Pub Date : 2022-05-23DOI: 10.1080/01977261.2022.2080461
E. P. Wilson
Keeley, L. (1980). Experimental determination of stone tool uses: A microwear analysis. University of Chicago Press. Semenov, S. A. (1964). Prehistoric technology: An experimental study of the oldest tools and artefacts from traces of manufacture and wear. [Translated and with a pref. by M.W. Thomson]. Barnes and Noble. Pamela Willoughby Department of Anthropology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada Pam.Willoughby@ualberta.ca
Keeley，L.（1980）。石器用途的实验测定：微观磨损分析。芝加哥大学出版社。塞梅诺夫，S.A.（1964）。史前技术：从制造和磨损的痕迹中对最古老的工具和手工艺品进行的实验研究。[由M.W.Thomson翻译，并附有预印本]。Barnes and Noble。Pamela Willoughby加拿大阿尔伯塔省埃德蒙顿阿尔伯塔大学人类学系Pam.Willoughby@ualberta.ca
{"title":"Prehistoric stone tools of Eastern Africa: a guide","authors":"E. P. Wilson","doi":"10.1080/01977261.2022.2080461","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01977261.2022.2080461","url":null,"abstract":"Keeley, L. (1980). Experimental determination of stone tool uses: A microwear analysis. University of Chicago Press. Semenov, S. A. (1964). Prehistoric technology: An experimental study of the oldest tools and artefacts from traces of manufacture and wear. [Translated and with a pref. by M.W. Thomson]. Barnes and Noble. Pamela Willoughby Department of Anthropology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada Pam.Willoughby@ualberta.ca","PeriodicalId":45597,"journal":{"name":"Lithic Technology","volume":"47 1","pages":"373 - 375"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42325951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-05DOI: 10.1080/01977261.2022.2070335
María Silva-Gago, Annapaola Fedato, T. Hodgson, Marcos Terradillos-Bernal, R. Alonso-Alcalde, E. Bruner
ABSTRACT Humans are specialized in eye-hand coordination through a complex visuospatial system. When a tool is observed, the motor areas of the brain are activated and, when grasped, it is sensed as a part of the body. One approach to understanding the underlying mechanisms behind this process regards the analysis of visual attention. Vision influences the spatial interaction with tools and plays a crucial role in the perception of an object’s affordances. In this study, we employ eye-tracking technology to investigate whether Lower Palaeolithic stone tool morphology influences visual attention during visual exploration and manipulation. Our results suggest that the handaxe morphology has a moderate influence on the visual scanning of the tool. In contrast, visual exploration of the chopper is only influenced by the weight of the tool. The different visual behaviours exerted by these two technologies suggest divergences in the visuospatial process underlying the interaction with these tools.
{"title":"The Influence of Tool Morphology on Visual Attention During the Interaction with Lower Palaeolithic Stone Tools","authors":"María Silva-Gago, Annapaola Fedato, T. Hodgson, Marcos Terradillos-Bernal, R. Alonso-Alcalde, E. Bruner","doi":"10.1080/01977261.2022.2070335","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01977261.2022.2070335","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT\u0000 Humans are specialized in eye-hand coordination through a complex visuospatial system. When a tool is observed, the motor areas of the brain are activated and, when grasped, it is sensed as a part of the body. One approach to understanding the underlying mechanisms behind this process regards the analysis of visual attention. Vision influences the spatial interaction with tools and plays a crucial role in the perception of an object’s affordances. In this study, we employ eye-tracking technology to investigate whether Lower Palaeolithic stone tool morphology influences visual attention during visual exploration and manipulation. Our results suggest that the handaxe morphology has a moderate influence on the visual scanning of the tool. In contrast, visual exploration of the chopper is only influenced by the weight of the tool. The different visual behaviours exerted by these two technologies suggest divergences in the visuospatial process underlying the interaction with these tools.","PeriodicalId":45597,"journal":{"name":"Lithic Technology","volume":"47 1","pages":"328 - 339"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48023820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-15DOI: 10.1080/01977261.2022.2064126
P. Rice
ABSTRACT Abundant obsidian prismatic blade segments in late (Late Postclassic/Colonial; ca. AD 1300–1700) lowland Maya lithic assemblages, generally ignored, are evaluated against the possibility that they were used in macanas, broadsword-like weapons resembling the Aztec macuahuitl, as attested by Spanish chroniclers. Measurements of 4,664 segments, proximal, medial, and distal, from seven sites around the central Peten (Guatemala) lakes, plus Tipu and Santa Rita Corozal (Belize) and Mayapan (Yucatan, Mexico), were analyzed. Segment dimensions are highly variable, both within and between sites, but appear to have had two modal sizes, rectangular (minimally 12 × 8 mm) and smaller and squarish (around 10–12 mm square). Macanas themselves also may have been made in two sizes, small and large. Although it cannot be proven that the segments were used in Maya macanas, the possibility warrants further study.
