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3D Shape Marks: A 360-Degree Analysis 3D形状标记:360度分析
2区 社会学 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-10-06 DOI: 10.1093/clp/cuad008
Ilanah Fhima
Abstract Today’s consumers use a range of cues to identify product origin, including brand names, logos, colours and shapes. The range of registrable marks has therefore expanded, but this brings a risk that features which others have a legitimate competitive need to use will fall under the exclusive control of a single undertaking. Registration may also be used to extend the finite duration of other IP rights that the owner has already enjoyed. Consequently, trade mark law contains functionality limitations on registration designed to protect these competitive concerns. This piece considers how well those limitations are working. The CJEU has also seemed to apply stricter distinctiveness rules to shape marks based on the assumption that consumers are not used to seeing shapes as origin indicators. Some have assumed this means that it is almost impossible to register shape marks—this research examines whether this is really so. How functionality and distinctiveness work in practice is examined through an empirical analysis over a 5-year period of all shape mark applications to the European Union Intellectual Property Office. This piece considers which types of marks are being registered, which are being refused and why. It reveals that distinctiveness, rather than functionality, is having the biggest impact on shape mark registration, and in fact a larger number of shape marks than expected are registered: often because of the addition of non-3D matter. However, are a significant number of marks comprised just of product shapes. It concludes with a discussion of competitive and policy challenges identified by this research.
今天的消费者使用一系列的线索来识别产品的来源,包括品牌名称、标志、颜色和形状。因此,可注册商标的范围扩大了,但这带来了一种风险,即其他人有合法竞争需要使用的特征将落入单一企业的排他性控制之下。注册也可用于延长所有者已经享有的其他知识产权的有限期限。因此,商标法包含了对注册的功能性限制,旨在保护这些竞争问题。本文将探讨这些限制是如何发挥作用的。欧洲法院似乎还基于消费者不习惯将形状视为原产地标志的假设,对形状标志实施了更严格的独特性规则。有些人认为这意味着几乎不可能记录形状标记——这项研究检验了这是否真的是这样。通过对欧盟知识产权局(European Union Intellectual Property Office) 5年期间所有形状标志申请的实证分析,考察了功能性和独特性在实践中是如何发挥作用的。这篇文章考虑了哪些类型的商标正在被注册,哪些被拒绝,以及为什么。研究表明,对形状标志注册影响最大的是显著性,而不是功能性,事实上,注册的形状标志数量比预期的要多:通常是因为添加了非3d物质。然而,有相当数量的商标仅由产品形状组成。最后讨论了本研究确定的竞争和政策挑战。
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引用次数: 0
A Short History of Judicial Diversity 司法多样性简史
2区 社会学 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-08-09 DOI: 10.1093/clp/cuad007
Erika Rackley
Abstract Judicial diversity is a priority without priority. While few would argue, openly at least, against a more diverse judiciary in principle, there is still some way to go to make it a reality. And yet, despite the slow rate of progress, reigniting conversations about diversity may seem unwise in the current political moment, raising the question of whether those seeking to achieve a truly diverse judiciary have anywhere (new) to go. We seem to have reached an impasse. This article brings the insights of feminist legal history to bear on arguments for judicial diversity. Drawing on original archival research, it focuses on the establishment of the Industrial Court in 1919 and tells, for the first time, how there came to be statutory requirement for women’s presence on the court. It argues that the quality argument for diversity—that a court is stronger and its decision-making better for the inclusion of women among its members—was central to this success. It goes on to argue that in unsettling deep-seat assumptions particularly around arguments for the imposition of quotas, the history of the Industrial Court, and feminist legal history more generally, offers a way out of the impasse and a reason to keep talking about judicial diversity. This is important. For it is only by doing so that we have any chance of securing a judiciary that is truly diverse.
