Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have significantly disrupted the aviation industry. As technology and policy continue to develop, this disruption is only going to increase in magnitude. A specific technology poised to escalate this disruption is UAV swarm. UAV swarm has the potential to distribute tasks and coordinate operation of many UAVs with little to no operator intervention. This paper surveys literature regarding UAV swarm and proposes a swarm architecture that will allow for higher levels of swarm autonomy and reliability by utilizing cellular mobile wireless communication infrastructure. This paper chronicles initial testbed development to meet this proposed architecture. Focused development of UAV swarms with UAV-to-UAV communication autonomous coordination ability is central to advancing the utility of UAV swarms. The use of cellular mobile framework alleviates many limiting factors that hinder the utility of UAVs including range of communication, networking challenges, and size-weight-and-power considerations. In addition, cellular networks leverage a robust and reliable infrastructure for machine to machine communication proposed by 5G systems.
{"title":"UAV swarm communication and control architectures: a review","authors":"Mitch Campion, P. Ranganathan, S. Faruque","doi":"10.1139/JUVS-2018-0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/JUVS-2018-0009","url":null,"abstract":"Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have significantly disrupted the aviation industry. As technology and policy continue to develop, this disruption is only going to increase in magnitude. A specific technology poised to escalate this disruption is UAV swarm. UAV swarm has the potential to distribute tasks and coordinate operation of many UAVs with little to no operator intervention. This paper surveys literature regarding UAV swarm and proposes a swarm architecture that will allow for higher levels of swarm autonomy and reliability by utilizing cellular mobile wireless communication infrastructure. This paper chronicles initial testbed development to meet this proposed architecture. Focused development of UAV swarms with UAV-to-UAV communication autonomous coordination ability is central to advancing the utility of UAV swarms. The use of cellular mobile framework alleviates many limiting factors that hinder the utility of UAVs including range of communication, networking challenges, and size-weight-and-power considerations. In addition, cellular networks leverage a robust and reliable infrastructure for machine to machine communication proposed by 5G systems.","PeriodicalId":45619,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Unmanned Vehicle Systems","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1139/JUVS-2018-0009","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44933818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Multi-crop recognition is a highly nonlinear task in nature as it involves many dynamic factors to address. In this paper, a decision tree based approach is presented to classify and recognize 17 different crops. High spatial and temporal normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) signatures were extracted from multispectral imagery using a multispectral sensor onboard the quadrotor. Detailed datasets were prepared through sampling based on normal distribution with different standard deviations. The impact of reduced dimensions was also tested using principal component analysis. A very high degree of accuracy was achieved for classification. The results also indicate that NDVIs pertaining to early-to-mid season have much more weight in the classification process for multiple crops.
{"title":"Multi-crop recognition using UAV-based high-resolution NDVI time-series","authors":"M. Latif","doi":"10.1139/JUVS-2018-0036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/JUVS-2018-0036","url":null,"abstract":"Multi-crop recognition is a highly nonlinear task in nature as it involves many dynamic factors to address. In this paper, a decision tree based approach is presented to classify and recognize 17 different crops. High spatial and temporal normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) signatures were extracted from multispectral imagery using a multispectral sensor onboard the quadrotor. Detailed datasets were prepared through sampling based on normal distribution with different standard deviations. The impact of reduced dimensions was also tested using principal component analysis. A very high degree of accuracy was achieved for classification. The results also indicate that NDVIs pertaining to early-to-mid season have much more weight in the classification process for multiple crops.","PeriodicalId":45619,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Unmanned Vehicle Systems","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2019-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1139/JUVS-2018-0036","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49193196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Spatial proximity is an important metric in cattle behaviour, which is used to study social structure, dyadic relationships, as well as grazing and maternal behaviours. We developed an efficient, novel, non-invasive method to quantify the spatial proximity of beef cattle by using UAV-based image acquisition and photogrammetric analysis. Orthomosaics constructed by images obtained from UAVs were used to measure, with an accuracy of ±1.96 m (95% likelihood), the inter-individual distances between cows and calves. Aerial videos of the calves and their dams, held in a 5 ha pasture, were made over four days using UAVs. We used two UAVs to video-capture the following: (i) the location of all individuals (UAV flown at 100 m) and (ii) the identity of cow–calf pairs (UAV flown at 15–30 m). Still-images extracted from the UAV-acquired video screenshots were used to produce orthomosaics. The orthomosaics captured all the cows and calves in a single image, from which we measured the distance between related and non-related cow–calf pairs. This UAV-based orthomosaic method clearly showed that members of related pairs were closer than non-related ones, and that the distance was greater in the evening, demonstrating the utility of UAVs to accurately measure cattle spatial proximity.
