This study examined the economic impact of grain storage structures and storage duration on the income of rural farmers in Kogi State, north-central, Nigeria. The study utilised the questionnaire method, supported by on-site observation and interactions with key players along the grain supply chain. Multistage sampling was used to select three hundred (300) rice and maize farmers spread across fifty (50) communities in the State that participated in the research. The results show that the storage systems and length of storage of the farm produce (maize and rice) has a significant impact on the annual income of the farmers, and only 1 per cent of the grain farmers’ population earned above the 2017 world’s poverty benchmark. We found out that access to technology for agricultural purposes was zero. The major challenges reported by the farmers are; poor processing/storage facilities (43.4 %), poor sales after harvest (30.3 %) and lack of agricultural credits (23.3 %). The existing storage structures encourages post-harvest waste and losses, affecting the quality of stored grains and invariably its market value and farmers’ income; the grain market is erratic with middlemen dictating the price of grains. None of the farmers surveyed had accessed agricultural credit at any time. The study recommends shared or communal storage centres for each of the communities, where farmers can either have their grains sold at Guaranteed Minimum Price or with an option to store the grains in anticipation of better prices in the future. Bank Accounts would be opened for the farmers, and a Grain Card would be issued to help keep and build the farmers’ “Activity Ratings” for economic purpose like credit assessment to determine eligibility for agricultural credit. Private firms should manage the shared or communal centre in each community in a public-private partnership with the government, but the farmers should be shareholders by default. The shared or communal centres should also be a reliable intermediary between the farmers and other key stakeholders, strengthening the rural economic institution, and serving as a training centre for the rural farmers. A theoretical shared or communal storage model was designed.
{"title":"Typology of Grain Storage Structures in Rural Communities in Kogi State – Nigeria: Economic Implications on the Rural Farmers","authors":"U. V. Ahiaba, A. Parsa, J. Kempton","doi":"10.12691/ajrd-7-1-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/ajrd-7-1-3","url":null,"abstract":"This study examined the economic impact of grain storage structures and storage duration on the income of rural farmers in Kogi State, north-central, Nigeria. The study utilised the questionnaire method, supported by on-site observation and interactions with key players along the grain supply chain. Multistage sampling was used to select three hundred (300) rice and maize farmers spread across fifty (50) communities in the State that participated in the research. The results show that the storage systems and length of storage of the farm produce (maize and rice) has a significant impact on the annual income of the farmers, and only 1 per cent of the grain farmers’ population earned above the 2017 world’s poverty benchmark. We found out that access to technology for agricultural purposes was zero. The major challenges reported by the farmers are; poor processing/storage facilities (43.4 %), poor sales after harvest (30.3 %) and lack of agricultural credits (23.3 %). The existing storage structures encourages post-harvest waste and losses, affecting the quality of stored grains and invariably its market value and farmers’ income; the grain market is erratic with middlemen dictating the price of grains. None of the farmers surveyed had accessed agricultural credit at any time. The study recommends shared or communal storage centres for each of the communities, where farmers can either have their grains sold at Guaranteed Minimum Price or with an option to store the grains in anticipation of better prices in the future. Bank Accounts would be opened for the farmers, and a Grain Card would be issued to help keep and build the farmers’ “Activity Ratings” for economic purpose like credit assessment to determine eligibility for agricultural credit. Private firms should manage the shared or communal centre in each community in a public-private partnership with the government, but the farmers should be shareholders by default. The shared or communal centres should also be a reliable intermediary between the farmers and other key stakeholders, strengthening the rural economic institution, and serving as a training centre for the rural farmers. A theoretical shared or communal storage model was designed.","PeriodicalId":45379,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Rural and Community Development","volume":"15 1","pages":"14-25"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81862383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article deals with the practice of extra-agricultural activities in Folona, Mali. The main objective is to determine the link between migration and local non-agricultural diversification. Based on the estimation of a multivariate tobit model, we characterized the link between the two social phenomena. The estimate shows that there is simultaneity between migration and local non-agricultural diversification. The migration ratio has a negative and significant impact on the ratio of local non-agricultural diversification. The increase in the number of migrants in the household discourages the practice of local non-agricultural diversification in order to support agricultural production.