摘要司法多样性是一种没有优先顺序的优先事项。虽然很少有人会反对(至少是公开反对)一个更加多元化的司法体系,但要实现这一目标仍有一段路要走。然而,尽管进展缓慢,但在当前的政治时刻,重新点燃关于多样性的讨论似乎是不明智的,这引发了一个问题:那些寻求实现真正多元化司法的人是否有(新的)地方可去。我们似乎陷入了僵局。本文将女性主义法律史的见解引入到司法多样性的争论中。在原始档案研究的基础上,它将重点放在1919年工业法庭的建立上,并首次讲述了法律是如何要求女性出席法庭的。它认为,多样性的质量是这一成功的核心——法院更强大,其决策更好,因为它的成员中包括了女性。它继续认为,在打破根深蒂固的假设,特别是围绕强加配额的争论,工业法庭的历史,以及更广泛的女权主义法律史,提供了一条走出僵局的道路,并提供了一个继续谈论司法多样性的理由。这很重要。因为只有这样,我们才有机会确保一个真正多样化的司法系统。
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引用次数: 0
Gambling Disorder, Financial Loss and Suicide—A Journey to the ‘Outer Reaches’ of the Common Law 赌瘾、经济损失与自杀——普通法的“外缘”之旅
IF 1.2 2区 社会学 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-07-22 DOI: 10.1093/clp/cuad006
J. O’sullivan
Almost as soon as Briggs J opined in Calvert v William Hill Credit Ltd (2008) that ‘recognition of a common law duty to protect a problem gambler from self-inflicted gambling losses involves a journey to the outermost reaches of the tort of negligence, to the realm of the truly exceptional’, the legal and technological context of his dictum utterly transformed. The liberalising regime of the Gambling Act 2005 was not in force when the facts of Calvert occurred, and the legislation was itself out of date by the time it was implemented, with the arrival of highly addictive online gambling platforms, smartphones, sophisticated targeted marketing and ubiquitous advertising. Today, gambling disorder is a growing, devastating psychiatric disorder and a major public health problem, with far too many sufferers taking their own lives as a result, while gambling operators commit egregious breaches of licensing conditions and codes of practice intended to protect vulnerable customers. This article considers how the common law should respond, concluding that gambling disorder should no longer languish at the ‘outermost reaches’ of the tort of negligence.
Briggs J在Calvert v William Hill Credit Ltd(2008)一案中认为,“承认保护问题赌徒免受自我认定的赌博损失的普通法义务涉及到疏忽侵权行为的最外层,达到真正例外的领域”,这句话的法律和技术背景就彻底改变了。卡尔弗特事件发生时,2005年《赌博法》的自由化制度还没有生效,而随着高度成瘾的在线赌博平台、智能手机、复杂的定向营销和无处不在的广告的出现,该法案在实施时已经过时。如今,赌博障碍是一种日益严重的、毁灭性的精神障碍,也是一个重大的公共卫生问题,太多的患者因此自杀,而赌博经营者严重违反了旨在保护弱势客户的许可条件和行为准则。这篇文章考虑了普通法应该如何回应,得出的结论是,赌博障碍不应该再处于过失侵权的“最外层”。
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引用次数: 0
‘Not Time to Make a Change’? Reviewing the Rhetoric of Law Reform “没有时间做出改变”?法律改革修辞学述评
IF 1.2 2区 社会学 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-06-05 DOI: 10.1093/clp/cuad004
James Lee
How do we talk about changing the law? This article considers the rhetoric of law reform and what it can tell us about the current relationships between key institutions involved in the relevant processes. A key claim is that the rhetoric deployed in formulating proposals can complicate the fate of law reform projects as they develop. Several examples from private and criminal law are used to support the argument, with assessment of the interaction of time and legal development. The language of ‘modernisation’—a noticeable theme in contemporary proposals from the Law Commission of England and Wales—is scrutinised. The Commission’s statutory functions expressly include ‘the repeal of obsolete and unnecessary enactments… and generally the simplification and modernisation of the law’, but what ‘modernisation’ means in this area has, so far, been under-examined. The author then goes on to identify attitudinal and structural tensions in the current relationship between the Law Commission and Government. Constructive suggestions are offered for reforming our law reform practices. The way in which we talk about law reform can be understood as both a cause and symptom of some of the problems in developing the law today.
