp. x + 228, illus. Price £85.00. ISBN 9781108493192 (bound); 9781108637398 (ebook).","authors":"B. Cunliffe","doi":"10.1017/s0068113x22000034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0068113x22000034","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44906,"journal":{"name":"Britannia","volume":"53 1","pages":"542 - 543"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44802382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-18DOI: 10.1017/S0068113X22000319
John Reid, Regine Müller, S. Klein
Abstract Roman lead sling bullets (glandes) have been found at Windridge Farm near St Albans in Hertfordshire since the 1970s. A previous study suggested these missiles could have originated from a plough-disturbed hoard of Roman lead objects. More recent discoveries of glandes from other sites throughout Europe have enhanced our understanding of depositional characteristics, morphology and lead sources for Roman sling bullets and this paper offers an alternative explanation for their loss. Their atypical form (for Britain), and the prospect of a continental origin of the lead ore for their manufacture, suggest an early date of deposition. We also argue that the number of bullets and the pattern of their dispersal are indicative of an episode of conflict. After review of attested early military engagements that could have taken place in the vicinity, we propose that the projectiles may relate to one of two events: Claudius's invasion under the auspices of Aulus Plautius in a.d. 43 or Caesar's second incursion of 54 b.c.
{"title":"The Windridge Farm Glandes Revisited: Clues to Conquest?","authors":"John Reid, Regine Müller, S. Klein","doi":"10.1017/S0068113X22000319","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0068113X22000319","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Roman lead sling bullets (glandes) have been found at Windridge Farm near St Albans in Hertfordshire since the 1970s. A previous study suggested these missiles could have originated from a plough-disturbed hoard of Roman lead objects. More recent discoveries of glandes from other sites throughout Europe have enhanced our understanding of depositional characteristics, morphology and lead sources for Roman sling bullets and this paper offers an alternative explanation for their loss. Their atypical form (for Britain), and the prospect of a continental origin of the lead ore for their manufacture, suggest an early date of deposition. We also argue that the number of bullets and the pattern of their dispersal are indicative of an episode of conflict. After review of attested early military engagements that could have taken place in the vicinity, we propose that the projectiles may relate to one of two events: Claudius's invasion under the auspices of Aulus Plautius in a.d. 43 or Caesar's second incursion of 54 b.c.","PeriodicalId":44906,"journal":{"name":"Britannia","volume":"53 1","pages":"323 - 346"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48605980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：