This article reports on a project conducted from 1999--2006 that involved a substantial collaboration between South African and U.S. universities to build human capacity for the knowledge-intensive global economy through geographically distributed collaborative learning. The project used a highly interactive, rich media, synchronous and asynchronous learning environment to foster U.S.--South Africa student team learning. Particular attention was paid to the use of commercially available Web-based collaboration technologies that work well in both developed and developing country university settings. The study had one overarching research question: Can universities in developing as well as developed countries use a suite of commercially available Web-based collaboration technologies to successfully deliver an advanced global graduate seminar? Data for the study came from narrative evaluations and post-hoc surveys of student participants. Focusing on providing a model that can be used in disparate multidisciplinary and university settings, the article highlights both the technologies and the pedagogy that recognize cultural differences and cross-national collaborative opportunities in university settings.
{"title":"Teaching globalization, globally: A 7-year case study of south africa--u.s. virtual teams","authors":"D. Cogburn, Nanette S. Levinson","doi":"10.1162/ITID.2008.00018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/ITID.2008.00018","url":null,"abstract":"This article reports on a project conducted from 1999--2006 that involved a substantial collaboration between South African and U.S. universities to build human capacity for the knowledge-intensive global economy through geographically distributed collaborative learning. The project used a highly interactive, rich media, synchronous and asynchronous learning environment to foster U.S.--South Africa student team learning. Particular attention was paid to the use of commercially available Web-based collaboration technologies that work well in both developed and developing country university settings. The study had one overarching research question: Can universities in developing as well as developed countries use a suite of commercially available Web-based collaboration technologies to successfully deliver an advanced global graduate seminar? Data for the study came from narrative evaluations and post-hoc surveys of student participants. Focusing on providing a model that can be used in disparate multidisciplinary and university settings, the article highlights both the technologies and the pedagogy that recognize cultural differences and cross-national collaborative opportunities in university settings.","PeriodicalId":45625,"journal":{"name":"Information Technologies & International Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64557133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"User-centered design considered harmful1 (with apologies to edsger dijkstra, niklaus wirth, and don norman)","authors":"A. Dearden","doi":"10.1162/ITID.2008.00013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/ITID.2008.00013","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45625,"journal":{"name":"Information Technologies & International Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64557481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Knowledge is an important driver of development. As the production and dissemination of knowledge become increasingly mediated by the Internet, the Internet presence and connectivity of researchers are becoming more valid than the conventionally used publication-and citation-based indicators. This article presents a methodology that includes the use of the Google Scholar search engine to locate knowledgeable individuals in Asia in a policy-relevant field, paying particular attention to locating researchers in developing countries or in nonacademic settings in Asia. Internet presence is not a guarantee of quality. Increasingly sophisticaticated search engines offer viable means of assessing research quality and enable us to measure the connectivity of researchers on the Internet. Although the focus of the research is information and communication technology infrastructure reform in East, Southeast, and South Asia, the method can be used to assess knowledge capacity and locate knowledgeable individuals in any field.
{"title":"Internet presence as knowledge capacity: The case of research in information and communication technology infrastructure reform","authors":"Sujata Gamage, R. Samarajiva","doi":"10.1162/ITID.2008.00019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/ITID.2008.00019","url":null,"abstract":"Knowledge is an important driver of development. As the production and dissemination of knowledge become increasingly mediated by the Internet, the Internet presence and connectivity of researchers are becoming more valid than the conventionally used publication-and citation-based indicators. This article presents a methodology that includes the use of the Google Scholar search engine to locate knowledgeable individuals in Asia in a policy-relevant field, paying particular attention to locating researchers in developing countries or in nonacademic settings in Asia. Internet presence is not a guarantee of quality. Increasingly sophisticaticated search engines offer viable means of assessing research quality and enable us to measure the connectivity of researchers on the Internet. Although the focus of the research is information and communication technology infrastructure reform in East, Southeast, and South Asia, the method can be used to assess knowledge capacity and locate knowledgeable individuals in any field.","PeriodicalId":45625,"journal":{"name":"Information Technologies & International Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64557145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
During the past few months, your editors have been taking part in the launch of a 5-year study, supported by the International Development Research Centre (IDRC) (of Canada) and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, investigating the social and economic impact of public access to information and communication technology (IPAI).1 Many researchers are involved, at institutions ranging from the University of Washington and IIIT Bangalore to Lirne.net to our own universities. Current country research teams in Chile, Bangladesh, and Lithuania will soon be joined by others in several other countries. At this formative stage of the project, our discussions have focused on coming up with a systematic assessment approach.
