Identity theft continues to grow in prevalence and complexity. Despite this growth, little is known about the identity theft response system and how it assists victims to recover. This study examines the response system by analysing 211 identity theft cases reported to IDCARE, a national identity and cybercrime victim support service. The study applies a sociotechnical systems methodology to establish the social, task and information processes of the Australian identity theft response system. The study also examines identity theft victims’ response activities and needs over a 12-month period. The identity theft response system is almost entirely dependent on the victim to respond to and limit the harm caused by identity theft. Overall, the response system is disjointed and lacking in coordination.
{"title":"The identity theft response system","authors":"Megan Wyre, D. Lacey, Kathy Allan","doi":"10.52922/ti04299","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52922/ti04299","url":null,"abstract":"Identity theft continues to grow in prevalence and complexity. Despite this growth, little is known about the identity theft response system and how it assists victims to recover. This study examines the response system by analysing 211 identity theft cases reported to IDCARE, a national identity and cybercrime victim support service. The study applies a sociotechnical systems methodology to establish the social, task and information processes of the Australian identity theft response system. The study also examines identity theft victims’ response activities and needs over a 12-month period. The identity theft response system is almost entirely dependent on the victim to respond to and limit the harm caused by identity theft. Overall, the response system is disjointed and lacking in coordination.","PeriodicalId":45134,"journal":{"name":"Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2020-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75132078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The ability of first responder agencies to target resources at the highest risk domestic and family violence offenders and victims is limited by a lack of information about the timing of recidivism. This is particularly true for young people, who have typically been excluded from the risk literature. This study analysed Victoria Police reported incident data on almost 4,000 young people (aged 12–18) involved in domestic and/or family violence. Approximately one in four young people were involved in repeat violence within six months, with the highest risk occurring at around three to four weeks. The likelihood of repeat incidents of violence increased significantly with every new event. A prior history of violence (including breaches) was associated with repeat violence in the short term. The findings highlight the need for timely, targeted and graduated responses to domestic and family violence among young people.
{"title":"Repeat domestic and family violence among young people","authors":"H. Boxall, Anthony Morgan","doi":"10.52922/TI04206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52922/TI04206","url":null,"abstract":"The ability of first responder agencies to target resources at the highest risk domestic and family violence offenders and victims is limited by a lack of information about the timing of recidivism. This is particularly true for young people, who have typically been excluded from the risk literature. This study analysed Victoria Police reported incident data on almost 4,000 young people (aged 12–18) involved in domestic and/or family violence. Approximately one in four young people were involved in repeat violence within six months, with the highest risk occurring at around three to four weeks. The likelihood of repeat incidents of violence increased significantly with every new event. A prior history of violence (including breaches) was associated with repeat violence in the short term. The findings highlight the need for timely, targeted and graduated responses to domestic and family violence among young people.","PeriodicalId":45134,"journal":{"name":"Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2020-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73135276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A snapshot of the sale of fentanyl and its analogues across several popular darknet markets between 2 January and 27 March 2019 reveals the amount, types and physical forms available. Of the 127,541 unique drug listings identified, 13,135 were opioids (10.3% of all drugs), of which 1,118 (0.876% of all drugs) were fentanyl or its analogues. Between 27.3 and 39.3 kilograms of fentanyl and its derivatives were available over the period. The average price of fentanyl was A$99 per gram, while carfentanil was A$26.8 per gram. The shipping methods, cross-market operations and product specialisation of the 303 active fentanyl vendors on these darknet markets are also described.
{"title":"Fentanyl availability on darknet markets","authors":"R. Broadhurst, Matthew Ball, Harshit Trivedi","doi":"10.52922/TI04244","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52922/TI04244","url":null,"abstract":"A snapshot of the sale of fentanyl and its analogues across several popular darknet markets between 2 January and 27 March 2019 reveals the amount, types and physical forms available. Of the 127,541 unique drug listings identified, 13,135 were opioids (10.3% of all drugs), of which 1,118 (0.876% of all drugs) were fentanyl or its analogues. Between 27.3 and 39.3 kilograms of fentanyl and its derivatives were available over the period. The average price of fentanyl was A$99 per gram, while carfentanil was A$26.8 per gram. The shipping methods, cross-market operations and product specialisation of the 303 active fentanyl vendors on these darknet markets are also described.","PeriodicalId":45134,"journal":{"name":"Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2020-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83164370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In recent years, there has been growing evidence of live streaming technologies being used to facilitate child sexual abuse (CSA). This study examined a sample of financial transactions made by a cohort of Australians who provided funds to known facilitators of CSA live streaming in the Philippines. The results showed that these individuals were likely to be aged in their 50s or 60s and the majority (55%) had no criminal record. Ten percent had a sexual offence recorded in their criminal history. Most CSA live streaming transactions involved a small proportion of individuals. Just three percent accounted for half of all transactions. In contrast, 25 percent of individuals made just three percent of transactions.As individuals purchased more CSA live streaming transactions, the median amounts they paid increased and the transactions became more frequent. These two variables were significantly correlated. This may reflect an escalation in the frequency and severity of offending.
