Elizabeth Eggins, Lorraine Mazerolle, Angela Higginson, L. Hine, K. Walsh, Michelle Sydes, J. McEwan, Georgia Hassall, Scott Roetman, R. Wallis, John Williams
In the Australian context, accessing, possessing, producing or distributing sexually abusive images of children is a federal and state offence. Our review will examine the following research questions:1. How effective are criminal justice responses to CEM offending when implemented by: • policing agencies & practitioners;• judicial agencies & practitioners;• correctional agencies & practitioners;• multiple agencies in addition to at least one criminal justice agency.2.Does the effectiveness of criminal justice responses to CEM vary according to the type of intervention, geographical location, research design & outcome measures used in evaluation studies?3.Which interventions, outcomes, geographical locations & criminal justice sectors have been rigorously evaluated & where are the evidence gaps?
{"title":"Criminal justice responses to child sexual abuse material offending: a systematic review and evidence and gap map","authors":"Elizabeth Eggins, Lorraine Mazerolle, Angela Higginson, L. Hine, K. Walsh, Michelle Sydes, J. McEwan, Georgia Hassall, Scott Roetman, R. Wallis, John Williams","doi":"10.52922/TI78023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52922/TI78023","url":null,"abstract":"In the Australian context, accessing, possessing, producing or distributing sexually abusive images of children is a federal and state offence. Our review will examine the following research questions:1. How effective are criminal justice responses to CEM offending when implemented by: • policing agencies & practitioners;• judicial agencies & practitioners;• correctional agencies & practitioners;• multiple agencies in addition to at least one criminal justice agency.2.Does the effectiveness of criminal justice responses to CEM vary according to the type of intervention, geographical location, research design & outcome measures used in evaluation studies?3.Which interventions, outcomes, geographical locations & criminal justice sectors have been rigorously evaluated & where are the evidence gaps?","PeriodicalId":45134,"journal":{"name":"Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2021-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76409190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this study, we analysed data from a survey of Australian women (n=9,284) to identify women at the highest risk of physical and sexual violence and coercive control during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic Logistic regression modelling identified that specific groups of women were more likely than the general population to have experienced physical and sexual violence in the past three months These were Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women, women aged 18-24, women with a restrictive health condition, pregnant women and women in financial stress Similar results were identified for coercive control, and the co-occurrence of both physical/sexual violence and coercive control These results show that domestic violence during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic was not evenly distributed across the Australian community, but more likely to occur among particular groups
{"title":"Who is most at risk of physical and sexual partner violence and coercive control during the COVID-19 pandemic?","authors":"H. Boxall, Anthony Morgan","doi":"10.52922/TI78047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52922/TI78047","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, we analysed data from a survey of Australian women (n=9,284) to identify women at the highest risk of physical and sexual violence and coercive control during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic Logistic regression modelling identified that specific groups of women were more likely than the general population to have experienced physical and sexual violence in the past three months These were Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women, women aged 18-24, women with a restrictive health condition, pregnant women and women in financial stress Similar results were identified for coercive control, and the co-occurrence of both physical/sexual violence and coercive control These results show that domestic violence during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic was not evenly distributed across the Australian community, but more likely to occur among particular groups","PeriodicalId":45134,"journal":{"name":"Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2021-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74153562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jesse Cale, T. Holt, Benoit Leclerc, Sara Singh, Jacqueline M. Drew
This review synthesises empirical studies from the past decade investigating child sexual abuse material (CSAM) production and distribution to gain insight into crime commission processes involved in these crimes. The findings highlight overlaps in risk factors for child sexual abuse and CSAM production and distribution, and possible unique risk factors specific to the latter. A substantial amount of CSAM is produced in family contexts, and there are different motivations and strategies for producing CSAM. Taken together, the findings provide important foundational information about the variety of crime commission processes involved in CSAM production and distribution, helping the development of effective prevention and intervention strategies for this increasingly prolific type of crime.