我们怎么谈论修改法律?本文考虑了法律改革的修辞,以及它可以告诉我们的有关相关过程中涉及的关键机构之间的当前关系。一个关键的主张是,在制定提案时使用的修辞可能会使法律改革项目的命运随着它们的发展而复杂化。从私法和刑法的几个例子来支持这一论点,并评估了时间和法律发展的相互作用。“现代化”一词——英格兰和威尔士法律委员会当代提案中引人注目的主题——被仔细审查。委员会的法定职能明确包括“废除过时和不必要的法令……以及一般的法律简化和现代化”,但到目前为止,“现代化”在这方面的含义尚未得到充分研究。作者接着指出法律委员会和政府之间目前关系中态度和结构上的紧张关系。对改革我国法律改革实践提出了建设性意见。我们谈论法律改革的方式可以被理解为当今法律发展中一些问题的原因和症状。
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引用次数: 1
Existential Ethics: Thinking Hard About Lawyer Responsibility for Clients’ Environmental Harms 存在伦理:律师对委托人环境损害责任的反思
IF 1.2 2区 社会学 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-06-02 DOI: 10.1093/clp/cuad005
S. Vaughan
This paper challenges the conventional understanding among many legal ethicists that environmental harm can be a necessary, if regrettable, collateral effect of lawyerly work. It argues that lawyers sometimes do things that cost society too much and that legal ethics (being the rules of ethical conduct set out by regulators of lawyers and broader theories of ‘good’ lawyering) has the potential to act as a mediator on lawyers’ environmental harm-causing action. The paper begins by examining lawyers’ formal rules of professional conduct in England & Wales, showing how those rules require lawyers to provide active counselling to clients but do not fully address clients’ legally permissible choices that may result in environmental harm. The paper then turns to theories of legal ethics that go beyond these baseline rules. Here, I argue that the dominant ‘Standard Conception’ of lawyers as neutral technicians is not only implausible in the context of environmental law but also fundamentally incomplete. The paper also considers the ethical implications of a lawyer’s initial decision to represent a client. The commonly held belief that ‘Everyone deserves legal advice’ often masks a simple ethical choice, where lawyers prioritise commercial concerns over environmental considerations, unburdened by more complex ethical constraints. However, this rationalisation rests on unsound premises and frequently clashes with lawyers’ personal moral boundaries; a problem I label ‘Meatloaf Lawyering’. Ultimately, I argue that lawyers have significant ethical agency and that their professional obligations do not impede (and sometimes require) an active, ethically responsible stance towards environmental harms.
本文挑战了许多法律伦理学家的传统理解,即环境危害可能是律师工作的必要附带效应,如果令人遗憾的话。它认为,律师有时会做一些让社会付出太大代价的事情,而法律伦理(由律师监管机构和更广泛的“好”律师理论制定的道德行为规则)有可能在律师的环境损害行为中起到调解人的作用。本文首先考察了英格兰和威尔士律师职业行为的正式规则,展示了这些规则如何要求律师为客户提供积极的咨询,但没有完全解决客户法律允许的可能导致环境危害的选择。然后,本文转向超越这些基本规则的法律伦理理论。在这里,我认为,作为中立技术人员的律师占主导地位的“标准概念”不仅在环境法的背景下是不可信的,而且从根本上是不完整的。本文还考虑了律师最初决定代表客户的道德含义。人们普遍认为“每个人都应该得到法律建议”,这往往掩盖了一个简单的道德选择,即律师将商业考虑置于环境考虑之上,不受更复杂的道德约束。然而,这种合理化建立在不可靠的前提上,并经常与律师的个人道德界限发生冲突;我把这个问题称为“肉饼律师”。最后,我认为律师具有重要的道德能动性,他们的职业义务并不妨碍(有时需要)对环境危害采取积极的、道德上负责任的立场。
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引用次数: 1
The Privatisation of Private (and) International Law 私法(和)国际法的私有化
IF 1.2 2区 社会学 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-03-22 DOI: 10.1093/clp/cuad003
A. Mills
Privatisation is much studied and debated as a general phenomenon, including in relation to its legal effects and the challenges it presents to the boundaries of public and private law. Outside the criminal context there has however been relatively limited focus on privatisation of the governmental functions which are perhaps of most interest to lawyers—law making, law enforcement and dispute resolution—or on the international legal implications of privatisation. This article argues that modern legal developments in the context of private law and cross-border private legal relations—generally known as party autonomy in private international law—can be usefully analysed as two distinct forms of privatisation. First, privatisation of certain allocative functions of public and private international law, in respect of both institutional and substantive aspects of private law regulation, through the legal effect given to choice of court and choice of law agreements. Second, privatisation of the institutional and substantive regulation of private legal relationships themselves, through arbitration and the recognition of non-state law. Together, these developments have established a global marketplace of state and non-state dispute resolution institutions and private laws, which detaches private law authority from its traditional jurisdictional anchors. Analysing these developments through the lens of privatisation highlights a number of important critical questions which deserve greater consideration—this article further examines in particular whether this form of privatisation in fact increases efficiency in either private international law decision-making or private law dispute resolution, as well as its distributive and regulatory effects.
