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Trawling through time: reconstructing a late nineteenth century beam trawl for scientific inshore fishery investigations 穿越时空的拖网:为近海渔业科学调查重建 19 世纪晚期的梁式拖网
IF 3.4 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2024-06-27 DOI: 10.1007/s40152-024-00371-3
Georgina L. Hunt, Georg H. Engelhard, John K. Pinnegar, Benjamin D. Wigham, Nicholas V. C. Polunin

Understanding long-term change in fish populations often relies on comparing catches from historical and contemporary trawl surveys. However, such comparisons may not resolve biases associated with differences in fishing gears and their relative catchabilities. It is possible to reduce these uncertainties by replicating historical trawl gear and practices. With the availability of unique historical catch data, we investigated the trawl gear employed by the Northumberland Sea Fisheries Committee (NSFC) during scientific surveys conducted between 1892–1913 in inshore waters of the Northumberland coast (UK), and describe our attempt to reconstruct the gear using currently available materials. We reviewed the historical literature, photographs and acquired technical expertise to reconstruct a late nineteenth century beam trawl used by the NSFC. The replica gear consisted of a 6.7 m beam connected by two Brixham style wrought-iron trawl heads, which held open a triangular-shaped trawl net with rounded ground-rope. Following construction, we tested the performance and catchability of the replica gear by conducting comparative trawls using a modern otter trawl in August 2018 and March 2019. Both trawl gears exhibited similar catches for flatfish in August trials, yet a higher proportion of individuals were landed by the otter trawl in March. Zero or negligible catches were exhibited by the replica gear during this period. This work collates relevant information to describe the evolution, design and functioning of late nineteenth century beam trawls used around the British Isles, providing an important repository for investigators interested in trawl technology and survey designs.

了解鱼类种群的长期变化往往依赖于比较历史和当代拖网调查的渔获量。然而,这种比较可能无法解决与渔具及其相对捕获能力差异有关的偏差。通过复制历史上的拖网渔具和做法,可以减少这些不确定性。利用独特的历史渔获量数据,我们调查了诺森伯兰海洋渔业委员会(NSFC)于 1892-1913 年间在诺森伯兰海岸(英国)近海水域进行科学调查时使用的拖网渔具,并介绍了我们利用现有材料重建该渔具的尝试。我们查阅了历史文献、照片并获得了专业技术知识,重建了 19 世纪晚期 NSFC 使用的束拖网。仿制渔具包括一个 6.7 米长的横梁,由两个 Brixham 式锻铁拖网头连接,拖网头张开一个三角形的拖网,拖网上有圆形地绳。建造完成后,我们在 2018 年 8 月和 2019 年 3 月使用现代水獭拖网进行了对比拖网,测试了仿制渔具的性能和可捕获性。在 8 月份的试验中,两种拖网都表现出了相似的鲽鱼捕获量,但在 3 月份,獭拖网捕获的个体比例更高。在此期间,仿制渔具的渔获量为零或可以忽略不计。这项工作整理了相关信息,描述了 19 世纪晚期在不列颠群岛使用的梁式拖网的演变、设计和功能,为对拖网技术和调查设计感兴趣的研究人员提供了一个重要的资料库。
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引用次数: 0
Technomolecular flows in coastal cities: an anthropological approach to new materialist ethics of the anthropogenic microscale 沿海城市的技术分子流动:从人类学角度探讨人类活动微观层面的新唯物主义伦理学
IF 3.4 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2024-06-27 DOI: 10.1007/s40152-024-00377-x
Raúl Acosta

Urban life is crisscrossed and affected by events and matter in various scales, of which the microscopic has been only partly addressed in scholarship and policymaking. In this article, I propose that it is urgent to incorporate new materialist ethics for a better urban governance of technomolecular flows, that is the multiple ways anthropogenically induced microscopic elements are affecting cities. Chemicals, minerals, fungi, viruses, bacteria, and other forms of life and matter affect human and environmental health as well as the shape and materials of the built environment. Coastal cities are particularly prone to such flows of chemical-, mineral- and bio-materials because of their location between sea and land. Existing legal and institutional frameworks tend to lag behind the uses of microscopic elements by industry and urban dwellers. A new materialist ethics would help rethink institutional architectures and responses to existing entanglements and the emerging risks they pose.