{"title":"Characterization of Link between Migration and Local non-agricultural Diversification of Rural Households in Folona (Mali)","authors":"B. Traoré","doi":"10.12691/AJRD-7-1-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/AJRD-7-1-2","url":null,"abstract":"This article deals with the practice of extra-agricultural activities in Folona, Mali. The main objective is to determine the link between migration and local non-agricultural diversification. Based on the estimation of a multivariate tobit model, we characterized the link between the two social phenomena. The estimate shows that there is simultaneity between migration and local non-agricultural diversification. The migration ratio has a negative and significant impact on the ratio of local non-agricultural diversification. The increase in the number of migrants in the household discourages the practice of local non-agricultural diversification in order to support agricultural production.","PeriodicalId":45379,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Rural and Community Development","volume":"1 1","pages":"6-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89490185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Impacts of Aid for Trade on Agricultural Development and Trade","authors":"Ahn Soojung, Lee Sanghyeon","doi":"10.22004/AG.ECON.303005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22004/AG.ECON.303005","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45379,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Rural and Community Development","volume":"150 1","pages":"1-21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2018-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75775258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper tries to identify factors that affect rural households’ joint participation in rural labor and land rental markets. The study used a multivariate Tobit/mixed model that considers the existence of endogeneity and cross-equations interdependences to analyze rural land rental and labor markets. The estimation results show households who are well endowed with economically active labor force, oxen, a social network, and farming resources are more likely to participate as a tenant in land rental markets. Similarly, landless and near-landless households as well participate as a tenant in land rental markets. In contrast, households who are less endowed with farming skills and farming inputs are more likely to rent out their land and then engage in off-farm work. As a result, it is momentous to design a proper policy that promotes and reshapes the rural financial service for smallholder farmers for both on-farm and off-farm activities. We found that education is the most valuable asset for rural farm households to pursue opportunities in agriculture, obtain skilled off-farm work, and start a business in the rural non-farm economy. Yet, the education level in rural Ethiopia is very low. Hence, it is important to design appropriate basic adult educational programs, and open farmers training centers for rural farmers that promote technical and business skills in the agriculture and rural off-farm economy. Off-farm employments absorb surplus labor from agriculture. Hence, it is important to design appropriate policy in order to improve the rural off-farm economy in a rural part of the country. Finally, we recommend policy makers to see the off-farm economy as one component of rural growth and transformation strategy and remove any barriers that limit farmers’ entry to off-farm employments. * Ph.D Scholar, Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Kangwon National University ** Professor, Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Kangwon National University, Corresponding author. e-mail: kimkr@kangwon.ac.kr 2 Journal of Rural Development 41(Special Issue)
本文试图找出影响农户共同参与农村劳动力和土地租赁市场的因素。本研究使用多元Tobit/混合模型来分析农村土地租赁和劳动力市场，该模型考虑了内生性和交叉方程相互依赖的存在。估算结果表明，拥有经济活跃劳动力、牛、社会网络和农业资源的家庭更有可能作为租客参与土地租赁市场。同样，无地家庭和近无地家庭也作为租客参与土地租赁市场。相比之下，缺乏农业技能和农业投入的家庭更有可能出租土地，然后从事非农工作。因此，设计一项适当的政策来促进和重塑针对小农的农业和非农活动的农村金融服务是至关重要的。我们发现，教育是农村农户追求农业机会、获得熟练非农工作和在农村非农经济中创业的最宝贵资产。然而，埃塞俄比亚农村的教育水平非常低。因此，重要的是设计适当的基本成人教育计划，并为农民开设农民培训中心，以提高农业和农村非农经济的技术和商业技能。非农就业吸收了农业的剩余劳动力。因此，设计适当的政策以改善该国农村地区的农村非农经济是很重要的。最后，我们建议政策制定者将非农经济视为农村增长和转型战略的一个组成部分，并消除限制农民进入非农就业的任何障碍。*江原大学农业与资源经济系博士学者**江原大学农业与资源经济系教授通讯作者e-mail: kimkr@kangwon.ac.kr 2 Journal of Rural Development (Special Issue) 41
{"title":"A Multivariate Tobit Estimation of Rural Land Rental and Labor Market Participation Decisions of Farm Households in Ethiopia","authors":"Zegeye Tirfe, Kim Kyung-Ryang","doi":"10.22004/AG.ECON.303003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22004/AG.ECON.303003","url":null,"abstract":"The paper tries to identify factors that affect rural households’ joint participation in rural labor and land rental markets. The study used a multivariate Tobit/mixed model that considers the existence of endogeneity and cross-equations interdependences to analyze rural land rental and labor markets. The estimation results show households who are well endowed with economically active labor force, oxen, a social network, and farming resources are more likely to participate as a tenant in land rental markets. Similarly, landless and near-landless households as well participate as a tenant in land rental markets. In contrast, households who are less endowed with farming skills and farming inputs are more likely to rent out their land and then engage in off-farm work. As a result, it is momentous to design a proper policy that promotes and reshapes the rural financial service for smallholder farmers for both on-farm and off-farm activities. We found that education is the most valuable asset for rural farm households to pursue opportunities in agriculture, obtain skilled off-farm work, and start a business in the rural non-farm economy. Yet, the education level in rural Ethiopia is very low. Hence, it is important to design appropriate basic adult educational programs, and open farmers training centers for rural farmers that promote technical and business skills in the agriculture and rural off-farm