私有化作为一种普遍现象被广泛研究和辩论,包括其法律效力及其对公法和私法边界的挑战。然而,在刑事背景之外,对律师最感兴趣的政府职能私有化——立法、执法和争端解决——或私有化的国际法律影响的关注相对有限。本文认为,在私法和跨境私法关系的背景下的现代法律发展——在国际私法中通常被称为当事人自治——可以作为私有化的两种不同形式进行有益的分析。首先,通过法院选择和法律选择协议的法律效力,在私法监管的体制和实质方面,将国际公法和私法的某些分配职能私有化。其次,通过仲裁和承认非国家法律,私有化私人法律关系本身的制度和实体监管。这些发展共同建立了一个由国家和非国家争端解决机构和私法组成的全球市场,将私法权威从传统的管辖锚中分离出来。从私有化的角度分析这些发展突出了一些值得更多考虑的重要关键问题——本文特别进一步探讨了这种形式的私有化是否真的提高了国际私法决策或私法争端解决的效率,以及其分配和监管效果。
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引用次数: 3
The Thinkery and the Academy: Examining the Legal Parameters and Interactions of Academic Freedom and Freedom of Expression Under English Law 思想库与学院:考察英国法律下学术自由与言论自由的法律参数及其相互作用
IF 1.2 2区 社会学 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-02-24 DOI: 10.1093/clp/cuad002
J. Murray
This paper examines how the right to free expression and academic freedom interact under English and international law, discusses how those two rights have traditionally been thought to interact, and considers how they can be brought together with the concept of academic free expression. In doing so, the article examines the legal parameters and key characteristics of academic free expression, namely: what is the protection afforded to it; what are its ‘qualifying criteria’; what are its limits and how might the protection afforded to it be lost; and, where might such protection not be lost as compared to the general right to free expression. To end, the article discusses why this all matters with reference to recent high-profile disputes over academic freedom, and examines how these issues interact with other UK laws, in particular, the upcoming Higher Education (Freedom of Speech) Bill.
本文探讨了在英国法和国际法下,言论自由权和学术自由是如何相互作用的,讨论了传统上这两种权利是如何相互影响的,并考虑了如何将它们与学术言论自由的概念结合起来。在这样做的过程中,文章审查了学术自由表达的法律参数和关键特征,即:对其提供的保护是什么;其“合格标准”是什么;它的局限性是什么,提供给它的保护是如何丧失的;以及与言论自由的一般权利相比,这种保护在哪里可能不会丧失。最后,文章结合最近备受关注的学术自由争议,讨论了为什么这一切都很重要,并探讨了这些问题如何与英国其他法律,特别是即将出台的《高等教育(言论自由)法案》相互作用。
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引用次数: 0
Against Normative Damages 反对规范性损害赔偿
IF 1.2 2区 社会学 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-02-16 DOI: 10.1093/clp/cuad001
E. Descheemaeker
This paper examines an idea which has made some headway into legal scholarship and case law, namely, that the violation of a right ought to sound in substantial (compensatory) damages in and by itself, independently of any factual loss caused to the claimant. This doctrine of ‘normative damages’ was rejected, rightly, by the High Court of Australia in the wrongful imprisonment case of Lewis v. ACT in 2020. However, although the rejection was unanimous, its clarity was undermined by the fact that the issue of normative damages was intertwined with considerations of causal counterfactuals and the definition of false imprisonment. This article considers the doctrine in a broader perspective, examining where it has come from and arguing that normative damages are wrong as a matter of principle: not only do they contradict foundational principles of the Anglo-Commonwealth law of damages, they effectively amount to considering the same injury twice.
本文考察了在法律学术和判例法中取得一定进展的一种观点,即对权利的侵犯本身应当构成实质性(补偿性)损害,而独立于对索赔人造成的任何事实损失。这一“规范性损害赔偿”原则在2020年Lewis v. ACT的错误监禁案中被澳大利亚高等法院正确地拒绝了。然而,尽管一致反对,但规范性损害赔偿问题与因果反事实和非法监禁定义的考虑交织在一起,这一事实削弱了其明确性。本文将从更广阔的角度来考虑这一理论,考察其来源,并论证规范性损害赔偿在原则上是错误的:它们不仅与英美联邦损害赔偿法的基本原则相矛盾,而且实际上相当于对同一损害考虑两次。
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引用次数: 0
Willed Ignorance: Reflections on academic free speech, occasioned by the David Miller case Willed Ignorance:由David Miller案引发的对学术言论自由的反思
IF 1.2 2区 社会学 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-05-31 DOI: 10.1093/clp/cuac001
A. Julius
The David Miller case raises the question, does liberal free speech doctrine require academics to defend the antisemitic conspiracy-talk of a sociology professor? The article opens with a discussion of Louise Glück's poem ‘A Myth of Innocence’, and then proceeds towards an answer to this question, pausing to address details of the Miller case itself when the general argument requires it to do so.
大卫·米勒案提出了一个问题,自由主义言论自由主义是否要求学者为社会学教授的反犹太主义阴谋论辩护?文章首先讨论了Louise Glück的诗歌《纯真的神话》,然后继续回答这个问题,在一般论点要求时,停下来谈谈Miller案件本身的细节。
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引用次数: 0
The Human Rights of Children 儿童的人权
IF 1.2 2区 社会学 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-02-15 DOI: 10.1093/CLP/63.1.1
M. Freeman
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引用次数: 74
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