{"title":"Macanas in the Postclassic Maya Lowlands? A Preliminary Look","authors":"P. Rice","doi":"10.1080/01977261.2022.2064126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01977261.2022.2064126","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Abundant obsidian prismatic blade segments in late (Late Postclassic/Colonial; ca. AD 1300–1700) lowland Maya lithic assemblages, generally ignored, are evaluated against the possibility that they were used in macanas, broadsword-like weapons resembling the Aztec macuahuitl, as attested by Spanish chroniclers. Measurements of 4,664 segments, proximal, medial, and distal, from seven sites around the central Peten (Guatemala) lakes, plus Tipu and Santa Rita Corozal (Belize) and Mayapan (Yucatan, Mexico), were analyzed. Segment dimensions are highly variable, both within and between sites, but appear to have had two modal sizes, rectangular (minimally 12 × 8 mm) and smaller and squarish (around 10–12 mm square). Macanas themselves also may have been made in two sizes, small and large. Although it cannot be proven that the segments were used in Maya macanas, the possibility warrants further study.","PeriodicalId":45597,"journal":{"name":"Lithic Technology","volume":"47 1","pages":"314 - 327"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46519241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-01DOI: 10.1080/01977261.2022.2058789
Vivek Singh, Shantanu Katiyar
ABSTRACT The central Narmada valley (CNV) is well-known for yielding rich Paleolithic and fossil sites in the Indian Subcontinent. The earliest dated evidence in the CNV is at least 800 Ka old, and out of all Paleolithic technologies, Acheulean is most represented. In the absence of absolute dates, lithic technology has been provisionally used here as a criterion for defining the relative chrono-cultural affinities of the Paleolithic sites. Here, we present the assemblage from Pandado, a newly discovered Acheulean occurrence in the northern part of the valley. This site lies in close proximity to Pilikarar, known for its rich occurrence of Early Acheulean assemblages. Pandado is represented by two lithic localities, which has yielded 279 artifacts from surface and in situ stratified contexts. Typo-technological analysis and comparative data from other Indian Acheulean sites have been used. Based on the results, the data indicates that Pandado is closely associated with Early Acheulean technology.
{"title":"Introducing Pandado: a newly discovered Acheulean site in the central Narmada Valley (CNV), India","authors":"Vivek Singh, Shantanu Katiyar","doi":"10.1080/01977261.2022.2058789","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01977261.2022.2058789","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The central Narmada valley (CNV) is well-known for yielding rich Paleolithic and fossil sites in the Indian Subcontinent. The earliest dated evidence in the CNV is at least 800 Ka old, and out of all Paleolithic technologies, Acheulean is most represented. In the absence of absolute dates, lithic technology has been provisionally used here as a criterion for defining the relative chrono-cultural affinities of the Paleolithic sites. Here, we present the assemblage from Pandado, a newly discovered Acheulean occurrence in the northern part of the valley. This site lies in close proximity to Pilikarar, known for its rich occurrence of Early Acheulean assemblages. Pandado is represented by two lithic localities, which has yielded 279 artifacts from surface and in situ stratified contexts. Typo-technological analysis and comparative data from other Indian Acheulean sites have been used. Based on the results, the data indicates that Pandado is closely associated with Early Acheulean technology.","PeriodicalId":45597,"journal":{"name":"Lithic Technology","volume":"47 1","pages":"296 - 313"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48238110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-16DOI: 10.1080/01977261.2022.2048511
G. Di Maida, Sebastian Hageneuer
ABSTRACT As for every aspect in our daily lives, in the past two decades a digital turn has stormed Archaeology. More specifically, in the field of Palaeolithic research, 3D recording methods are currently starting to become an established standard in the documentation, study and analysis of lithic artefacts. Once made available to public, the DISAPALE project will represent one of the largest 3D-models repository of lithic artefact: after introducing the project, its goals and main characteristics, the paper first contextualizes the specific nature of the blank material in relation to the 3D recording techniques, and then presents a significant example of the workflow that has been implemented during the DISAPALE project and a comparison between 3D models of three objects realized with two different methods, briefly discussing their relative pros and cons.
