Pub Date : 2023-10-20DOI: 10.1007/s40588-023-00208-3
Bianca B. Jütte, Luca Love, J. Peter Svensson
Abstract Purpose of Review The main obstacle to an HIV-1 cure is the reservoir of HIV-1 infected cells. While antiretroviral therapy (ART) eliminates the HIV-1 virus effectively, it does not target the reservoir. To eliminate infected cells, we need an improved understanding of the reservoir maintenance and reactivation mechanisms, including the influence of chromatin. Recent Findings The last years’ technological advances enable an in-depth study of the reservoir, uncovering subsets of infected cells, proviral integration sites, and single-cell nucleosome histone modifications. These revelations illustrate how the immune system and cell proliferation shape reservoirs under long-term ART. These forces create highly individual reservoirs that will require personalized treatment for their eradication. Summary A greater understanding of HIV-1 latency mechanisms, focusing on chromatin features, proviral reservoir dynamics, and inter-individual differences, can drive the development of more precise HIV-1 treatment strategies, ultimately achieving a globally available HIV-1 cure.
{"title":"Molecular Mechanisms of HIV-1 Latency from a Chromatin and Epigenetic Perspective","authors":"Bianca B. Jütte, Luca Love, J. Peter Svensson","doi":"10.1007/s40588-023-00208-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40588-023-00208-3","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Purpose of Review The main obstacle to an HIV-1 cure is the reservoir of HIV-1 infected cells. While antiretroviral therapy (ART) eliminates the HIV-1 virus effectively, it does not target the reservoir. To eliminate infected cells, we need an improved understanding of the reservoir maintenance and reactivation mechanisms, including the influence of chromatin. Recent Findings The last years’ technological advances enable an in-depth study of the reservoir, uncovering subsets of infected cells, proviral integration sites, and single-cell nucleosome histone modifications. These revelations illustrate how the immune system and cell proliferation shape reservoirs under long-term ART. These forces create highly individual reservoirs that will require personalized treatment for their eradication. Summary A greater understanding of HIV-1 latency mechanisms, focusing on chromatin features, proviral reservoir dynamics, and inter-individual differences, can drive the development of more precise HIV-1 treatment strategies, ultimately achieving a globally available HIV-1 cure.","PeriodicalId":45506,"journal":{"name":"Current Clinical Microbiology Reports","volume":"8 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135566816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-07DOI: 10.1007/s40588-023-00207-4
Marcella Cipelli, Eloísa Martins da Silva, Niels Olsen Saraiva Câmara
{"title":"Gut Microbiota Resilience Mechanisms Against Pathogen Infection and its Role in Inflammatory Bowel Disease","authors":"Marcella Cipelli, Eloísa Martins da Silva, Niels Olsen Saraiva Câmara","doi":"10.1007/s40588-023-00207-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40588-023-00207-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45506,"journal":{"name":"Current Clinical Microbiology Reports","volume":"99 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135253345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-29DOI: 10.1007/s40588-023-00204-7
Nancy Weiland-Bräuer
Abstract Purpose of Review Since the introduction of Archaea as a new domain of life more than 45 years ago, progress in their phylogenetic classification and knowledge of their exclusive biological characteristics has identified archaea as unique microorganisms which are widespread in extreme but also in various moderate ecosystems, including eukaryotic hosts. However, archaea are still neglected players within microbiomes, and research on archaea-bacteria interactions is still in its infancy due to methodological challenges. Recent Findings This review summarizes the current knowledge of archaea as components within microbiomes and focuses on their interactions with their bacterial neighbors and the principles of archaeal interactions. Summary Archaea are common constituents of animal and human microbiomes, which are dominated by Euryarchaeota. The gastrointestinal tract is the most studied body site, where archaea account for up to 4% of all microorganisms, primarily represented by methanogens. No archaeal pathogen has yet been identified, although methanogens are hypothesized to be indirectly involved in pathogenicity. Archaeal interactions comprise symbiotic relationships, and the cell membrane and wall might be as crucial as quorum sensing/quenching for these interactions. Particularly, syntrophic interactions under energy-deficiency stress seem to be an essential strategy for archaea. However, more research is urgently needed to discover how archaea sense their environment, compete with bacteria, and interact within complex microbiomes associated with multicellular organisms.
