Pub Date : 2022-05-05DOI: 10.1332/175982721x16497618415259
T. Au‐Yeung
Based on an employer-focused political economy framework, this qualitative study investigates how employers are represented in and affected by the policymaking of in-work benefits (IWBs), given employers’ political status and labour market conditions. Respondents addressed the importance of employers’ tacit support of the wage subsidies funded by the government. Arguably, it was considered that IWBs did not have a direct impact on wages, but they subsidised employers as a constraint against the minimum wage, boosted the workforce’s availability, and reduced recruitment costs for employers. This research substantiates the understanding of IWBs by integrating the perspectives of policy stakeholders and expands IWBs’ case studies in an authoritarian context.
{"title":"How are employers represented in and affected by the policymaking of in-work benefits? Policy stakeholders’ views in Hong Kong","authors":"T. Au‐Yeung","doi":"10.1332/175982721x16497618415259","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1332/175982721x16497618415259","url":null,"abstract":"Based on an employer-focused political economy framework, this qualitative study investigates how employers are represented in and affected by the policymaking of in-work benefits (IWBs), given employers’ political status and labour market conditions. Respondents addressed the importance of employers’ tacit support of the wage subsidies funded by the government. Arguably, it was considered that IWBs did not have a direct impact on wages, but they subsidised employers as a constraint against the minimum wage, boosted the workforce’s availability, and reduced recruitment costs for employers. This research substantiates the understanding of IWBs by integrating the perspectives of policy stakeholders and expands IWBs’ case studies in an authoritarian context.","PeriodicalId":45090,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Poverty and Social Justice","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66292967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-05DOI: 10.1332/175982721x16492615015710
Meri Åhlberg, Lucila Granada
This article highlights the role states have in creating the conditions under which labour exploitation can occur. Specifically, it identifies several immigration policy decisions related to the UK’s exit from the European Union that will likely result in an increase in the number of irregular migrants in the United Kingdom and how this increase, when combined with measures that have progressively restricted the rights and entitlements of various immigration categories, creates an environment conducive to labour exploitation. It presents measures that could help address this problem, including changes to immigration policies and the strengthening of the labour market enforcement system.
{"title":"The making of irregular migration: post-Brexit immigration policy and risk of labour exploitation","authors":"Meri Åhlberg, Lucila Granada","doi":"10.1332/175982721x16492615015710","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1332/175982721x16492615015710","url":null,"abstract":"This article highlights the role states have in creating the conditions under which labour exploitation can occur. Specifically, it identifies several immigration policy decisions related to the UK’s exit from the European Union that will likely result in an increase in the number of irregular migrants in the United Kingdom and how this increase, when combined with measures that have progressively restricted the rights and entitlements of various immigration categories, creates an environment conducive to labour exploitation. It presents measures that could help address this problem, including changes to immigration policies and the strengthening of the labour market enforcement system.","PeriodicalId":45090,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Poverty and Social Justice","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45561703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
People’s understanding of the causes of poverty and wealth is an essential trigger for how they interact with these social groups. However, the existing measures that capture these phenomena have several limitations. Therefore, we revised the factorial structure of the poverty and wealth attribution scales to create a unified scale. We back-translated the original items, conducted exploratory and confirmatory analyses, restructured the scale’s factors, and related them with other covariates to test its validity. Our results indicate that these scales differentiated between internal and external attributions, demonstrating that the new factorial structure has a better fit than the original structure has.
{"title":"A Revised Structural Dimensionality of the Attributions about Poverty and Wealth Scales","authors":"Mario Sainz","doi":"10.31219/osf.io/4u6am","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/4u6am","url":null,"abstract":"People’s understanding of the causes of poverty and wealth is an essential trigger for how they interact with these social groups. However, the existing measures that capture these phenomena have several limitations. Therefore, we revised the factorial structure of the poverty and wealth attribution scales to create a unified scale. We back-translated the original items, conducted exploratory and confirmatory analyses, restructured the scale’s factors, and related them with other covariates to test its validity. Our results indicate that these scales differentiated between internal and external attributions, demonstrating that the new factorial structure has a better fit than the original structure has.","PeriodicalId":45090,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Poverty and Social Justice","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43081323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1332/175982721x16385307728468
Kyung-jin Choi, Sanha Noh, In-hong Baek
We investigate relative poverty rates among older adults from a unique dataset using an actuarial method applied to a public reverse mortgage in South Korea, which liquidates home equity and converts the assets to a readily available income. We find that it increases disposable income by approximately 20 per cent on average for older adults, and the improvement is more effective in the low-income quintiles. Due to the increased income, elderly poverty rate reduces significantly by 10 percentage points to about 31 per cent. Therefore, the elderly poverty rate following the OECD standard overestimates the elderly poverty rate and could misguide welfare policies.