{"title":"The DISAPALE Project: A New Digital Repository of Lithic and Bone Artefacts","authors":"G. Di Maida, Sebastian Hageneuer","doi":"10.1080/01977261.2022.2048511","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01977261.2022.2048511","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT As for every aspect in our daily lives, in the past two decades a digital turn has stormed Archaeology. More specifically, in the field of Palaeolithic research, 3D recording methods are currently starting to become an established standard in the documentation, study and analysis of lithic artefacts. Once made available to public, the DISAPALE project will represent one of the largest 3D-models repository of lithic artefact: after introducing the project, its goals and main characteristics, the paper first contextualizes the specific nature of the blank material in relation to the 3D recording techniques, and then presents a significant example of the workflow that has been implemented during the DISAPALE project and a comparison between 3D models of three objects realized with two different methods, briefly discussing their relative pros and cons.","PeriodicalId":45597,"journal":{"name":"Lithic Technology","volume":"47 1","pages":"283 - 295"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41450122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-17DOI: 10.1080/01977261.2022.2040139
Ludmila Kaňáková, Jana Mazáčková, V. Nosek, Petr Huta
ABSTRACT Lithic archery projectiles during the short timespan at the end of the Eneolithic period and the beginning of the Bronze Age in Europe have alternately been deemed hunting implements, weapons, or symbolic artefacts. More than 400 projectiles of this period have been analysed in 3D metrics. All but a few are triangular barbed projectiles. Despite differences in size and weight, four types of arrowheads have been identified using 3D shape alone. Experiments to clarify their ballistic behaviour, based on weight, Tip Cross-Sectional Area (TCSA), differences in the shaping of their tips, the height of the cross-section, and cross-sectional asymmetry in distribution of mass were carried out. The 3D data on the projectiles, their wound cavities, and their measured initial and impact velocities were used to verify functional differences and the potential wounding impact.
{"title":"External and Terminal Ballistics of Early Bronze Age Lithic Arrowheads: Experimental Verification","authors":"Ludmila Kaňáková, Jana Mazáčková, V. Nosek, Petr Huta","doi":"10.1080/01977261.2022.2040139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01977261.2022.2040139","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Lithic archery projectiles during the short timespan at the end of the Eneolithic period and the beginning of the Bronze Age in Europe have alternately been deemed hunting implements, weapons, or symbolic artefacts. More than 400 projectiles of this period have been analysed in 3D metrics. All but a few are triangular barbed projectiles. Despite differences in size and weight, four types of arrowheads have been identified using 3D shape alone. Experiments to clarify their ballistic behaviour, based on weight, Tip Cross-Sectional Area (TCSA), differences in the shaping of their tips, the height of the cross-section, and cross-sectional asymmetry in distribution of mass were carried out. The 3D data on the projectiles, their wound cavities, and their measured initial and impact velocities were used to verify functional differences and the potential wounding impact.","PeriodicalId":45597,"journal":{"name":"Lithic Technology","volume":"47 1","pages":"266 - 281"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44783174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-07DOI: 10.1080/01977261.2022.2029286
Claude Chauchat
ABSTRACT On the coast of Peru, early human occupation is represented by the Paiján tradition. As well as the stemmed bifacial projectile points, “limaces” are characteristic of this paleo American lithic complex, in comparison with similar forms of the European Mousterian, a term that has been changed to "uniface" because of the variety of shapes in Paiján assemblages. In contrast with the Mousterian expedient technology, unifaces are highly curated tools that are discarded following repeated sequences of use and resharpening that finally render them non-functional. The discovery of a cache of two little-used unifaces in a bifacial knapping workshop shows the process of reduction to which the unifaces encountered so far have been subjected. Unifaces are generally found in the context of occupations dating from the Pleistocene-Holocene transition (Paleo-American stage) throughout America. Unifaces should be considered as one of the characteristic tool types of this stage, besides the lithic projectile points.