{"title":"Symbiotic Interactions of Archaea in Animal and Human Microbiomes","authors":"Nancy Weiland-Bräuer","doi":"10.1007/s40588-023-00204-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40588-023-00204-7","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Purpose of Review Since the introduction of Archaea as a new domain of life more than 45 years ago, progress in their phylogenetic classification and knowledge of their exclusive biological characteristics has identified archaea as unique microorganisms which are widespread in extreme but also in various moderate ecosystems, including eukaryotic hosts. However, archaea are still neglected players within microbiomes, and research on archaea-bacteria interactions is still in its infancy due to methodological challenges. Recent Findings This review summarizes the current knowledge of archaea as components within microbiomes and focuses on their interactions with their bacterial neighbors and the principles of archaeal interactions. Summary Archaea are common constituents of animal and human microbiomes, which are dominated by Euryarchaeota. The gastrointestinal tract is the most studied body site, where archaea account for up to 4% of all microorganisms, primarily represented by methanogens. No archaeal pathogen has yet been identified, although methanogens are hypothesized to be indirectly involved in pathogenicity. Archaeal interactions comprise symbiotic relationships, and the cell membrane and wall might be as crucial as quorum sensing/quenching for these interactions. Particularly, syntrophic interactions under energy-deficiency stress seem to be an essential strategy for archaea. However, more research is urgently needed to discover how archaea sense their environment, compete with bacteria, and interact within complex microbiomes associated with multicellular organisms.","PeriodicalId":45506,"journal":{"name":"Current Clinical Microbiology Reports","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135133102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-01Epub Date: 2023-07-29DOI: 10.1007/s40588-023-00201-w
Hana McMahon-Cole, Alicia Johnson, Sara Sadat Aghamiri, Tomáš Helikar, Lindsey B Crawford
Purpose of review: Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), while asymptomatic in most, causes significant complications during fetal development, following transplant or in immunosuppressed individuals. The host-virus interactions regulating viral latency and reactivation and viral control of the cellular environment (immune regulation, differentiation, epigenetics) are highly complex. Understanding these processes is essential to controlling infection and can be leveraged as a novel approach for understanding basic cell biology.
Recent findings: Immune digital twins (IDTs) are digital simulations integrating knowledge of human immunology, physiology, and patient-specific clinical data to predict individualized immune responses and targeted treatments. Recent studies used IDTs to elucidate mechanisms of T cells, dendritic cells, and epigenetic control-all key to HCMV biology.
Summary: Here, we discuss how leveraging the unique biology of HCMV and IDTs will clarify immune response dynamics, host-virus interactions, and viral latency and reactivation and serve as a powerful IDT-validation platform for individualized and holistic health management.
{"title":"Modeling and Remodeling the Cell: How Digital Twins and HCMV Can Elucidate the Complex Interactions of Viral Latency, Epigenetic Regulation, and Immune Responses.","authors":"Hana McMahon-Cole, Alicia Johnson, Sara Sadat Aghamiri, Tomáš Helikar, Lindsey B Crawford","doi":"10.1007/s40588-023-00201-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40588-023-00201-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), while asymptomatic in most, causes significant complications during fetal development, following transplant or in immunosuppressed individuals. The host-virus interactions regulating viral latency and reactivation and viral control of the cellular environment (immune regulation, differentiation, epigenetics) are highly complex. Understanding these processes is essential to controlling infection and can be leveraged as a novel approach for understanding basic cell biology.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>Immune digital twins (IDTs) are digital simulations integrating knowledge of human immunology, physiology, and patient-specific clinical data to predict individualized immune responses and targeted treatments. Recent studies used IDTs to elucidate mechanisms of T cells, dendritic cells, and epigenetic control-all key to HCMV biology.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>Here, we discuss how leveraging the unique biology of HCMV and IDTs will clarify immune response dynamics, host-virus interactions, and viral latency and reactivation and serve as a powerful IDT-validation platform for individualized and holistic health management.</p>","PeriodicalId":45506,"journal":{"name":"Current Clinical Microbiology Reports","volume":"10 1","pages":"141-151"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10601359/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44737884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-02DOI: 10.1007/s40588-023-00196-4
Amy C. Chambers
{"title":"Contagion Went Viral: Microbiology, Entertainment Media and the Public Understanding of Science","authors":"Amy C. Chambers","doi":"10.1007/s40588-023-00196-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40588-023-00196-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45506,"journal":{"name":"Current Clinical Microbiology Reports","volume":"10 1","pages":"152 - 160"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2023-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46490547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-19DOI: 10.1007/s40588-023-00197-3
Jun Tachikawa, Y. Aizawa, A. Saitoh
{"title":"Severe Disease in Children with Parechovirus-A Infection","authors":"Jun Tachikawa, Y. Aizawa, A. Saitoh","doi":"10.1007/s40588-023-00197-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40588-023-00197-3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45506,"journal":{"name":"Current Clinical Microbiology Reports","volume":"10 1","pages":"75 - 84"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2023-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43991105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-28DOI: 10.1007/s40588-023-00200-x
K. Nwachukwu, O. Ugbogu, E. Nwarunma, C. Nwankpa
{"title":"Eliminating Candida auris: Between Ultraviolet-C Radiations and Medicinal Plants, Which One Is Better?","authors":"K. Nwachukwu, O. Ugbogu, E. Nwarunma, C. Nwankpa","doi":"10.1007/s40588-023-00200-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40588-023-00200-x","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45506,"journal":{"name":"Current Clinical Microbiology Reports","volume":"10 1","pages":"131 - 140"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2023-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42580784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：