{"title":"Use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and photogrammetric image analysis to quantify spatial proximity in beef cattle","authors":"J. T. Mufford, D. Hill, N. Flood, J. Church","doi":"10.1139/JUVS-2018-0025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/JUVS-2018-0025","url":null,"abstract":"Spatial proximity is an important metric in cattle behaviour, which is used to study social structure, dyadic relationships, as well as grazing and maternal behaviours. We developed an efficient, novel, non-invasive method to quantify the spatial proximity of beef cattle by using UAV-based image acquisition and photogrammetric analysis. Orthomosaics constructed by images obtained from UAVs were used to measure, with an accuracy of ±1.96 m (95% likelihood), the inter-individual distances between cows and calves. Aerial videos of the calves and their dams, held in a 5 ha pasture, were made over four days using UAVs. We used two UAVs to video-capture the following: (i) the location of all individuals (UAV flown at 100 m) and (ii) the identity of cow–calf pairs (UAV flown at 15–30 m). Still-images extracted from the UAV-acquired video screenshots were used to produce orthomosaics. The orthomosaics captured all the cows and calves in a single image, from which we measured the distance between related and non-related cow–calf pairs. This UAV-based orthomosaic method clearly showed that members of related pairs were closer than non-related ones, and that the distance was greater in the evening, demonstrating the utility of UAVs to accurately measure cattle spatial proximity.","PeriodicalId":45619,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Unmanned Vehicle Systems","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2019-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1139/JUVS-2018-0025","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41667262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Claire Burke, M. Rashman, S. Longmore, O. McAree, Paul Glover-Kapfer, M. Ancrenaz, S. Wich
We investigated the efficacy of a drone equipped with a thermal camera as a potential survey tool to detect wild Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus) and other tropical primates. Using the thermal camera we successfully detected 41 orangutans and a troop of proboscis monkeys, all of which were confirmed by ground observers. We discuss the potential advantages and limitations of thermal-equipped drones as a tool to complement other methods, and the potential of this technology for use as a future survey tool.
{"title":"Successful observation of orangutans in the wild with thermal-equipped drones","authors":"Claire Burke, M. Rashman, S. Longmore, O. McAree, Paul Glover-Kapfer, M. Ancrenaz, S. Wich","doi":"10.1139/JUVS-2018-0035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/JUVS-2018-0035","url":null,"abstract":"We investigated the efficacy of a drone equipped with a thermal camera as a potential survey tool to detect wild Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus) and other tropical primates. Using the thermal camera we successfully detected 41 orangutans and a troop of proboscis monkeys, all of which were confirmed by ground observers. We discuss the potential advantages and limitations of thermal-equipped drones as a tool to complement other methods, and the potential of this technology for use as a future survey tool.","PeriodicalId":45619,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Unmanned Vehicle Systems","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2019-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1139/JUVS-2018-0035","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64806839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The following paper presents several array processing techniques that may be used to enhance the localization of acoustic source targets, such as UAVs. A review of common methods is first provided, followed by several algorithms developed to reduce computational loads for the application of concern. A beamforming method is proposed that exploits the properties of harmonic narrowband signals, such as that generated by propeller-driven aircraft to enhance direction of arrival accuracy. In addition, a regional contraction search algorithm is proposed to minimize computational loads associated with the presented localization technique. A brief comparison of the proposed method to that of standard frequency domain beamformers is also provided using both theoretical analysis and experimental data. For the case of target localization between two moving fixed-wing UAVs, it was found that the proposed harmonic spectral beamforming method increased localization accuracy by 50% over the standard steered response power approach.