{"title":"Limaces and Unifaces in the Paiján Industry, Peru, and the Early Prehistory of America","authors":"Claude Chauchat","doi":"10.1080/01977261.2022.2029286","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01977261.2022.2029286","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT On the coast of Peru, early human occupation is represented by the Paiján tradition. As well as the stemmed bifacial projectile points, “limaces” are characteristic of this paleo American lithic complex, in comparison with similar forms of the European Mousterian, a term that has been changed to \"uniface\" because of the variety of shapes in Paiján assemblages. In contrast with the Mousterian expedient technology, unifaces are highly curated tools that are discarded following repeated sequences of use and resharpening that finally render them non-functional. The discovery of a cache of two little-used unifaces in a bifacial knapping workshop shows the process of reduction to which the unifaces encountered so far have been subjected. Unifaces are generally found in the context of occupations dating from the Pleistocene-Holocene transition (Paleo-American stage) throughout America. Unifaces should be considered as one of the characteristic tool types of this stage, besides the lithic projectile points.","PeriodicalId":45597,"journal":{"name":"Lithic Technology","volume":"47 1","pages":"231 - 242"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43089961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-04DOI: 10.1080/01977261.2022.2029287
F. Venditti, R. Barkai, S. Cesaro, Aviad Agam
ABSTRACT Recent techno-functional studies of the lithic assemblage of Layer C3 in Late Acheulian Revadim (Israel) have demonstrated the variability in tool production and use in this layer. Here we present the results of a techno-functional and residue analysis of two central categories of artifacts found in Layer C3: side-scrapers and cortical flakes. We investigate the assumed functional link between side-scrapers and scraping activities and examine the question of whether cortical flakes were considered by the Revadim hominins as simple waste products or as useful tools. Our study applies an integrative and multidisciplinary methodology combining experimental archaeology, use-wear and residue analysis, and spectroscopic measurements. Our results show that side-scrapers were used for scraping and mixed activities, mostly on soft-medium and medium materials, while cortical flakes were occasionally used, mostly for cutting. Tool function reconstruction was supported by the morphological, elemental, and chemical characterization of extraordinarily well-preserved residues of animal origin, suggesting their use in butchery. .
{"title":"The Role of Side-Scrapers and Cortical Flakes in Late Acheulian Toolkits: Results of a Techno-functional Analysis from Revadim (Israel)","authors":"F. Venditti, R. Barkai, S. Cesaro, Aviad Agam","doi":"10.1080/01977261.2022.2029287","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01977261.2022.2029287","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Recent techno-functional studies of the lithic assemblage of Layer C3 in Late Acheulian Revadim (Israel) have demonstrated the variability in tool production and use in this layer. Here we present the results of a techno-functional and residue analysis of two central categories of artifacts found in Layer C3: side-scrapers and cortical flakes. We investigate the assumed functional link between side-scrapers and scraping activities and examine the question of whether cortical flakes were considered by the Revadim hominins as simple waste products or as useful tools. Our study applies an integrative and multidisciplinary methodology combining experimental archaeology, use-wear and residue analysis, and spectroscopic measurements. Our results show that side-scrapers were used for scraping and mixed activities, mostly on soft-medium and medium materials, while cortical flakes were occasionally used, mostly for cutting. Tool function reconstruction was supported by the morphological, elemental, and chemical characterization of extraordinarily well-preserved residues of animal origin, suggesting their use in butchery. .","PeriodicalId":45597,"journal":{"name":"Lithic Technology","volume":"47 1","pages":"243 - 265"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45134409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-01DOI: 10.1080/01977261.2022.2029284
D. S. DeForest, R. Lyman
ABSTRACT It has been suggested that a lithic resource’s candidacy for predictability of fracture when knapped, and whether or not a stone has been heat treated, can be assessed by the duration, pitch, and loudness of sound made when a stone is struck. A hammer stone machine held and struck specimens of 16 lithic types. Acoustic information was processed with a Kay Computer Speech Laboratory. Differences exist in sound duration, pitch and loudness between lithic types, un-heat-treated and heat-treated stone, and stone of the same type but of high and of low quality. Heat treated samples conduct sound waves of longer duration than unheated samples, and heat-treated samples’ sounds were louder than un-heat-treated samples. An ancient knapper could use perceptible differences in sound produced by a nodule when tapped with a hammerstone to select or discard nodules or flakes of one lithic type over another based on anticipated predictability of flaking.
{"title":"Characteristics of Lithic Sound to Assess a Rock’s Predictability of Flaking","authors":"D. S. DeForest, R. Lyman","doi":"10.1080/01977261.2022.2029284","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01977261.2022.2029284","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT It has been suggested that a lithic resource’s candidacy for predictability of fracture when knapped, and whether or not a stone has been heat treated, can be assessed by the duration, pitch, and loudness of sound made when a stone is struck. A hammer stone machine held and struck specimens of 16 lithic types. Acoustic information was processed with a Kay Computer Speech Laboratory. Differences exist in sound duration, pitch and loudness between lithic types, un-heat-treated and heat-treated stone, and stone of the same type but of high and of low quality. Heat treated samples conduct sound waves of longer duration than unheated samples, and heat-treated samples’ sounds were louder than un-heat-treated samples. An ancient knapper could use perceptible differences in sound produced by a nodule when tapped with a hammerstone to select or discard nodules or flakes of one lithic type over another based on anticipated predictability of flaking.","PeriodicalId":45597,"journal":{"name":"Lithic Technology","volume":"47 1","pages":"221 - 230"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45031858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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