{"title":"Crime commission processes in child sexual abuse material production and distribution: a systematic review","authors":"Jesse Cale, T. Holt, Benoit Leclerc, Sara Singh, Jacqueline M. Drew","doi":"10.52922/TI04893","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52922/TI04893","url":null,"abstract":"This review synthesises empirical studies from the past decade investigating child sexual abuse material (CSAM) production and distribution to gain insight into crime commission processes involved in these crimes. The findings highlight overlaps in risk factors for child sexual abuse and CSAM production and distribution, and possible unique risk factors specific to the latter. A substantial amount of CSAM is produced in family contexts, and there are different motivations and strategies for producing CSAM. Taken together, the findings provide important foundational information about the variety of crime commission processes involved in CSAM production and distribution, helping the development of effective prevention and intervention strategies for this increasingly prolific type of crime.","PeriodicalId":45134,"journal":{"name":"Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2021-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83149871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Travers, E. Colvin, I. Bartkowiak-Théron, R. Sarre, A. Day, C. Bond
In this paper we seek to review the rapid rise in remand in custody rates in Australia. In particular, and in response, we ask and discuss three specific questions: 1. To what extent do defendants applying for bail have vulnerabilities? 2. To what extent can risk analysis tools that seek to predict breach of bail terms be relied upon? 3. To what extent can the emerging pre-trial services programs in Australia reduce remand in custody populations?
{"title":"Bail practices and policy alternatives in Australia","authors":"M. Travers, E. Colvin, I. Bartkowiak-Théron, R. Sarre, A. Day, C. Bond","doi":"10.52922/TI04589","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52922/TI04589","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we seek to review the rapid rise in remand in custody rates in Australia. In particular, and in response, we ask and discuss three specific questions: 1. To what extent do defendants applying for bail have vulnerabilities? 2. To what extent can risk analysis tools that seek to predict breach of bail terms be relied upon? 3. To what extent can the emerging pre-trial services programs in Australia reduce remand in custody populations?","PeriodicalId":45134,"journal":{"name":"Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2020-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82780733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this study we use data from a large online survey of Australian women to examine whether the increased time spent at home, social isolation and financial stress resulting from COVID-19 containment measures were associated with a higher likelihood of physical and sexual violence among women in current cohabiting relationships with and without a history of violence. An increase in the amount of time spent at home with a partner did not in itself increase the likelihood of violence among either group. However, the probability of repeat or first-time violence was between 1.3 and 1.4 times higher for women who had less frequent contact with family and friends outside of the household during the pandemic. While financial stress prior to the pandemic was a strong predictor of violence for both groups, the probability of first-time violence was 1.8 times higher among women who experienced an increase in financial stress. We conclude that the pandemic was associated with an increased risk of violence against women in current cohabiting relationships, most likely from a combination of economic stress and social isolation.
{"title":"Social isolation, time spent at home, financial stress and domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic","authors":"Anthony Morgan, H. Boxall","doi":"10.52922/TI04855","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52922/TI04855","url":null,"abstract":"In this study we use data from a large online survey of Australian women to examine whether the increased time spent at home, social isolation and financial stress resulting from COVID-19 containment measures were associated with a higher likelihood of physical and sexual violence among women in current cohabiting relationships with and without a history of violence. An increase in the amount of time spent at home with a partner did not in itself increase the likelihood of violence among either group. However, the probability of repeat or first-time violence was between 1.3 and 1.4 times higher for women who had less frequent contact with family and friends outside of the household during the pandemic. While financial stress prior to the pandemic was a strong predictor of violence for both groups, the probability of first-time violence was 1.8 times higher among women who experienced an increase in financial stress. We conclude that the pandemic was associated with an increased risk of violence against women in current cohabiting relationships, most likely from a combination of economic stress and social isolation.","PeriodicalId":45134,"journal":{"name":"Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2020-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85091987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Payne, M. Manning, Christopher M. Fleming, Pham Hien-Thuc
Three pillars—harm reduction, demand reduction and supply reduction—underpin the harm minimisation framework of Australia’s drug policy. Much of the activity undertaken by law enforcement is aimed at reducing the availability of illicit drugs and thereby increasing price and reducing demand. This article presents a contemporary, systematic review of research exploring the price elasticity of demand for illicit drugs. Overall, the results indicate that the demand for illicit drugs is, on average, weakly price inelastic—a 10 percent increase in the price of illicit drugs results in a decrease in demand of approximately nine percent. The degree of elasticity varies by drug type, with the greatest elasticity indicated, albeit on a small number of studies, for amphetamine-type substances. The international differences seen point to a need for more Australian research, ideally with robust experimental methodologies and across a range of drug types.