{"title":"A harmonic spectral beamformer for the enhanced localization of propeller-driven aircraft","authors":"B. Harvey, S. O'Young","doi":"10.1139/JUVS-2018-0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/JUVS-2018-0011","url":null,"abstract":"The following paper presents several array processing techniques that may be used to enhance the localization of acoustic source targets, such as UAVs. A review of common methods is first provided, followed by several algorithms developed to reduce computational loads for the application of concern. A beamforming method is proposed that exploits the properties of harmonic narrowband signals, such as that generated by propeller-driven aircraft to enhance direction of arrival accuracy. In addition, a regional contraction search algorithm is proposed to minimize computational loads associated with the presented localization technique. A brief comparison of the proposed method to that of standard frequency domain beamformers is also provided using both theoretical analysis and experimental data. For the case of target localization between two moving fixed-wing UAVs, it was found that the proposed harmonic spectral beamforming method increased localization accuracy by 50% over the standard steered response power approach.","PeriodicalId":45619,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Unmanned Vehicle Systems","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2019-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1139/JUVS-2018-0011","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43587717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Timotius Kartawijaya, Edwin Townsend, K. Tully, Paul A. Isihara, Danilo R. Diedrichs, Gabriel Flores, Chaojun Shi, Jonathan Ward
With increased development of unmanned aerial vehicle technology and its application during humanitarian response to emergencies, the issue of smart navigation as a better alternative to manual operators is becoming increasingly significant. In response to a SmartAmerica initiative to design life-saving cyber-physical systems, a prototype Smart Emergency Response System (SERS) was developed in 2013–2014 to coordinate futuristic disaster response by cyber agents including ground and aerial telerobots and biobots. A more immediate application of the SERS system is simulation of quadcopter response to 911 police and fire requests. Tailoring parameters to specific locations, simulations inform decisions about effective quadcopter fleet size and quantify improved operator cost efficiency of a smart-navigated response.
{"title":"Is now the time to invest in emergency smart-navigated multiple-response quadcopter fleets?","authors":"Timotius Kartawijaya, Edwin Townsend, K. Tully, Paul A. Isihara, Danilo R. Diedrichs, Gabriel Flores, Chaojun Shi, Jonathan Ward","doi":"10.1139/JUVS-2017-0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/JUVS-2017-0017","url":null,"abstract":"With increased development of unmanned aerial vehicle technology and its application during humanitarian response to emergencies, the issue of smart navigation as a better alternative to manual operators is becoming increasingly significant. In response to a SmartAmerica initiative to design life-saving cyber-physical systems, a prototype Smart Emergency Response System (SERS) was developed in 2013–2014 to coordinate futuristic disaster response by cyber agents including ground and aerial telerobots and biobots. A more immediate application of the SERS system is simulation of quadcopter response to 911 police and fire requests. Tailoring parameters to specific locations, simulations inform decisions about effective quadcopter fleet size and quantify improved operator cost efficiency of a smart-navigated response.","PeriodicalId":45619,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Unmanned Vehicle Systems","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2019-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1139/JUVS-2017-0017","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46988647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Connor McAnuff, C. Samson, D. Melanson, C. Polowick, E. Bethell
Structural mapping of rock walls to determine fracture orientation provides critical geological information in support of mining operations. A helicopter-style UAS (rotor diameter 2 m; take-off mass 35 kg; payload mass 11 kg) instrumented with a high-resolution LiDAR imaged a 75 m long and 10–15 m high series of four adjacent rock walls at the Canadian Wollastonite mine. A point cloud with a density of 484 point/m2 acquired at an angle of incidence of ∼41.7° from a flight altitude of 41.7 m above ground level was selected for structural mapping. The point cloud was first meshed using the Poisson surface reconstruction method and then remeshed to achieve an even element size distribution. Visualization of the remeshed Poisson mesh using a 360° hue–saturation–lightness colour wheel highlighted areas of higher fracture density, whereas visualization using a 180° colour wheel accentuated sliver-like geological features. Two joint sets were identified at 156/82 and 241/86 (strike/dip in degrees). A total of 18 virtual strike measurements and 13 virtual dip measurements were within 10% of manual compass measurements. This study demonstrated that the task of structural mapping of large rock walls can be automated by processing 3D images acquired with a LiDAR mounted on a UAS.
