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Judges as myth-busters: a re-examination of jury directions in rape trials 法官是神话克星:对强奸案审判中陪审团指示的重新审视
IF 1.2 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2022-10-02 DOI: 10.1080/10383441.2022.2143663
Julia Cooper
ABSTRACT The Victorian and New South Wales Law Reform Commissions (‘the Commissions’) have recently heralded jury directions as a solution to ‘counter and correct’ rape myths in the courtroom. The Commissions recommended several new directions and espoused considerable optimism in their power to transform rape trials. These recommendations are driven by an unscrutinised rationalist agenda, which assumes that rape myths can be corrected. In response, this article maps out an empirical and theoretical re-examination of jury directions and their ability to ‘counter’ rape myths. This article draws on the theoretical works of Pierre Bourdieu and Roland Barthes to scrutinise this construction of myths and the assumption underpinning the recommendations. By doing so, this article argues that the confidence espoused by the law reform bodies is misguided.
摘要维多利亚州和新南威尔士州法律改革委员会(“委员会”)最近宣布,陪审团的指示是解决法庭上“反驳和纠正”强奸神话的一种方法。委员会建议了几个新的方向,并对其改变强奸审判的能力表示相当乐观。这些建议是由一个不受约束的理性主义议程推动的,该议程假设强奸神话是可以纠正的。作为回应,本文对陪审团的指示及其“对抗”强奸神话的能力进行了实证和理论上的重新审视。本文借鉴了皮埃尔·布迪厄和罗兰·巴特的理论著作,仔细审视了神话的构建以及支撑这些建议的假设。通过这样做,本文认为法律改革机构所支持的信心是被误导的。
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引用次数: 0
Sources of Indigenous Fijian ‘law’: village mores versus town-based criminal laws 斐济土著“法律”的来源:乡村习俗与基于城镇的刑法
IF 1.2 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2022-09-09 DOI: 10.1080/10383441.2022.2121462
K. James, Henry D. Tuidraki, Anare Tuidraki, Semi Tabaiwalu
ABSTRACT The aim of this article is to reflect on oral history interview data provided by an ex-soccer star who played for Fiji and in what is now the Fiji Premier League, and reconcile his criminal past (according to town-based criminal laws) with his current village assistant headman status. The article compares and contrasts two sources of law – customary Indigenous traditions of rights and responsibilities and town-based criminal laws, which have their origins in British colonial-era laws and are now administered and enforced by the neoliberal Bainimarama government. Because the soccer star’s jewellery store robberies were of Fiji Indian-owned stores, it is difficult for them to penetrate into the world of ‘village-space’, other than as a repressed spectre, since non-Indigenous people cannot live in Indigenous villages. For the Indigenous Fijians, ‘town-space’ is a place for employment, education, venturing out and partying, beyond the gaze of village elders, whereas ‘village-space’ is the ordered space of home and community. ‘Quasi-space’ is here defined as space physically in the town, but when Indigenous people are the only ones present, or a clear majority, some aspects of village understandings can dominate in that space at least for certain time periods and with variable intensity.
摘要本文的目的是反思一名前足球明星提供的口述历史采访数据,他曾为斐济效力,现在是斐济超级联赛,并将他的犯罪过去(根据城镇刑法)与他目前的村助理队长身份相协调。这篇文章比较和对比了两种法律来源:传统的土著权利和责任传统,以及基于城镇的刑法,它们起源于英国殖民时期的法律,现在由新自由主义的Bainimarama政府管理和执行。因为这位足球明星抢劫的珠宝店是斐济印度人拥有的商店,所以他们很难渗透到“村庄空间”的世界,除了作为一个被压抑的幽灵,因为非土著居民不能住在土著村庄。对于土著斐济人来说,“城镇空间”是就业、教育、冒险和聚会的地方,超越了村庄长老的视线,而“村庄空间”是家庭和社区的有序空间。“准空间”在这里被定义为城镇的物理空间,但当土著居民是唯一在场的人,或者是明显的多数人时,村庄的某些方面可以至少在特定时间段内以不同的强度在该空间中占主导地位。
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引用次数: 1
An ideological critique of the OECD’s BEPS Action Plan 对经合组织BEPS行动计划的意识形态批判
IF 1.2 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2022-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/10383441.2022.2096966
Andrés Blanco