{"title":"Does home equity liquidation reduce older adults’ poverty rate? Evidence from South Korea","authors":"Kyung-jin Choi, Sanha Noh, In-hong Baek","doi":"10.1332/175982721x16385307728468","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1332/175982721x16385307728468","url":null,"abstract":"We investigate relative poverty rates among older adults from a unique dataset using an actuarial method applied to a public reverse mortgage in South Korea, which liquidates home equity and converts the assets to a readily available income. We find that it increases disposable income by approximately 20 per cent on average for older adults, and the improvement is more effective in the low-income quintiles. Due to the increased income, elderly poverty rate reduces significantly by 10 percentage points to about 31 per cent. Therefore, the elderly poverty rate following the OECD standard overestimates the elderly poverty rate and could misguide welfare policies.","PeriodicalId":45090,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Poverty and Social Justice","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66292256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1332/175982721x16400141718771
Noam Tarshish, Avishai Benish, Rana Eseed, J. Gal, R. Holler
This study examines policy efforts to reduce administrative burden and to increase accessibility to unemployment insurance (UI) during the COVID-19 crisis in Israel and the consequences of these for claimants. A mixed-method approach was applied, utilising administrative documents, interviews and survey data. The findings suggest a mixed trend: burden-reducing measures were introduced but were constrained by the system’s preexisting infrastructure. While some claimants experienced the process as simple, many others experienced it as onerous, primarily due to a lack of communication with authorities. Two key insights for successful implementation of burden-reduction policies are highlighted: a well-established infrastructure and bidirectional communication.
{"title":"The limits of burden-reducing policies: a case study of unemployment insurance during the COVID-19 crisis in Israel","authors":"Noam Tarshish, Avishai Benish, Rana Eseed, J. Gal, R. Holler","doi":"10.1332/175982721x16400141718771","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1332/175982721x16400141718771","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines policy efforts to reduce administrative burden and to increase accessibility to unemployment insurance (UI) during the COVID-19 crisis in Israel and the consequences of these for claimants. A mixed-method approach was applied, utilising administrative documents, interviews and survey data. The findings suggest a mixed trend: burden-reducing measures were introduced but were constrained by the system’s preexisting infrastructure. While some claimants experienced the process as simple, many others experienced it as onerous, primarily due to a lack of communication with authorities. Two key insights for successful implementation of burden-reduction policies are highlighted: a well-established infrastructure and bidirectional communication.","PeriodicalId":45090,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Poverty and Social Justice","volume":"65 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66292491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1332/175982721x16461506229420
F. McKay, H. McKenzie, R. Lindberg
An increasing number of Australians are experiencing food insecurity due to rising costs of living and stagnant wage and welfare growth, as a result an increasing number of people are reliant on charity to meet their food needs. This research employs qualitative methods to explore the experiences of people who are reliant on emergency and community food assistance. The two main findings of this study are that people relying on charity often experience humiliation and embarrassment when accessing these services, and that when accessing theses services, they feel both judged and judgemental of others. Findings of this study highlight some of the challenges faced by people experiencing food insecurity and hunger.
{"title":"Stigma and emergency and community food assistance: ‘But… beggars can’t be choosers’","authors":"F. McKay, H. McKenzie, R. Lindberg","doi":"10.1332/175982721x16461506229420","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1332/175982721x16461506229420","url":null,"abstract":"An increasing number of Australians are experiencing food insecurity due to rising costs of living and stagnant wage and welfare growth, as a result an increasing number of people are reliant on charity to meet their food needs. This research employs qualitative methods to explore the experiences of people who are reliant on emergency and community food assistance. The two main findings of this study are that people relying on charity often experience humiliation and embarrassment when accessing these services, and that when accessing theses services, they feel both judged and judgemental of others. Findings of this study highlight some of the challenges faced by people experiencing food insecurity and hunger.","PeriodicalId":45090,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Poverty and Social Justice","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66292942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1332/175982721x16395889879140
J. J. Vázquez, Sonia Panadero
This article examines the influence of political ideology on meta-stereotypes and stereotypes of homeless people, on the causal attributions of homelessness, and on willingness to increase public funds allocated to homeless people among the members of three groups in Madrid (Spain): a) homeless group; b) domiciled service-users group; and c) domiciled non service-users group. Results show differences in the influence of political ideology based on having had direct experience of homelessness. Left-wing interviewees showed a greater willingness to increase funds allocated to homeless people, attributed homelessness to societal causes to a greater extent, and showed greater agreement with indulgent stereotypes.
{"title":"The influence of political ideology on stereotypes, meta-stereotypes and causal attributions of homelessness in Spain","authors":"J. J. Vázquez, Sonia Panadero","doi":"10.1332/175982721x16395889879140","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1332/175982721x16395889879140","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines the influence of political ideology on meta-stereotypes and stereotypes of homeless people, on the causal attributions of homelessness, and on willingness to increase public funds allocated to homeless people among the members of three groups in Madrid (Spain): a) homeless group; b) domiciled service-users group; and c) domiciled non service-users group. Results show differences in the influence of political ideology based on having had direct experience of homelessness. Left-wing interviewees showed a greater willingness to increase funds allocated to homeless people, attributed homelessness to societal causes to a greater extent, and showed greater agreement with indulgent stereotypes.","PeriodicalId":45090,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Poverty and Social Justice","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66292408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1332/175982721x16389693442869
Traute Meyer, P. Bridgen
Post-Brexit, UK migration rules treat ‘EU- and non-EU citizens equally’. Thus, a much larger number of working migrants have less access to social rights than before. This article compares how the different welfare entitlements for working migrants and non-migrants affect the incomes of 21 hypothetical households; some workers are single, some have a child. Using micro-simulation, we assess the risk of poverty and the extent of inequality for migrants and non-migrants. We show that the system excludes new migrants from the social contract which defines the rights of UK citizens as working parents, leading to significant poverty risks and inequality.