economy. Off-farm employments absorb surplus labor from agriculture. Hence, it is important to design appropriate policy in order to improve the rural off-farm economy in a rural part of the country. Finally, we recommend policy makers to see the off-farm economy as one component of rural growth and transformation strategy and remove any barriers that limit farmers’ entry to off-farm employments. * Ph.D Scholar, Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Kangwon National University ** Professor, Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Kangwon National University, Corresponding author. e-mail: kimkr@kangwon.ac.kr 2 Journal of Rural Development 41(Special Issue)","PeriodicalId":45379,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Rural and Community Development","volume":"23 1","pages":"1-39"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2018-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75325570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The objective of this study is to examine asymmetric price transmission in the U.S. pork market. The motivation of this study needs to be found in the structural changes in the U.S. pork market characterized by more extensive and intensive operation of pork production, consolidation of the small and medium scale producers, many mergers and acquisitions of meat packers and retailers. For this purpose, threshold co-integration analysis is applied to allow for an asymmetric pattern of price adjustment towards a long-run equilibrium in the price relationship among farm, wholesale, and retail levels. The empirical findings suggest that there is asymmetric price adjustment in the U.S. pork market while its pattern appears to be different across marketing channels. That is, wholesalers tend to respond more quickly to an increase in producer price (i.e., margin squeezing) than to a decrease in producer price (i.e., margin stretching), while wholesale price responds more quickly to a decrease in retail price. These may be generally understood in the presence of non-competitive pricing behavior of agents at a certain chain beyond farm gate. Such findings imply that the recent structural changes in the U.S. pork market may hinder an efficient price transmission mechanism across the marketing channels. * This paper is based on a part of the author’s dissertation study. ** Research Fellow, Korea Rural Economic Institute, Naju-si, Jeollanam-do, Korea, Corresponding author. e-mail: jyyoon0712@krei.re.kr *** Associate Extension Professor, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, US. 42 Journal of Rural Development 41(Special Issue)
{"title":"An Asymmetric Price Transmission Analysis in the U.S. Pork Market Using Threshold Co-integration Analysis","authors":"Yoon Jong-yeol, Scott Brown","doi":"10.22004/AG.ECON.303004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22004/AG.ECON.303004","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this study is to examine asymmetric price transmission in the U.S. pork market. The motivation of this study needs to be found in the structural changes in the U.S. pork market characterized by more extensive and intensive operation of pork production, consolidation of the small and medium scale producers, many mergers and acquisitions of meat packers and retailers. For this purpose, threshold co-integration analysis is applied to allow for an asymmetric pattern of price adjustment towards a long-run equilibrium in the price relationship among farm, wholesale, and retail levels. The empirical findings suggest that there is asymmetric price adjustment in the U.S. pork market while its pattern appears to be different across marketing channels. That is, wholesalers tend to respond more quickly to an increase in producer price (i.e., margin squeezing) than to a decrease in producer price (i.e., margin stretching), while wholesale price responds more quickly to a decrease in retail price. These may be generally understood in the presence of non-competitive pricing behavior of agents at a certain chain beyond farm gate. Such findings imply that the recent structural changes in the U.S. pork market may hinder an efficient price transmission mechanism across the marketing channels. * This paper is based on a part of the author’s dissertation study. ** Research Fellow, Korea Rural Economic Institute, Naju-si, Jeollanam-do, Korea, Corresponding author. e-mail: jyyoon0712@krei.re.kr *** Associate Extension Professor, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, US. 42 Journal of Rural Development 41(Special Issue)","PeriodicalId":45379,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Rural and Community Development","volume":"32 1","pages":"41-66"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2018-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83631664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Credit repayment is one of the challenging aspects of agricultural financing, especially in rural communities of developing country like Nigeria. Some of the challenges for any credit provider include lack of tangible collateral among the farmers and the difficulty involved in predicting farmers’ creditworthiness. This study examined repayment preferences among the rural farmers in some selected communities in Kogi State-Nigeria. A total of 100 active farmers were engaged for ten years and were provided with credits in the form of farm inputs (fertilizers, improved seedlings and pesticides). The farmers were divided into two sets: one set to repay input credits received with cash while the second set was to repay with ten per cent of harvested crop for which they received the inputs. The result shows a significant difference in credit repayment preference between the two sets of farmers. The set that repaid with ten per cent of the harvested crops were found to have performed better (measured by the rate of defaults) than the set that repaid with cash equivalent. Therefore, a localize agricultural financing system with the cash and kind repayment options, is recommended for these communities, and similar other communities in Nigeria.