ABSTRACT ‘Ideology' is a central concept in critical approaches to law. After a brief overview of the aspects of ideology, I propose a restricted concept, synonymous with a social discourse that establishes a certain view of social life in order to create, maintain, and consolidate social relationships. I then provide an introduction to the ideological analysis of law, revealing the function of ideology as creator of the beliefs that sustain the legislation and the reproduction of law through adjudication. Based on this, I analyse the BEPS Action Plan of the OECD, and the documents issued to provide rationales for its proposed actions. I thus critically show how a factual context is ideologically created for the BEPS Plan through the distortion or omission of crucial features of the workings of the global capitalist system. That is the case of the defence of the supposedly ‘general and worldwide benefits of globalisation,' the aim of a ‘fair taxation' of multinational enterprises, the omission of direct production activities in the design of a criterion for assigning taxation power, etc. The article also focuses on the role played by the plan’s explanatory documents in the drafting of national legislations and the resolution of judicial disputes
“意识形态”是法律批判方法中的一个核心概念。在简要概述了意识形态的各个方面之后,我提出了一个受限制的概念,它等同于一种社会话语,它建立了某种社会生活观,以创造、维持和巩固社会关系。然后,我介绍了法律的意识形态分析,揭示了意识形态作为信念创造者的功能,这些信念通过裁决维持了立法和法律的再生产。在此基础上,我分析了经合组织的BEPS行动计划,以及为其提出的行动提供依据的文件。因此,我批判性地展示了如何通过扭曲或遗漏全球资本主义体系运作的关键特征,在意识形态上为BEPS计划创造了一个事实背景。这就是为所谓的“全球化的普遍和全球利益”辩护的情况,对跨国企业“公平征税”的目标,在设计分配税收权力的标准时遗漏直接生产活动等。本文还着重讨论了《计划》解释性文件在起草国家立法和解决司法纠纷中所起的作用
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引用次数: 2
Sovereignty in the Anthropocene 人类世的主权
IF 1.2 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2022-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/10383441.2022.2108582
Daniel Matthews, K. Birrell, Timothy Lindgren
ABSTRACT This article is an edited version of a conversation animated by Daniel Matthews’ recent monograph Earthbound: The Aesthetics of Sovereignty in the Anthropocene. We discuss the impetus and context for the book, its contribution to an emergent literature on law and the Anthropocene, and its commentary on the continued relevance of humanistic approaches to law and politics. The conversation traverses a range of concerns raised by Earthbound, such as the politics of place, the nature of community, and the priority of obligations in the ‘age of rights’. Exploring Matthews’ rendering of the ‘aesthetic aspect’ of sovereignty, which contours contemporary approaches to our environmental predicament, we consider the limits and possibilities of the sovereign political form in the context of the climate and ecological crises, and discuss how the Anthropocene might challenge existing approaches to law and the humanities. The interview is preceded by a contextualisation of Matthews’ work within the intellectual reorientations and recalibrations prompted by the Anthropocene, and the broader provocation of the ‘inhumanities’.
摘要本文是丹尼尔·马修斯最近出版的专著《地球束缚:人类世的主权美学》中一段对话的编辑版。我们讨论了这本书的动力和背景,它对新兴的法律和人类世文学的贡献,以及它对人文主义方法与法律和政治的持续相关性的评论。对话涉及“地球绑定”提出的一系列问题,如地方政治、社区性质以及“权利时代”义务的优先顺序。通过探索马修斯对主权“美学方面”的描绘,我们思考了气候和生态危机背景下主权政治形式的局限性和可能性,并讨论了人类世如何挑战现有的法律和人文方法。在采访之前,马修斯的作品被置于人类世引发的知识重新定位和校准的背景下,以及“非人道”的更广泛挑衅。
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引用次数: 0
Learning from the other: Levinas on ethics, discourse and language 向他人学习:列维纳斯关于伦理、话语和语言
IF 1.2 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2022-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/10383441.2022.2108975
J. Crowe
ABSTRACT Interpreters of Emmanuel Levinas often note the central role he gives to language in his account of ethical discourse. Levinas himself puts the matter quite strongly, claiming, for example, that ‘[a]bsolute difference … is established only by language’. This aspect of Levinas’s thought has seemed to many readers to rule out the possibility of ethical relations with non-human animals. My aim in this article is to present an alternative reading of Levinas that avoids this implication. I argue that the core emphasis of Levinas’s account lies not on language, but on our capacity to learn from the other. We do this through what I term the second look: we respect [re-specere] the other by letting her teach us, by giving her our undivided attention, by looking at her again. Learning from the other, whether through language or otherwise, creates an ethical conversation that ‘puts in common a world hitherto mine’.