{"title":"Assessing the impact of public access to icts","authors":"F. Bar, M. Best","doi":"10.1162/ITID.2008.00011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/ITID.2008.00011","url":null,"abstract":"During the past few months, your editors have been taking part in the launch of a 5-year study, supported by the International Development Research Centre (IDRC) (of Canada) and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, investigating the social and economic impact of public access to information and communication technology (IPAI).1 Many researchers are involved, at institutions ranging from the University of Washington and IIIT Bangalore to Lirne.net to our own universities. Current country research teams in Chile, Bangladesh, and Lithuania will soon be joined by others in several other countries. At this formative stage of the project, our discussions have focused on coming up with a systematic assessment approach.","PeriodicalId":45625,"journal":{"name":"Information Technologies & International Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64557423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The last decade has seen an incredible expansion in access to ICTs, as well as an explosion in applications. Driving this revolution have been new disruptive technologies exploited by new business models, in turn enabled by policy and regulatory reforms. The technologies driving change in the next decade may well encourage a further blurring of the line between access, industries and applications, leading to new challenges for the sustainability of existing business models and policy and regulatory environments going forward.
{"title":"The next decade of ict development: Access, applications, and the forces of convergence1","authors":"Mohsen Khalil, C. Kenny","doi":"10.1162/ITID.2008.00012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/ITID.2008.00012","url":null,"abstract":"The last decade has seen an incredible expansion in access to ICTs, as well as an explosion in applications. Driving this revolution have been new disruptive technologies exploited by new business models, in turn enabled by policy and regulatory reforms. The technologies driving change in the next decade may well encourage a further blurring of the line between access, industries and applications, leading to new challenges for the sustainability of existing business models and policy and regulatory environments going forward.","PeriodicalId":45625,"journal":{"name":"Information Technologies & International Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64557436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In 1992 the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) arst highlighted technology as a tool for human development, and the more recent Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) have recognized the important role that ICT can play in the aght against global poverty and as an effective tool to help achieve the MDGs (Information and Communication Technology for Development, UNDP). Furthermore, nearly all national governments have addressed technology in some fashion as a national imperative for sustainable development. Heeks (2008) has noted that the construction of the Internet and the MDGs gave rise to what he has called ICT4D 1.0, the arst phase of a process to link ICTs with development goals by implementing technology as a tool for development, usually in the form of telecenters, and creating ICT access for the poor. Women’s empowerment is also thematic as a policy initiative to promote development. Gender is considered a cross-cutting theme of the MDGs, and the afth goal calls for gender equality and the empowerment of women. ICTs, as stated by the 2003 World Summit on the Information Society in Geneva, are a key tool to promote this empowerment. The previous issue of this journal (Volume 4, Issue 2) presented several successful projects and research andings in the area of ICTs, women, and development. To follow up and expand on this important area of IT and development, this paper suggests two approaches, rather than one, for conceptualizing ICTs and the empowerment of women. In the arst two sections of the paper we argue that a distinction can and should be made between women as users and as producers of ICTs. We follow this with a brief review of how this might apply to Latin America, providing policy and research suggestions for this region as well as other developing regions of the world.
{"title":"Female empowerment and development in latin america: Use versus production of information and communications technology","authors":"M. Parmentier, S. Huyer","doi":"10.1162/ITID.2008.00014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/ITID.2008.00014","url":null,"abstract":"In 1992 the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) arst highlighted technology as a tool for human development, and the more recent Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) have recognized the important role that ICT can play in the aght against global poverty and as an effective tool to help achieve the MDGs (Information and Communication Technology for Development, UNDP). Furthermore, nearly all national governments have addressed technology in some fashion as a national imperative for sustainable development. Heeks (2008) has noted that the construction of the Internet and the MDGs gave rise to what he has called ICT4D 1.0, the arst phase of a process to link ICTs with development goals by implementing technology as a tool for development, usually in the form of telecenters, and creating ICT access for the poor. Women’s empowerment is also thematic as a policy initiative to promote development. Gender is considered a cross-cutting theme of the MDGs, and the afth goal calls for gender equality and the empowerment of women. ICTs, as stated by the 2003 World Summit on the Information Society in Geneva, are a key tool to promote this empowerment. The previous issue of this journal (Volume 4, Issue 2) presented several successful projects and research andings in the area of ICTs, women, and development. To follow up and expand on this important area of IT and development, this paper suggests two approaches, rather than one, for conceptualizing ICTs and the empowerment of women. In the arst two sections of the paper we argue that a distinction can and should be made between women as users and as producers of ICTs. We follow this with a brief review of how this might apply to Latin America, providing policy and research suggestions for this region as well as other developing regions of the world.","PeriodicalId":45625,"journal":{"name":"Information Technologies & International Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64557490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Issues related to the gender digital divide have been prominent in discussions of the information society. However, the paucity of statistical data on the subject makes it difficult, if not impossible, to make the case for the inclusion of gender issues in ICT policies, plans, and strategies to policymakers, particularly those in developing countries. This paper surveys available gender ICT statistics and indicators and makes recommendations for filling the gaps that exist. Few gender ICT statistics are available because many governments do not collect ICT statistics consistently and regularly, and rarely are the data disaggregated by sex. The best practices are generally found in developed countries, with most developing countries lagging behind. Recent work that sheds light on women, gender, and the information society includes a major six-country study on the gender digital divide in francophone countries of West Africa and Orbicom's 2005 research on women in the information society. Although major composite ICT indices do not publish gender and ICT statistics, the potential remains for them to do so, and some indices encourage others to enrich their work with gender data.