{"title":"Australians who view live streaming of child sexual abuse: An analysis of financial transactions","authors":"Rick Brown, Sara Napier, Russell G. Smith","doi":"10.52922/TI04336","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52922/TI04336","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, there has been growing evidence of live streaming technologies being used to facilitate child sexual abuse (CSA). This study examined a sample of financial transactions made by a cohort of Australians who provided funds to known facilitators of CSA live streaming in the Philippines. The results showed that these individuals were likely to be aged in their 50s or 60s and the majority (55%) had no criminal record. Ten percent had a sexual offence recorded in their criminal history. Most CSA live streaming transactions involved a small proportion of individuals. Just three percent accounted for half of all transactions. In contrast, 25 percent of individuals made just three percent of transactions.As individuals purchased more CSA live streaming transactions, the median amounts they paid increased and the transactions became more frequent. These two variables were significantly correlated. This may reflect an escalation in the frequency and severity of offending.","PeriodicalId":45134,"journal":{"name":"Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2020-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84787470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study explores the relationship between methamphetamine dependence and domestic violence among male police detainees interviewed as part of the Drug Use Monitoring in Australia program. Detainees who were dependent on methamphetamine reported high rates of domestic violence. They were significantly more likely to have been violent towards an intimate partner in the previous 12 months than detainees who used methamphetamine but were not dependent. Similar patterns were observed for detainees who reported cannabis dependence. Attitudes minimising the impact of violence were also associated with an increased likelihood of domestic violence. The results illustrate the importance of integrated responses that address the co-occurrence of substance use disorders and domestic violence, and the underlying risk factors for both harmful behaviours.
{"title":"Methamphetamine dependence and domestic violence among police detainees","authors":"Anthony Morgan, Alexandra Gannoni","doi":"10.52922/TI04190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52922/TI04190","url":null,"abstract":"This study explores the relationship between methamphetamine dependence and domestic violence among male police detainees interviewed as part of the Drug Use Monitoring in Australia program. Detainees who were dependent on methamphetamine reported high rates of domestic violence. They were significantly more likely to have been violent towards an intimate partner in the previous 12 months than detainees who used methamphetamine but were not dependent. Similar patterns were observed for detainees who reported cannabis dependence. Attitudes minimising the impact of violence were also associated with an increased likelihood of domestic violence. The results illustrate the importance of integrated responses that address the co-occurrence of substance use disorders and domestic violence, and the underlying risk factors for both harmful behaviours.","PeriodicalId":45134,"journal":{"name":"Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2020-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74422478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Indigenous over-representation in the criminal justice system is a longstanding and well documented characteristic of the Australian penal landscape. According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics, approximately two percent of the Australian adult population in 2018 identified as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander. In sharp contrast, the proportion of the national prison population that identifies as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander is 28 percent (ABS 2018).
{"title":"Throughcare needs of Indigenous people leaving prison in Western Australia and the Northern Territory","authors":"Hilde Tubex, John Rynne, Harry Blagg","doi":"10.52922/ti04237","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52922/ti04237","url":null,"abstract":"Indigenous over-representation in the criminal justice system is a longstanding and well documented characteristic of the Australian penal landscape. According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics, approximately two percent of the Australian adult population in 2018 identified as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander. In sharp contrast, the proportion of the national prison population that identifies as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander is 28 percent (ABS 2018).","PeriodicalId":45134,"journal":{"name":"Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2020-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82535949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Using national data on the criminal histories of 5,669 known outlaw motorcycle gang (OMCG) members from 39 gangs, this paper explores the prevalence of violent and organised crime offending among Australian OMCGs. Violent and profit-motivated offending was common among OMCG members. One in four had been apprehended for a recent offence involving violence and intimidation, and one in eight for organised crime-type offences. Offending and associated harm was concentrated among a relatively small group of members. Half of all chapters and three-quarters of gangs had members recently involved in organised crime-type offending. In 11 gangs, both office bearers and other members were involved in organised crime, indicative of their status as criminal organisations. These gangs were also among those with the highest prevalence of violence and intimidation offences.