{"title":"Open for the childless skilled only: the poverty risks of migrant workers with children under the UK points-based immigration system","authors":"Traute Meyer, P. Bridgen","doi":"10.1332/175982721x16389693442869","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1332/175982721x16389693442869","url":null,"abstract":"Post-Brexit, UK migration rules treat ‘EU- and non-EU citizens equally’. Thus, a much larger number of working migrants have less access to social rights than before. This article compares how the different welfare entitlements for working migrants and non-migrants affect the incomes of 21 hypothetical households; some workers are single, some have a child. Using micro-simulation, we assess the risk of poverty and the extent of inequality for migrants and non-migrants. We show that the system excludes new migrants from the social contract which defines the rights of UK citizens as working parents, leading to significant poverty risks and inequality.","PeriodicalId":45090,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Poverty and Social Justice","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66292281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1332/175982721x16437383460256
S. Wright, Laura Robertson, Alasdair B. R. Stewart
Moving disabled people ‘off benefits and into work’ has been an explicit aim of work-first welfare reform since 2008, increasingly punitively since 2010. The aim of this article is to demonstrate, for the first time, how Universal Credit (UC) fits with and intensifies that strategy. Empirical data from 28 in-depth interviews with 19 claimants (nine were interviewed twice) and three focus groups with 23 Jobcentre staff show how UC full service applies mainstream job search conditionality to people with mental health problems. Ongoing fear of sanctions, financial hardship, surveillance and social isolation relating to digital design had adverse impacts, including for those without previous mental health problems.
{"title":"Universal Credit and the invalidation of mental health problems: claimant and Jobcentre Plus staff experiences","authors":"S. Wright, Laura Robertson, Alasdair B. R. Stewart","doi":"10.1332/175982721x16437383460256","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1332/175982721x16437383460256","url":null,"abstract":"Moving disabled people ‘off benefits and into work’ has been an explicit aim of work-first welfare reform since 2008, increasingly punitively since 2010. The aim of this article is to demonstrate, for the first time, how Universal Credit (UC) fits with and intensifies that strategy. Empirical data from 28 in-depth interviews with 19 claimants (nine were interviewed twice) and three focus groups with 23 Jobcentre staff show how UC full service applies mainstream job search conditionality to people with mental health problems. Ongoing fear of sanctions, financial hardship, surveillance and social isolation relating to digital design had adverse impacts, including for those without previous mental health problems.","PeriodicalId":45090,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Poverty and Social Justice","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66292721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1332/175982721x16418164636200
Katarina Schwarz, Alexandra Williams-Woods
Despite its stated protective purpose, the Modern Slavery Act has often fallen short when it comes to ensuring support, facilitating effective remedy, and safeguarding victims of modern slavery. Support services have been repeatedly flagged as insufficient to meet the needs of those recovering from modern slavery. Survivors have faced a ‘cliff-edge’ of support exiting the national referral mechanism, depriving them of access to essential services and leaving them vulnerable to re-trafficking. Decision-making timeframes have far exceeded stated benchmarks, leaving many survivors in limbo for extended periods of time. In addition, victims of modern slavery continue to be detained by immigration authorities and criminalised for actions committed while they were being exploited. Yet, at the same time, increasing numbers of survivors have been identified and supported as a result of the Act and associated care systems. This article explores developments in support for victims of modern slavery in the five years since the passage of the 2015 Act, assessing strengths, shortcomings, attempts to fill the gaps in provision, and where we go from here.
{"title":"Protection and support for survivors of modern slavery in the UK: assessing current provision and what we need to change","authors":"Katarina Schwarz, Alexandra Williams-Woods","doi":"10.1332/175982721x16418164636200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1332/175982721x16418164636200","url":null,"abstract":"Despite its stated protective purpose, the Modern Slavery Act has often fallen short when it comes to ensuring support, facilitating effective remedy, and safeguarding victims of modern slavery. Support services have been repeatedly flagged as insufficient to meet the needs of those recovering from modern slavery. Survivors have faced a ‘cliff-edge’ of support exiting the national referral mechanism, depriving them of access to essential services and leaving them vulnerable to re-trafficking. Decision-making timeframes have far exceeded stated benchmarks, leaving many survivors in limbo for extended periods of time. In addition, victims of modern slavery continue to be detained by immigration authorities and criminalised for actions committed while they were being exploited. Yet, at the same time, increasing numbers of survivors have been identified and supported as a result of the Act and associated care systems. This article explores developments in support for victims of modern slavery in the five years since the passage of the 2015 Act, assessing strengths, shortcomings, attempts to fill the gaps in provision, and where we go from here.","PeriodicalId":45090,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Poverty and Social Justice","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66292107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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