{"title":"Women and gender in ict statistics and indicators for development","authors":"N. Hafkin, S. Huyer","doi":"10.1162/ITID.2008.00006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/ITID.2008.00006","url":null,"abstract":"Issues related to the gender digital divide have been prominent in discussions of the information society. However, the paucity of statistical data on the subject makes it difficult, if not impossible, to make the case for the inclusion of gender issues in ICT policies, plans, and strategies to policymakers, particularly those in developing countries. This paper surveys available gender ICT statistics and indicators and makes recommendations for filling the gaps that exist. Few gender ICT statistics are available because many governments do not collect ICT statistics consistently and regularly, and rarely are the data disaggregated by sex. The best practices are generally found in developed countries, with most developing countries lagging behind. Recent work that sheds light on women, gender, and the information society includes a major six-country study on the gender digital divide in francophone countries of West Africa and Orbicom's 2005 research on women in the information society. Although major composite ICT indices do not publish gender and ICT statistics, the potential remains for them to do so, and some indices encourage others to enrich their work with gender data.","PeriodicalId":45625,"journal":{"name":"Information Technologies & International Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64557279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This is a case study of whether and how the information society empowers women at two sites in rural Morocco, where mostly illiterate women sell the rugs they weave on the Internet. It examines both beneats and constraints, which include the women’s illiteracy and lack of net skills in addition to the lack of village Internet connections. Among the beneats is a worldwide market with increased sales through which women rather than middlemen obtain more of the proats generated by their work; these proats are used mainly to support the family or for children’s education and sometimes for community projects. Thus women gain some degree of empowerment. This article discusses what that empowerment means and its implications. Although widely used, the concept of empowerment is often not clearly deaned. I examine ways in which this Moroccan ICT project empowers local people (i.e., whether it gives them more choices in and control over their lives, including access to resources, more agency, and achievements) (Kabeer, 1999; The World Bank Group, 2005), in both the individual beneat and collective, or condition-altering, senses (Young, 1997). There are widespread stereotypes about the relation of Islam to gender and power. In these, men hold all authority and women must submit to their will; men are fully empowered to control their own lives and the lives of others, and women have no power at all. This, in fact, is not true for Morocco (Davis, 1983), nor is it true for other Muslim countries. Within both Morocco and the Arab world, women’s individual and collective levels of empowerment vary. For example, women cannot drive nor go out without being fully covered in Saudi Arabia, whereas Moroccan women can both drive and dress as they wish. In Morocco one often sees a girl in hijab or modest dress, with her hair covered, walking hand in hand with her friend who has oowing tresses and is wearing snug blue jeans. There is also regional variation: a middle class young urban woman would usually have more say in choosing her future spouse than would her rural Moroccan cousin. One ands such degrees of variation within all Muslim countries. One source of stereotypes of Muslim women’s powerlessness is the lack of accurate information on their lives, at least until relatively recently. Past observations were often by outsiders, usually males, for whom Muslim women are expected to literally or aguratively disappear (i.e., serving guests silently and with downcast eyes). This was interpreted as demonstrating their utter submission to males. But we now have a plethora of information from women, from their own cultures, or from others who live with them. These accounts provide a much richer and more realistic picture of Muslim women’s roles—roles in which they have various kinds of power in various domains.