{"title":"Structural mapping of rock walls imaged with a LiDAR mounted on an unmanned aircraft system","authors":"Connor McAnuff, C. Samson, D. Melanson, C. Polowick, E. Bethell","doi":"10.1139/JUVS-2018-0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/JUVS-2018-0015","url":null,"abstract":"Structural mapping of rock walls to determine fracture orientation provides critical geological information in support of mining operations. A helicopter-style UAS (rotor diameter 2 m; take-off mass 35 kg; payload mass 11 kg) instrumented with a high-resolution LiDAR imaged a 75 m long and 10–15 m high series of four adjacent rock walls at the Canadian Wollastonite mine. A point cloud with a density of 484 point/m2 acquired at an angle of incidence of ∼41.7° from a flight altitude of 41.7 m above ground level was selected for structural mapping. The point cloud was first meshed using the Poisson surface reconstruction method and then remeshed to achieve an even element size distribution. Visualization of the remeshed Poisson mesh using a 360° hue–saturation–lightness colour wheel highlighted areas of higher fracture density, whereas visualization using a 180° colour wheel accentuated sliver-like geological features. Two joint sets were identified at 156/82 and 241/86 (strike/dip in degrees). A total of 18 virtual strike measurements and 13 virtual dip measurements were within 10% of manual compass measurements. This study demonstrated that the task of structural mapping of large rock walls can be automated by processing 3D images acquired with a LiDAR mounted on a UAS.","PeriodicalId":45619,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Unmanned Vehicle Systems","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1139/JUVS-2018-0015","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47015307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wildfires erupt annually around the world causing serious loss of life and property damage. Despite the rapid progress of science and technology, there are no effective means to forecast wildfires. Various wildfire monitoring systems are deployed in different countries, most depend on photos or videos to identify features of wildfire after the first outbreak, while the delay of confirmation varies with technology. An autonomous forest wildfire early warning system is presented in this paper, which employs a state-of-the-art unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) to fly around a forest regularly according to established routes and strict procedures, to collect environmental data from sensors installed on trees, to monitor and predict wildfire, then provide early warning before eruption if a danger emerges. Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) is employed to exchange data between UAV and the host of sensors. The collected monitoring data, such as temperature and humidity, is effective to reflect the real condition of the forest, which could result in early warning of wildfires. The application of this system in the environment will enhance the ability of wildfire prediction for the community.
{"title":"Wildfire early warning system based on wireless sensors and unmanned aerial vehicle","authors":"Songsheng Li","doi":"10.1139/JUVS-2018-0022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/JUVS-2018-0022","url":null,"abstract":"Wildfires erupt annually around the world causing serious loss of life and property damage. Despite the rapid progress of science and technology, there are no effective means to forecast wildfires. Various wildfire monitoring systems are deployed in different countries, most depend on photos or videos to identify features of wildfire after the first outbreak, while the delay of confirmation varies with technology. An autonomous forest wildfire early warning system is presented in this paper, which employs a state-of-the-art unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) to fly around a forest regularly according to established routes and strict procedures, to collect environmental data from sensors installed on trees, to monitor and predict wildfire, then provide early warning before eruption if a danger emerges. Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) is employed to exchange data between UAV and the host of sensors. The collected monitoring data, such as temperature and humidity, is effective to reflect the real condition of the forest, which could result in early warning of wildfires. The application of this system in the environment will enhance the ability of wildfire prediction for the community.","PeriodicalId":45619,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Unmanned Vehicle Systems","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1139/JUVS-2018-0022","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42415677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Rice, S. Winter, Rian Mehta, J. Keebler, Bradley S. Baugh, Emily C. Anania, Mattie N. Milner
Due to the frequent lack of ambulances and personnel, the purpose of this study was to examine consumers’ willingness to ride in an ambulance that was either driven by a human driver or completely automated (with no human driver) based on the gender of the participant and their nationality, either Indian or American. A two-study experimental design was utilized using over 1000 participants. In study 1, the length of the ride and the type of driver were manipulated, while in study 2, the length of the ride was manipulated across genders and nationality. Study 2 also collected affect measures to complete a mediation analysis. The findings indicate that consumers’ willingness to ride was significantly lower for longer rides when using the automated ambulance. There were significant interactions between nationality and gender and nationality, gender, and length of the ride. Affect was found to significantly mediate the relationship between willingness to ride and both nationality and gender. These findings are discussed in greater detail, along with recommendations for future research and limitations to the study.