{"title":"Agricultural Credit Repayment Preference among Rural Farmers in Some Rural Communities in Kogi State, North-Central Nigeria","authors":"U. V. Ahiaba","doi":"10.12691/ajrd-7-1-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/ajrd-7-1-1","url":null,"abstract":"Credit repayment is one of the challenging aspects of agricultural financing, especially in rural communities of developing country like Nigeria. Some of the challenges for any credit provider include lack of tangible collateral among the farmers and the difficulty involved in predicting farmers’ creditworthiness. This study examined repayment preferences among the rural farmers in some selected communities in Kogi State-Nigeria. A total of 100 active farmers were engaged for ten years and were provided with credits in the form of farm inputs (fertilizers, improved seedlings and pesticides). The farmers were divided into two sets: one set to repay input credits received with cash while the second set was to repay with ten per cent of harvested crop for which they received the inputs. The result shows a significant difference in credit repayment preference between the two sets of farmers. The set that repaid with ten per cent of the harvested crops were found to have performed better (measured by the rate of defaults) than the set that repaid with cash equivalent. Therefore, a localize agricultural financing system with the cash and kind repayment options, is recommended for these communities, and similar other communities in Nigeria.","PeriodicalId":45379,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Rural and Community Development","volume":"1 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2018-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80822924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Development is a multi-dimensional process involving qualitative and quantitative changes in social, political and economic domains of society and it is undertaken essentially to lead to a better state of life. Rural Development plays an important role in the inclusive growth of a region like Bundelkhand, where the majority of the population lives in backward villages. Without upliftment of these rural people, the objective of integrated and balanced development of the country cannot achieve. The study area under this research is the Bundelkhand region of Madhya Pradesh, which consists of six districts of northern Madhya Pradesh, namely Datia, Tikamgarh, Chattarpur, Damoh, Sagar and Panna. The villages of the region is facing the severe problems of poverty, backwardness, unemployment, poor infrastructure facilities and industrial base, deprived health, under agricultural production and under development. Very few efforts have been made to tackle the problem of rural backwardness at micro-regional level. In the present study the Composite Index method has been adopted to measure the level of development among the villages of Bundelkhand region. On the basis of composite index, 7157 villages of Bundelkhand region of Madhya Pradesh have been divided into 4 categories of level of development. The paper aims to categories the villages into four deferent levels of development and frame a strategic planning module for the development of the rural economy to create a better tomorrow for Bundelkhand.
{"title":"Rural Development Scenario and Strategies in Bundelkhand Region of Madhya Pradesh, India","authors":"P. Sharma","doi":"10.12691/AJRD-6-3-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/AJRD-6-3-5","url":null,"abstract":"Development is a multi-dimensional process involving qualitative and quantitative changes in social, political and economic domains of society and it is undertaken essentially to lead to a better state of life. Rural Development plays an important role in the inclusive growth of a region like Bundelkhand, where the majority of the population lives in backward villages. Without upliftment of these rural people, the objective of integrated and balanced development of the country cannot achieve. The study area under this research is the Bundelkhand region of Madhya Pradesh, which consists of six districts of northern Madhya Pradesh, namely Datia, Tikamgarh, Chattarpur, Damoh, Sagar and Panna. The villages of the region is facing the severe problems of poverty, backwardness, unemployment, poor infrastructure facilities and industrial base, deprived health, under agricultural production and under development. Very few efforts have been made to tackle the problem of rural backwardness at micro-regional level. In the present study the Composite Index method has been adopted to measure the level of development among the villages of Bundelkhand region. On the basis of composite index, 7157 villages of Bundelkhand region of Madhya Pradesh have been divided into 4 categories of level of development. The paper aims to categories the villages into four deferent levels of development and frame a strategic planning module for the development of the rural economy to create a better tomorrow for Bundelkhand.","PeriodicalId":45379,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Rural and Community Development","volume":"9 1","pages":"104-108"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2018-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86477242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A study entitled factors determining farmers’ decision to cooperative membership status in Ethiopia was conducted with the aim of identifying factors influencing decision to membership in primary agricultural cooperatives in the study area. A multi stage stratified random sampling technique was used to select representative districts, kebeles, and farmers; and a total of 335 smallholder farmers (229 cooperative members and 106 non-membered farmers) were surveyed to collect primary data from two sample regions (Oromia and Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region) compromising of six sample districts from three respective zones. The research method mainly used to collect data was semi-structured interview schedule. Both descriptive analysis and econometric method of data analysis (using binary probit model) were used. The result of descriptive analysis showed that minimum annual dividend, low number of members compared to the expected, shortage of training access, low market access, farmers’ preference of town center traders than cooperatives, and less interest of farmers to be a member of the primary cooperatives were the major challenges faced by famers and/or primary cooperatives in the study area. The result of econometric analysis revealed that eight among the 19 explanatory variables namely age of the household head, need to access credit, need to access agricultural inputs, perception of farmers towards the adequacy/attractiveness of dividend distributed, awareness about the socio-economic importance of primary cooperatives, trust towards cooperative management committees, households’ need to access cooperative as a market outlet, and the need to access training from primary cooperatives were found to significantly determine smallholder farmers’ decision to joining agricultural cooperatives in Ethiopia. From the finding, it is, therefore, recommended to stress on improving farming experience and exposures of farmers, increasing cooperatives’ market demand for agricultural commodities/products, distribution of adequate dividend, provision of adequate credit services and agricultural technologies/inputs, organizing frequent capacity building trainings for farmers, and improving awareness of farmers about the socio-economic importance of cooperatives for encouraging and pooling smallholder farmers to join primary cooperatives in Ethiopia.
{"title":"Factors Influencing Farmers’ Membership Preferences in Agricultural Cooperatives in Ethiopia","authors":"Bizualem Assefa Gashaw, Saron Mebratu Kibret","doi":"10.12691/AJRD-6-3-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/AJRD-6-3-4","url":null,"abstract":"A study entitled factors determining farmers’ decision to cooperative membership status in Ethiopia was conducted with the aim of identifying factors influencing decision to membership in primary agricultural cooperatives in the study area. A multi stage stratified random sampling technique was used to select representative districts, kebeles, and farmers; and a total of 335 smallholder farmers (229 cooperative members and 106 non-membered farmers) were surveyed to collect primary data from two sample regions (Oromia and Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region) compromising of six sample districts from three respective zones. The research method mainly used to collect data was semi-structured interview schedule. Both descriptive analysis and econometric method of data analysis (using binary probit model) were used. The result of descriptive analysis showed that minimum annual dividend, low number of members compared to the expected, shortage of training access, low market access, farmers’ preference of town center traders than cooperatives, and less interest of farmers to be a member of the primary cooperatives were the major challenges faced by famers and/or primary cooperatives in the study area. The result of econometric analysis revealed that eight among the 19 explanatory variables namely age of the household head, need to access credit, need to access agricultural inputs, perception of farmers towards the adequacy/attractiveness of dividend distributed, awareness about the socio-economic importance of primary cooperatives, trust towards cooperative management committees, households’ need to access cooperative as a market outlet, and the need to access training from primary cooperatives were found to significantly determine smallholder farmers’ decision to joining agricultural cooperatives in Ethiopia. From the finding, it is, therefore, recommended to stress on improving farming experience and exposures of farmers, increasing cooperatives’ market demand for agricultural commodities/products, distribution of adequate dividend, provision of adequate credit services and agricultural technologies/inputs, organizing frequent capacity building trainings for farmers, and improving awareness of farmers about the socio-economic importance of cooperatives for encouraging and pooling smallholder farmers to join primary cooperatives in Ethiopia.","PeriodicalId":45379,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Rural and Community Development","volume":"71 1","pages":"94-103"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2018-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77456604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The poultry sectors have been severely affected by outbreaks of avian influenza in the past years. In particular, extensive poultry were considered to be the main problem with respect to controlling the disease. However, the epidemiology of avian flu shows that all poultry sectors and relative activities are culpable. For better control of this flu, it seems that more strict control measures must be undertaken. During the outbreaks, the biosecurity measures implemented concerned mainly the stamping out, movement control and sometime, banning outdoor poultry keeping. The implementation of these measures challenged with the realities of some developing countries in general, and Africa in particular. Furthermore some of the measures were found to generate livelihood and food security problems in developing countries as well as social-ethical issues in the developed world. Vaccination was proven to decrease the occurrence of outbreaks in chickens as well as the transmission of the virus to humans, and could therefore be the most suitable control strategy for developing countries.