{"title":"Australian outlaw motorcycle gang involvement in violent and organised crime","authors":"Anthony Morgan, Christopher Dowling, I. Voce","doi":"10.52922/ti04282","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52922/ti04282","url":null,"abstract":"Using national data on the criminal histories of 5,669 known outlaw motorcycle gang (OMCG) members from 39 gangs, this paper explores the prevalence of violent and organised crime offending among Australian OMCGs. Violent and profit-motivated offending was common among OMCG members. One in four had been apprehended for a recent offence involving violence and intimidation, and one in eight for organised crime-type offences. Offending and associated harm was concentrated among a relatively small group of members. Half of all chapters and three-quarters of gangs had members recently involved in organised crime-type offending. In 11 gangs, both office bearers and other members were involved in organised crime, indicative of their status as criminal organisations. These gangs were also among those with the highest prevalence of violence and intimidation offences.","PeriodicalId":45134,"journal":{"name":"Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2020-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82989035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Differences between male and female perpetrated domestic violence are widely acknowledged. However, there is a lack of Australian data on the circumstances of female perpetrated violence. This study analysed 153 police narratives of domestic violence incidents involving a female person of interest (POI). Results were consistent with international studies. Half of the episodes involved either self-defensive or retaliatory violence - otherwise known as violent resistance - meaning the POI had been a victim of prior violence by their partner or the episode involved a male victim who was abusive in the lead-up to the incident. Violent resistance was more common in incidents involving Indigenous women. The findings highlight the different motivations for female perpetrated domestic violence, and the importance of understanding the complex dynamics of violent episodes.
{"title":"Female perpetrated domestic violence: Prevalence of self-defensive and retaliatory violence","authors":"H. Boxall, Christopher Dowling, Anthony Morgan","doi":"10.52922/ti04176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52922/ti04176","url":null,"abstract":"Differences between male and female perpetrated domestic violence are widely acknowledged. However, there is a lack of Australian data on the circumstances of female perpetrated violence. This study analysed 153 police narratives of domestic violence incidents involving a female person of interest (POI). Results were consistent with international studies. Half of the episodes involved either self-defensive or retaliatory violence - otherwise known as violent resistance - meaning the POI had been a victim of prior violence by their partner or the episode involved a male victim who was abusive in the lead-up to the incident. Violent resistance was more common in incidents involving Indigenous women. The findings highlight the different motivations for female perpetrated domestic violence, and the importance of understanding the complex dynamics of violent episodes.","PeriodicalId":45134,"journal":{"name":"Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87063626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lorraine Mazerolle, Elizabeth Eggins, Angela Higginson
The Global Policing Database is used to update a 2007 systematic review of the impact of street-level law enforcement interventions on drug crime and drug-related calls-for-service. A total of 26 studies (reported in 29 documents) were eligible for this updated review. Eighteen of the 26 studies reported sufficient data to calculate effect sizes. We find that, overall, street-level policing approaches are effective in reducing drug crime, particularly those involving partnerships. We also find that geographically targeted law enforcement interventions are more effective in reducing drug crime than standard, unfocused approaches. Approaches that target larger problem areas for intervention are more effective for reducing drug crime (but not calls-for-service) than approaches that focus on micro problem places.
{"title":"Street-level drug law enforcement: An updated systematic review","authors":"Lorraine Mazerolle, Elizabeth Eggins, Angela Higginson","doi":"10.52922/ti04640","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52922/ti04640","url":null,"abstract":"The Global Policing Database is used to update a 2007 systematic review of the impact of street-level law enforcement interventions on drug crime and drug-related calls-for-service. A total of 26 studies (reported in 29 documents) were eligible for this updated review. Eighteen of the 26 studies reported sufficient data to calculate effect sizes. We find that, overall, street-level policing approaches are effective in reducing drug crime, particularly those involving partnerships. We also find that geographically targeted law enforcement interventions are more effective in reducing drug crime than standard, unfocused approaches. Approaches that target larger problem areas for intervention are more effective for reducing drug crime (but not calls-for-service) than approaches that focus on micro problem places.","PeriodicalId":45134,"journal":{"name":"Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83892408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. Calderoni, G. Campedelli, Tommaso Comunale, Martina Marchesi, E. Savona
This paper provides a narrative synthesis of the results of a systematic review of the social, psychological and economic factors leading to recruitment into organised crime. This is based on the analysis of evidence emerging from 47 qualitative, quantitative and mixed-method studies published in or before 2017. While the selected studies varied markedly in method and quality, several factors emerged as particularly important in understanding recruitment into organised criminal groups. These included the role of social relations (family, kinship, friendship and workrelations), criminal background and criminal skills.
{"title":"Recruitment into organised criminal groups: A systematic review","authors":"F. Calderoni, G. Campedelli, Tommaso Comunale, Martina Marchesi, E. Savona","doi":"10.52922/ti04183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52922/ti04183","url":null,"abstract":"This paper provides a narrative synthesis of the results of a systematic review of the social, psychological and economic factors leading to recruitment into organised crime. This is based on the analysis of evidence emerging from 47 qualitative, quantitative and mixed-method studies published in or before 2017. While the selected studies varied markedly in method and quality, several factors emerged as particularly important in understanding recruitment into organised criminal groups. These included the role of social relations (family, kinship, friendship and workrelations), criminal background and criminal skills.","PeriodicalId":45134,"journal":{"name":"Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77800600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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