{"title":"The price elasticity of demand for illicit drugs: A systematic review","authors":"J. Payne, M. Manning, Christopher M. Fleming, Pham Hien-Thuc","doi":"10.52922/ti04800","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52922/ti04800","url":null,"abstract":"Three pillars—harm reduction, demand reduction and supply reduction—underpin the harm minimisation framework of Australia’s drug policy. Much of the activity undertaken by law enforcement is aimed at reducing the availability of illicit drugs and thereby increasing price and reducing demand. This article presents a contemporary, systematic review of research exploring the price elasticity of demand for illicit drugs. Overall, the results indicate that the demand for illicit drugs is, on average, weakly price inelastic—a 10 percent increase in the price of illicit drugs results in a decrease in demand of approximately nine percent. The degree of elasticity varies by drug type, with the greatest elasticity indicated, albeit on a small number of studies, for amphetamine-type substances. The international differences seen point to a need for more Australian research, ideally with robust experimental methodologies and across a range of drug types.","PeriodicalId":45134,"journal":{"name":"Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2020-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78419606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Drawing on the Global Policing Database (GPD), this review assesses the impact of supplier arrests and seizures on drug crime, drug use, drug price, drug purity, and drug harm outcomes. Just 13 impact evaluation studies (reported in 18 documents) met inclusion criteria. An evidence and gap map was constructed, showing that research to date relates primarily to drug harms, followed by drug crime and drug price, and that there are significant gaps in the impact evaluation literature. The results of this review demonstrate the limited amount of high-quality scientific evidence that can be used to examine the impact of supplier arrest and seizure on a range of drug-related outcomes.
{"title":"The impact of arrest and seizure on drug crime and harms: A systematic review","authors":"","doi":"10.52922/ti04688","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52922/ti04688","url":null,"abstract":"Drawing on the Global Policing Database (GPD), this review assesses the impact of supplier arrests and seizures on drug crime, drug use, drug price, drug purity, and drug harm outcomes. Just 13 impact evaluation studies (reported in 18 documents) met inclusion criteria. An evidence and gap map was constructed, showing that research to date relates primarily to drug harms, followed by drug crime and drug price, and that there are significant gaps in the impact evaluation literature. The results of this review demonstrate the limited amount of high-quality scientific evidence that can be used to examine the impact of supplier arrest and seizure on a range of drug-related outcomes.","PeriodicalId":45134,"journal":{"name":"Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2020-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86220475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The current study examines the factors underlying pathways from out-of-home care into the criminal justice system. Using a multi-method approach—specifically, court observations, file reviews and qualitative interviews—we found evidence of how histories of trauma and situational factors relating to the care environment interact to increase criminalisation. While many policy initiatives have been developed to address this criminalisation, in all parts of our study we found little evidence these are having an impact on practice in relation to care-experienced children. Some innovations we observed in our United Kingdom case study offer potential solutions to address this serious and ongoing problem.
{"title":"Care-experienced children and the criminal justice system","authors":"A. McGrath, Alison Gerard, E. Colvin","doi":"10.52922/ti04602","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52922/ti04602","url":null,"abstract":"The current study examines the factors underlying pathways from out-of-home care into the criminal justice system. Using a multi-method approach—specifically, court observations, file reviews and qualitative interviews—we found evidence of how histories of trauma and situational factors relating to the care environment interact to increase criminalisation. While many policy initiatives have been developed to address this criminalisation, in all parts of our study we found little evidence these are having an impact on practice in relation to care-experienced children. Some innovations we observed in our United Kingdom case study offer potential solutions to address this serious and ongoing problem.","PeriodicalId":45134,"journal":{"name":"Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2020-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89049932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A 10 percent sample of a 2016 dataset of 25.76 million spam emails provided by the Australian Communications and Media Authority’s Spam Intelligence Database was scanned for malware using the VirusTotal Malware database. Nearly one in 10 (9.9% or 255,222) emails were identified as malware compromised and, similarly, 9.9 percent were identified as inactive. Of the compromised URL sites, nearly one-third (31.8% or 81,176) could be further classified as phishing (58.4%) or trojan-compromised URLs (40.6%) or dedicated malicious websites (1%). All 115,025 unique file attachments found in the entire sample (0.5% of all spam) were also scanned and 31.4 percent (36,405) were compromised with various forms of malware. The majority of compromised attachments were found in images (55.6%), followed by PDFs (15.0%) and binary files (10.0%). Various trojans and ransomware were the most common malware, and these and others identified in the sample are described.