城市生活纵横交错,受到各种尺度的事件和物质的影响,其中微观尺度的事件和物质在学术研究和政策制定中只得到了部分关注。在这篇文章中,我提出当务之急是纳入新唯物主义伦理学,以更好地治理城市的技术分子流,即人类活动引起的微观要素影响城市的多种方式。化学品、矿物质、真菌、病毒、细菌以及其他形式的生命和物质影响着人类和环境的健康,也影响着建筑环境的形状和材料。沿海城市由于地处海陆之间,尤其容易受到化学、矿物和生物材料流动的影响。现有的法律和制度框架往往落后于工业和城市居民对微观元素的使用。新的唯物主义伦理学将有助于重新思考体制结构和应对现有的纠葛及其带来的新风险。
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引用次数: 0
Practices and informal institutions governing artisanal gillnet fisheries in Western Ghana 管理加纳西部个体刺网渔业的做法和非正式机构
IF 3.4 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2024-06-27 DOI: 10.1007/s40152-024-00379-9
Issah Seidu, Lawrence K. Brobbey, Osei-Tutu Paul, David van Beuningen, Moro Seidu, Nicholas K. Dulvy

Understanding the informal institutions arising from cultural norms, taboos, and beliefs can improve conservation efforts and resource management in Africa. However, little is known of their potential for governing the management of artisanal gillnet fisheries, as well as, the practices and activities of fishers in Ghana. Here, we explore the practices of artisanal gillnet fishers landing shark and ray as their major components and the informal institutions governing the management of these fisheries. We interviewed 33 active and retired fishers in five fishing communities in Western Ghana, complemented with participant observations to collect data for the study. While fishing effort and the financing of fishing trips vary between fishers using drift gillnets and bottomset gillnets, the sharing systems and payment of crew members are relatively uniform in both fisheries and across the study communities. Despite the absence of state regulation, the species-specific taboos recorded offer protection for Whale Shark (Rhincodon typus) and whales (Cetacea), which are considered threatened by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. The role of modern religions (like Christianity and Islam) and the influx of different people with different values, beliefs, and cultures explain the erosion of some resource management taboos and beliefs. The results of this study demonstrate the importance of officially recognizing these informal institutions as legitimate institutions for the effective management of imperiled marine species targeted by gillnet fishers at the local level.

了解由文化规范、禁忌和信仰产生的非正式制度可以改善非洲的保护工作和资源管理。然而,人们对它们在管理个体刺网渔业方面的潜力以及加纳渔民的做法和活动知之甚少。在此,我们探讨了以鲨鱼和鳐鱼为主要捕捞对象的个体刺网渔民的做法,以及管理这些渔业的非正式机构。我们采访了加纳西部五个渔业社区的 33 名在业渔民和退休渔民,并辅以参与观察来收集研究数据。虽然使用流刺网和底层刺网的渔民的捕鱼量和出海捕鱼的资金来源各不相同,但在两种渔业和研究社区中,船员的分享制度和报酬相对统一。尽管没有国家法规,但所记录的针对特定物种的禁忌为鲸鲨(Rhincodon typus)和鲸鱼(Cetacea)提供了保护,国际自然保护联盟认为鲸鲨和鲸鱼已受到威胁。现代宗教(如基督教和伊斯兰教)的作用以及具有不同价值观、信仰和文化的不同人群的涌入,解释了一些资源管理禁忌和信仰受到侵蚀的原因。这项研究的结果表明,必须正式承认这些非正式机构为合法机构,以便在地方一级有效管理刺网捕鱼者捕捞的濒危海洋物种。
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引用次数: 0
Are targets really SMART-er? Challenging assumptions behind global environmental policy goals to realize ocean equity 目标真的更有 SMART 吗?挑战全球环境政策目标背后的假设,实现海洋公平
IF 3.4 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2024-06-25 DOI: 10.1007/s40152-024-00374-0
Hillary Smith, Anastasia Quintana, Lisa Campbell