{"title":"Empowering women weavers? the internet in rural morocco","authors":"S. Davis","doi":"10.1162/ITID.2008.00005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/ITID.2008.00005","url":null,"abstract":"This is a case study of whether and how the information society empowers women at two sites in rural Morocco, where mostly illiterate women sell the rugs they weave on the Internet. It examines both beneats and constraints, which include the women’s illiteracy and lack of net skills in addition to the lack of village Internet connections. Among the beneats is a worldwide market with increased sales through which women rather than middlemen obtain more of the proats generated by their work; these proats are used mainly to support the family or for children’s education and sometimes for community projects. Thus women gain some degree of empowerment. This article discusses what that empowerment means and its implications. Although widely used, the concept of empowerment is often not clearly deaned. I examine ways in which this Moroccan ICT project empowers local people (i.e., whether it gives them more choices in and control over their lives, including access to resources, more agency, and achievements) (Kabeer, 1999; The World Bank Group, 2005), in both the individual beneat and collective, or condition-altering, senses (Young, 1997). There are widespread stereotypes about the relation of Islam to gender and power. In these, men hold all authority and women must submit to their will; men are fully empowered to control their own lives and the lives of others, and women have no power at all. This, in fact, is not true for Morocco (Davis, 1983), nor is it true for other Muslim countries. Within both Morocco and the Arab world, women’s individual and collective levels of empowerment vary. For example, women cannot drive nor go out without being fully covered in Saudi Arabia, whereas Moroccan women can both drive and dress as they wish. In Morocco one often sees a girl in hijab or modest dress, with her hair covered, walking hand in hand with her friend who has oowing tresses and is wearing snug blue jeans. There is also regional variation: a middle class young urban woman would usually have more say in choosing her future spouse than would her rural Moroccan cousin. One ands such degrees of variation within all Muslim countries. One source of stereotypes of Muslim women’s powerlessness is the lack of accurate information on their lives, at least until relatively recently. Past observations were often by outsiders, usually males, for whom Muslim women are expected to literally or aguratively disappear (i.e., serving guests silently and with downcast eyes). This was interpreted as demonstrating their utter submission to males. But we now have a plethora of information from women, from their own cultures, or from others who live with them. These accounts provide a much richer and more realistic picture of Muslim women’s roles—roles in which they have various kinds of power in various domains.","PeriodicalId":45625,"journal":{"name":"Information Technologies & International Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64557270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Caroline J. Tolbert, K. Mossberger, Bridgett A. King, G. Miller
Although the gender gap online has narrowed in the United States, little research on technology access and use has examined the different experiences of women---particularly the interaction between gender, race/ethnicity, and poverty. Using the most recent comprehensive survey of technology use and access, the 2003 Current Population Survey, we find new evidence of diminishing gender disparities overall, differences between African--American women and Latinas in the factors that influence technology access and use, and some indications that minority women outpace their male peers online. However, substantial disadvantages for minority women remain, driven by inequalities in education and income. We find evidence that while there is virtually no gender gap in technology access between White men and women, there is a gender divide among minority populations, but women are not unilaterally disadvantaged.
{"title":"Are all american women making progress online? african--americans and latinas","authors":"Caroline J. Tolbert, K. Mossberger, Bridgett A. King, G. Miller","doi":"10.1162/ITID.2008.00008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/ITID.2008.00008","url":null,"abstract":"Although the gender gap online has narrowed in the United States, little research on technology access and use has examined the different experiences of women---particularly the interaction between gender, race/ethnicity, and poverty. Using the most recent comprehensive survey of technology use and access, the 2003 Current Population Survey, we find new evidence of diminishing gender disparities overall, differences between African--American women and Latinas in the factors that influence technology access and use, and some indications that minority women outpace their male peers online. However, substantial disadvantages for minority women remain, driven by inequalities in education and income. We find evidence that while there is virtually no gender gap in technology access between White men and women, there is a gender divide among minority populations, but women are not unilaterally disadvantaged.","PeriodicalId":45625,"journal":{"name":"Information Technologies & International Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64557338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Information technology is said to provide paths to empowerment, yet hard data about how this occurs are scant, especially concerning women's IT practices in the Middle East and North Africa. This article uses 25 interviews with female Internet cafe users in Cairo as a small step toward bridging this gap. In general, this study found three main empowerment narratives among females who regularly use Internet cafes in Egypt (the average number of hours online per week was 9.87 for those interviewed). The Internet is said by participants in this study to 1) increase information access/professional development, 2) expand or maintain social networks and social capital, and 3) transform social and political awareness. While this study is based on a small sample size that cannot be generalized at this stage, the analysis does reveal subtle ways in which Egyptian society is changing---one Internet-enabled person at a time.
{"title":"Empowerment zones? women, internet cafés, and life transformations in egypt","authors":"Deborah L. Wheeler","doi":"10.1162/ITID.2008.00009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/ITID.2008.00009","url":null,"abstract":"Information technology is said to provide paths to empowerment, yet hard data about how this occurs are scant, especially concerning women's IT practices in the Middle East and North Africa. This article uses 25 interviews with female Internet cafe users in Cairo as a small step toward bridging this gap. In general, this study found three main empowerment narratives among females who regularly use Internet cafes in Egypt (the average number of hours online per week was 9.87 for those interviewed). The Internet is said by participants in this study to 1) increase information access/professional development, 2) expand or maintain social networks and social capital, and 3) transform social and political awareness. While this study is based on a small sample size that cannot be generalized at this stage, the analysis does reveal subtle ways in which Egyptian society is changing---one Internet-enabled person at a time.","PeriodicalId":45625,"journal":{"name":"Information Technologies & International Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64557358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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