{"title":"Malware in spam email: Risks and trends in the Australian Spam Intelligence Database","authors":"R. Broadhurst, Harshit Trivedi","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3413442","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3413442","url":null,"abstract":"A 10 percent sample of a 2016 dataset of 25.76 million spam emails provided by the Australian Communications and Media Authority’s Spam Intelligence Database was scanned for malware using the VirusTotal Malware database. Nearly one in 10 (9.9% or 255,222) emails were identified as malware compromised and, similarly, 9.9 percent were identified as inactive. Of the compromised URL sites, nearly one-third (31.8% or 81,176) could be further classified as phishing (58.4%) or trojan-compromised URLs (40.6%) or dedicated malicious websites (1%). All 115,025 unique file attachments found in the entire sample (0.5% of all spam) were also scanned and 31.4 percent (36,405) were compromised with various forms of malware. The majority of compromised attachments were found in images (55.6%), followed by PDFs (15.0%) and binary files (10.0%). Various trojans and ransomware were the most common malware, and these and others identified in the sample are described.","PeriodicalId":45134,"journal":{"name":"Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2020-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89466898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Research on co-offending The literature on crime and criminal behaviour has long recognised that a large volume of criminal offending involves two or more individuals acting collaboratively. Although the true size and impact of co-offending is still not well known, previous research suggests that up to 35 percent of all crime events involve more than one offender (Carrington 2002; Hodgson 2007; van Mastrigt & Carrington 2014; van Mastrigt & Farrington 2009). Research has further demonstrated that co-offending may lead to an escalation in offending and cause more harms to victims, property and society than solo offending (Carrington 2002; Felson 2003). The study of co-offending patterns is critical to developing a comprehensive understanding of crime statistics, theories of crime and criminal careers; estimation of societal harms; and the impact of policy interventions, including deterrence, incapacitation and rehabilitation (eg McGloin et al. 2008; Morselli, Grund & Boivin 2015; Zimring 1981). Abstract | A large volume of criminal offending involves two or more individuals acting collaboratively. In recent years, much contemporary research on group crime has integrated research on co-offending with the study of criminal networks. However, while this research (mostly from the United States and Canada) is generating significant insights into co-offending, there is a notable absence of research on co-offending and co-offending networks in Australia.
{"title":"Understanding the structure and composition of co-offending networks in Australia","authors":"David Bright, C. Whelan, C. Morselli","doi":"10.52922/ti04480","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52922/ti04480","url":null,"abstract":"Research on co-offending The literature on crime and criminal behaviour has long recognised that a large volume of criminal offending involves two or more individuals acting collaboratively. Although the true size and impact of co-offending is still not well known, previous research suggests that up to 35 percent of all crime events involve more than one offender (Carrington 2002; Hodgson 2007; van Mastrigt & Carrington 2014; van Mastrigt & Farrington 2009). Research has further demonstrated that co-offending may lead to an escalation in offending and cause more harms to victims, property and society than solo offending (Carrington 2002; Felson 2003). The study of co-offending patterns is critical to developing a comprehensive understanding of crime statistics, theories of crime and criminal careers; estimation of societal harms; and the impact of policy interventions, including deterrence, incapacitation and rehabilitation (eg McGloin et al. 2008; Morselli, Grund & Boivin 2015; Zimring 1981). Abstract | A large volume of criminal offending involves two or more individuals acting collaboratively. In recent years, much contemporary research on group crime has integrated research on co-offending with the study of criminal networks. However, while this research (mostly from the United States and Canada) is generating significant insights into co-offending, there is a notable absence of research on co-offending and co-offending networks in Australia.","PeriodicalId":45134,"journal":{"name":"Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80509220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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