Unpacking the dynamics of policy mobility is critical to understanding what happens when global environmental policies are implemented, including why equity goals remain unmet. In this paper, we ‘follow the policy’ focusing on two policies with ocean equity goals, the Aichi Biodiversity Target for protected areas and the Small-Scale Fisheries Guidelines. Through case studies of national-level implementation of these instruments in Mexico and Tanzania, we demonstrate how flexibility to determine implementation actions and indicators can benefit equity, in particular understudied recognitional and procedural dimensions of equity. Recently, the Convention on Biological Diversity negotiated new biodiversity targets for 2030. During this multi-year process, negotiators debated whether or not to include difficult-to-measure equity elements within the protected areas target, given the commitment to making all targets “SMART” (Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, and Time-bound) as policymakers ‘doubled down on targets’ and the underlying metrological regime despite their failings. Based on our analysis, we outline alternative strategies to ‘double down on equity’ instead.

要了解全球环境政策在实施过程中会发生什么,包括为什么公平目标仍未实现,了解政策流动的动态至关重要。在本文中,我们 "跟踪政策",重点关注两项具有海洋公平目标的政策,即保护区爱知生物多样性目标和小型渔业准则。通过对墨西哥和坦桑尼亚在国家层面实施这些文书的案例研究,我们展示了确定实施行动和指标的灵活性如何有利于公平,特别是公平的认可和程序层面。最近,《生物多样性公约》就 2030 年新的生物多样性目标进行了谈判。在这一多年进程中,谈判者就是否在保护区目标中纳入难以衡量的公平要素展开了辩论,因为政策制定者 "加倍努力实现目标",并承诺所有目标都要 "SMART"(具体、可衡量、可实现、现实、有时限),尽管基本计量制度存在缺陷。根据我们的分析,我们概述了 "加倍注重公平 "的替代战略。
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引用次数: 0
Correction: What is the Blue Economy? A spatialised governmentality perspective 更正:什么是蓝色经济?空间化政府性视角
IF 3.4 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-06-05 DOI: 10.1007/s40152-024-00372-2
A. Midlen
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引用次数: 0
Elevating labor concerns in small-scale fisheries: challenges to decent work in Peru’s jumbo flying squid fishery 提高对小型渔业中劳工问题的关注:秘鲁巨型鱿鱼渔业体面工作面临的挑战
IF 3.4 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-05-22 DOI: 10.1007/s40152-024-00368-y
Alejandro Garcia Lozano, Jesica Pino Shibata, Juan Carlos Jerí, John N. Kittinger
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引用次数: 0
The representation of Aboriginal health and wellbeing values within coastal marine and fisheries policies of the Northern Territory of Australia 澳大利亚北部地区沿海海洋和渔业政策中原住民健康和福祉价值的体现
IF 3.4 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-05-16 DOI: 10.1007/s40152-024-00370-4
B. Cubillo, Julie Brimblecombe, Natasha Stacey
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引用次数: 0
Coastal and maritime cultural heritage: from the European Union to East Asia and Latin America 沿海和海洋文化遗产:从欧洲联盟到东亚和拉丁美洲
IF 3.4 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-05-16 DOI: 10.1007/s40152-024-00369-x
Alyne E. Delaney, Katia Frangoudes
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引用次数: 0
A “watered-down” solution? Deconstructing the ecosystem approach in Swedish policy affecting fisheries management 掺水 "的解决方案?解构瑞典渔业管理政策中的生态系统方法
IF 3.4 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-04-26 DOI: 10.1007/s40152-024-00366-0
Juliana Bennett
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引用次数: 0
Fisher experience on distant water fishing vessels: the implications of variation by vessel type for employment standards 远洋渔船上的渔民经验:不同船型对就业标准的影响
IF 3.4 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-04-23 DOI: 10.1007/s40152-024-00365-1
Mallory MacDonnell, Peter Vandergeest
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引用次数: 0
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