{"title":"Review on Biosecurity in Extensive Poultry Production in Developing Countries with Respect to Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza","authors":"S. Pousga, U. Magnusson, H. Boly, G. Ouédraogo","doi":"10.12691/ajrd-6-3-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/ajrd-6-3-2","url":null,"abstract":"The poultry sectors have been severely affected by outbreaks of avian influenza in the past years. In particular, extensive poultry were considered to be the main problem with respect to controlling the disease. However, the epidemiology of avian flu shows that all poultry sectors and relative activities are culpable. For better control of this flu, it seems that more strict control measures must be undertaken. During the outbreaks, the biosecurity measures implemented concerned mainly the stamping out, movement control and sometime, banning outdoor poultry keeping. The implementation of these measures challenged with the realities of some developing countries in general, and Africa in particular. Furthermore some of the measures were found to generate livelihood and food security problems in developing countries as well as social-ethical issues in the developed world. Vaccination was proven to decrease the occurrence of outbreaks in chickens as well as the transmission of the virus to humans, and could therefore be the most suitable control strategy for developing countries.","PeriodicalId":45379,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Rural and Community Development","volume":"126 1","pages":"71-78"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2018-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85706959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Papua New Guinea (PNG) government has introduced the decentralised governance with the plan to improve service delivery and also to strengthen the implementation capacity of local administration. In order to realise this goal it is necessary for the local administration to be sourced with reliable baseline data to service the needs of district development authority (DDA) and sister planning organisations. Decision on the subject of appropriate locations and targeting the right people, monitoring activities, assessing constraints and mobilising resources for rural development demand computer-based geographically connected database, incorporating charts, maps and statistical reports to service the needs of planners and decision makers. The current research focuses on utilising geospatial technologies such as Remote Sensing, GIS and GPS to develop and analyse spatial data infrastructure in particular roads, bridges, health facilities and schools based on their conditions, availability, accessibility to the community and affordability at the local level Governments (LLGs) of Salt Nomane Karimui District, Simbu province of Papua New Guinea. Village based geospatial database is created by integrating spatial and non-spatial database under GIS environment for decentralised planning at local administration. The results emanating from this analysis will serve as District information tool to help improve planning, design and delivery of initiatives, particularly to address the needs of underprivileged groups and individuals at village level. The results were made public as a means of transparency in information communication for unbiased, scientific decision-making and efficient planning to achieve development objectives at the local administration level. A computer-based GIS database was generated at a micro administrative unit as output for decentralised planning and decision-making at the local administration.
{"title":"Rural Development Planning – A Case Study in Developing Geospatial Data Infrastructure with the help of GIS, Remote Sensing and GPS","authors":"N. Poi, T. Sekac, Sujoy Kumar Jana, D. Pal","doi":"10.12691/AJRD-6-3-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/AJRD-6-3-1","url":null,"abstract":"Papua New Guinea (PNG) government has introduced the decentralised governance with the plan to improve service delivery and also to strengthen the implementation capacity of local administration. In order to realise this goal it is necessary for the local administration to be sourced with reliable baseline data to service the needs of district development authority (DDA) and sister planning organisations. Decision on the subject of appropriate locations and targeting the right people, monitoring activities, assessing constraints and mobilising resources for rural development demand computer-based geographically connected database, incorporating charts, maps and statistical reports to service the needs of planners and decision makers. The current research focuses on utilising geospatial technologies such as Remote Sensing, GIS and GPS to develop and analyse spatial data infrastructure in particular roads, bridges, health facilities and schools based on their conditions, availability, accessibility to the community and affordability at the local level Governments (LLGs) of Salt Nomane Karimui District, Simbu province of Papua New Guinea. Village based geospatial database is created by integrating spatial and non-spatial database under GIS environment for decentralised planning at local administration. The results emanating from this analysis will serve as District information tool to help improve planning, design and delivery of initiatives, particularly to address the needs of underprivileged groups and individuals at village level. The results were made public as a means of transparency in information communication for unbiased, scientific decision-making and efficient planning to achieve development objectives at the local administration level. A computer-based GIS database was generated at a micro administrative unit as output for decentralised planning and decision-making at the local administration.","PeriodicalId":45379,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Rural and Community Development","volume":"21 1","pages":"59-70"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2018-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77735876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：