伊曼纽尔·列维纳斯(Emmanuel Levinas)的诠解者经常注意到他在伦理论述中赋予语言的核心作用。列维纳斯本人对这个问题的看法相当强烈,例如,他声称“绝对的差异……只有通过语言才能确立”。在许多读者看来,列维纳斯思想的这一方面似乎排除了与非人类动物建立伦理关系的可能性。在这篇文章中,我的目的是提出另一种解读列维纳斯,以避免这种暗示。我认为列维纳斯描述的核心重点不在于语言,而在于我们向他人学习的能力。我们通过我所说的第二次注视来做到这一点:我们尊重对方,让她教导我们,给予她全心全意的关注,再看她一眼。从他人身上学习,无论是通过语言还是其他方式,都能创造一种道德对话,“让迄今为止我的世界变得共同”。
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引用次数: 0
Banksy: culture, counterculture and cancellation 班克西:文化、反主流文化与取消
IF 1.2 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2022-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/10383441.2022.2096973
A. Scardamaglia
ABSTRACT Banksy has long been the poster boy for the art counterculture. But like most things in the art world, the counterculture has become mainstream, and so has Banksy. Having spent his entire career shunning the intellectual property system, Banksy is now firmly entrenched in it. This article will explore Banksy’s recent trade mark strategy, including his success and his failures in a trilogy of cases heard across Europe. This article will explore the consequences of these decisions for Banksy’s remaining trade mark portfolio and how they may influence his legal strategy, and his art, into the future.
班克西一直是艺术反主流文化的代表人物。但就像艺术界的大多数事物一样,反主流文化已经成为主流,班克斯也是如此。班克西的整个职业生涯都在回避知识产权制度,如今他却牢牢地守在其中。本文将探讨班克西最近的商标策略,包括他在欧洲审理的三部曲案件中的成功与失败。本文将探讨这些决定对班克西剩余的商标组合的影响,以及它们如何影响他的法律策略和他的艺术,走向未来。
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引用次数: 0
Liberty or protection? Making law for employment and social security 自由还是保护?制定就业和社会保障法
IF 1.2 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2022-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/10383441.2022.2096967
C. Arup
ABSTRACT Recent disruptions to the usual working conditions, such as the pandemic, highlight the insecurity of the minimum waged, casually employed working poor; they also point up the precarity of the heavily indebted, over-worked middle-class. Contrasting the cause of social protection with that of market liberty, this study examines the terms of the security debate to see how the cause of protection seeks to counter the cause of liberty. It reviews three recent regulatory events to see what success the cause of protection has had: the industrial relations reform process, the government response to the COVID-19 pandemic, and the agenda setting for women’s economic security. It notes the reforms that Australia's new Labor government proposes. The study recommends that, if reforms are to be effective, the cause of protection must move beyond the particulars of the labour contract to address the structures of power in the political economy of law making.
最近对正常工作条件的破坏,如大流行,凸显了最低工资、临时就业的贫困工人的不安全感;他们还指出了负债累累、工作过度的中产阶级的不稳定性。对比社会保护的原因与市场自由的原因,本研究考察了安全辩论的条款,看看保护的原因如何试图对抗自由的原因。报告回顾了最近发生的三个监管事件,以了解保护事业取得了哪些成功:劳资关系改革进程、政府对COVID-19大流行的反应以及为妇女经济安全制定议程。报告提到了澳大利亚新工党政府提出的改革方案。该研究建议,如果要使改革有效,保护的原因必须超越劳动合同的细节,以解决法律制定的政治经济中的权力结构。
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引用次数: 0
Legal personality as licence 法人资格即执照
IF 1.2 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2022-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/10383441.2022.2096968
M. Worthington
ABSTRACT This article extends discussion of the recently introduced licence theory of legal personality to the two remaining categories of legal personality available under Australian law, namely, Natural Legal Personality and Bodies Politic. The licence theory conceives of legal personality as designated legal functions, grouped together for nominated purposes. More particularly, it conceives of legal personality as a licensing system, whereby legal personality is granted by the State subject to various nominated conditions. These conditions reflect the overarching purpose behind the grant of legal personality, and may be organised into three general categories: Capability Conditions; Public Interest Conditions; and Use Conditions. According to the licence theory, in forming an understanding of legal personality it is necessary to consider the following design factors: i) the means by which a particular legal person is activated; ii) the purpose underwriting the grant of legal personality by the State; iii) legal capacities and obligations; and iv) the various different conditions operative in relation to the grant of a particular class of legal personality. In this article, these four factors are applied and considered in relation to both Natural Legal Personality and the Commonwealth of Australia (being the pre-eminent manifestation of the Body Politic).