{"title":"Does length of ride, gender, or nationality affect willingness to ride in a driverless ambulance?","authors":"S. Rice, S. Winter, Rian Mehta, J. Keebler, Bradley S. Baugh, Emily C. Anania, Mattie N. Milner","doi":"10.1139/JUVS-2017-0027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/JUVS-2017-0027","url":null,"abstract":"Due to the frequent lack of ambulances and personnel, the purpose of this study was to examine consumers’ willingness to ride in an ambulance that was either driven by a human driver or completely automated (with no human driver) based on the gender of the participant and their nationality, either Indian or American. A two-study experimental design was utilized using over 1000 participants. In study 1, the length of the ride and the type of driver were manipulated, while in study 2, the length of the ride was manipulated across genders and nationality. Study 2 also collected affect measures to complete a mediation analysis. The findings indicate that consumers’ willingness to ride was significantly lower for longer rides when using the automated ambulance. There were significant interactions between nationality and gender and nationality, gender, and length of the ride. Affect was found to significantly mediate the relationship between willingness to ride and both nationality and gender. These findings are discussed in greater detail, along with recommendations for future research and limitations to the study.","PeriodicalId":45619,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Unmanned Vehicle Systems","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1139/JUVS-2017-0027","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47711570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The purpose of this study is the photogrammetric survey of a forested area using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), and the estimation of the digital terrain model (DTM) of the area, based on the photogrammetrically produced digital surface model (DSM). Furthermore, through the classification of the height difference between a DSM and a DTM, a vegetation height model is estimated, and a vegetation type map is produced. Finally, the generated DTM was used in a hydrological analysis study to determine its suitability compared to the usage of the DSM. The selected study area was the forest of Seih-Sou (Thessaloniki). The DTM extraction methodology applies classification and filtering of point clouds, and aims to produce a surface model including only terrain points (DTM). The method yielded a DTM that functioned satisfactorily as a basis for the hydrological analysis. Also, by classifying the DSM–DTM difference, a vegetation height model was generated. For the photogrammetric survey, 495 aerial images were used, taken by a UAV from a height of ∼200 m. A total of 44 ground control points were measured with an accuracy of 5 cm. The accuracy of the aerial triangulation was approximately 13 cm. The produced dense point cloud, counted 146 593 725 points.
{"title":"Photogrammetric surveying forests and woodlands with UAVs: techniques for automatic removal of vegetation and digital terrain model production for hydrological applications","authors":"Fotis Giagkas, P. Patias, C. Georgiadis","doi":"10.1139/JUVS-2016-0023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/JUVS-2016-0023","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this study is the photogrammetric survey of a forested area using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), and the estimation of the digital terrain model (DTM) of the area, based on the photogrammetrically produced digital surface model (DSM). Furthermore, through the classification of the height difference between a DSM and a DTM, a vegetation height model is estimated, and a vegetation type map is produced. Finally, the generated DTM was used in a hydrological analysis study to determine its suitability compared to the usage of the DSM. The selected study area was the forest of Seih-Sou (Thessaloniki). The DTM extraction methodology applies classification and filtering of point clouds, and aims to produce a surface model including only terrain points (DTM). The method yielded a DTM that functioned satisfactorily as a basis for the hydrological analysis. Also, by classifying the DSM–DTM difference, a vegetation height model was generated. For the photogrammetric survey, 495 aerial images were used, taken by a UAV from a height of ∼200 m. A total of 44 ground control points were measured with an accuracy of 5 cm. The accuracy of the aerial triangulation was approximately 13 cm. The produced dense point cloud, counted 146 593 725 points.","PeriodicalId":45619,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Unmanned Vehicle Systems","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1139/JUVS-2016-0023","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43608465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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