本文将最近引入的法律人格许可理论的讨论扩展到澳大利亚法律下可用的两种法律人格类别,即自然法律人格和政治体。许可理论将法律人格设想为指定的法律功能,为指定的目的组合在一起。更具体地说,它认为法人资格是一种许可制度,根据这种制度,国家根据各种指定的条件授予法人资格。这些条件反映了授予法人资格背后的总体目的,可以分为三大类:能力条件;公共利益条件;和使用条件。根据许可理论,在形成对法人人格的理解时,需要考虑以下设计因素:1)特定法人的激活方式;(二)保证国家授予法人资格的目的;Iii)法律行为能力和义务;iv)与授予某一类特定法人资格有关的各种不同条件。在这篇文章中,这四个因素被应用和考虑到自然法律人格和澳大利亚联邦(作为政体的卓越表现)。
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引用次数: 2
Murderesses, monsters and madwomen: gender performance and the assessment of queer culpability in the Australian legal imagining 杀人犯、怪物和疯女人:性别表现和澳大利亚法律想象中的酷儿罪责评估
IF 1.2 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2022-04-03 DOI: 10.1080/10383441.2022.2076968
Tegan Evans
ABSTRACT The socio-legal tendency to categorise female killers as either ‘mad’, ‘sad’ ‘bad’ has been recognised as reflective of narrow notions of women’s capacity for violence. If women only kill due to insanity, or as the result of prior victimisation (the ‘mad’ and ‘sad’), then those who fall outside this narrative (the ‘bad’) risk legal and popular characterisation as non-women and even non-human. I consider the role of gender performance in which of these narratives are imposed upon a defendant and suggest that queer women are particularly susceptible to framing as monstrous due to their transgression of gender norms. This article will focus on the murders of Edward Baldock and Stacey Mitchell, both killed by lesbian couples in Australia in 1989 and 2006 respectively. Despite the intervening years, the defendants in both were characterised as vampiric in court and the news media, to the exclusion of relevant evidence of mental illness. I will examine this discursive and textual construction of the lesbian offender through Julie Kristeva’s theory of abjection and explore how the creation of a legal monster justifies, and indeed necessitates, its expulsion from society, leading to harsher punishment for lesbian defendants.
社会法律倾向于将女性杀手归类为“疯狂”,“悲伤”,“坏”,这被认为是对女性暴力能力的狭隘观念的反映。如果女性杀人只是因为精神错乱,或者因为之前的受害者(“疯狂”和“悲伤”),那么那些不在这种叙述范围内的人(“坏人”)就有可能被法律和大众定性为非女性,甚至非人类。我考虑了性别表现的作用,在这些叙事中,这些叙事被强加在被告身上,我认为酷儿女性特别容易被诬陷为怪物,因为她们违反了性别规范。这篇文章将重点关注爱德华·巴尔多克和斯泰西·米切尔的谋杀案,他们分别于1989年和2006年在澳大利亚被女同性恋夫妇杀害。尽管相隔多年,两起案件的被告在法庭和新闻媒体上都被定性为吸血鬼,排除了精神疾病的相关证据。我将通过朱莉·克里斯特娃(Julie Kristeva)的堕落理论来研究这种对女同性恋罪犯的话语和文本建构,并探索一个法律怪物的创造如何证明,实际上是必要的,将其驱逐出社会,导致对女同性恋被告的更严厉惩罚。
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引用次数: 0
Worker exploitation in the Australian gig economy: emerging mechanisms of social control 澳大利亚零工经济中的工人剥削:新兴的社会控制机制
IF 1.2 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2022-04-03 DOI: 10.1080/10383441.2022.2076036
Marinella Marmo, Elvio Anthony Sinopoli, Sanzhuan Guo
ABSTRACT Through the case study of Gupta in the food delivery sector, this article argues that the gig economy has further increased the potential for worker exploitation in neoliberal capitalist global markets. Adopting a state-corporate criminology theoretical lens, the article addresses the harmful impact on gig workers, stating that incidents like the Gupta case constitute market-generated social harms. The proposed argument contributes to the existing literature on the gig economy by highlighting that any potential legal reforms would also require a review of the capitalist market, within which new forms of economy such as this one generate ongoing precariousness and vulnerability.
摘要通过古普塔在食品配送行业的案例研究,本文认为零工经济进一步增加了新自由主义资本主义全球市场中工人剥削的潜力。文章采用国有企业犯罪学理论视角,探讨了对零工工人的有害影响,指出像古普塔案这样的事件构成了市场产生的社会危害。拟议的论点有助于现有的零工经济文献,强调任何潜在的法律改革都需要对资本主义市场进行审查,在资本主义市场中,像这种新的经济形式会产生持续的不稳定和脆弱性。
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引用次数: 0
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Griffith Law Review
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