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Detrimental reliance and the family home: orthodoxy restored? 有害的依赖和家庭:正统的恢复?
IF 1.5 Q2 LAW Pub Date : 2023-02-26 DOI: 10.1080/09649069.2023.2175553
B. Sloan
In Hudson v Hathway [2022] EWHC 631 (QB) (noted Sloan 2022), Kerr J excited much controversy by suggesting that detrimental reliance may not need to be shown by a joint legal owner seeking to establish an increased share of the family home under a common intention constructive trust. In a swiftly following judgment ([2022] EWCA Civ 1648), however, the Court of Appeal reaffirmed the requirement of detrimental reliance in both ‘sole’ and ‘joint names’ cases, albeit also concluding that the case did not turn on the point after all. Lee Hudson and Jayne Hathway, a separating unmarried couple, agreed in a lengthy email correspondence that Mr Hudson would retain full ownership of some shares and a pension, while Ms Hathway would have the equity in Picnic House, their former joint home, its contents, savings and income from endowments. The house was in joint names, without an express declaration of trust. Mr Hudson sought an order for sale of Picnic House under the Trusts of Land and Appointment of Trustees Act 1996, with equal division of the proceeds. Ms Hathway agreed to sale but argued that she was entitled to all of the sale proceeds on the basis of a common intention on which she had detrimentally relied (see Sloan 2022 for more detail). At first instance, Judge Ralton found a clear agreement, forming the basis of a constructive trust, that Ms Hathway was beneficially entitled to all of the equity in Picnic House. He accepted that she had detrimentally relied on the agreement by giving up her claims to assets in Mr Hudson’s sole name. Mr Hudson appealed on the basis that the judge was wrong to find detrimental reliance. Ms Hathway countered that it was unnecessary to find such reliance in a joint names case, and that in any event the judge was correct to find detrimental reliance. Kerr J seemingly agreed with Ms Hudson that proof of detriment was not required in ‘joint names’ cases, but found it established on the facts. Mr Hudson appealed again. Originally, the submissions related to detrimental reliance. But at the Court of Appeal’s prompting, and with its permission, Ms Hathway’s counsel successfully advanced the new, alternative, argument that two of Mr Hudson’s emails complied with the statutory formalities for the disposition of an interest in land, so that the detrimental reliance issue did not arise. As Lewison LJ (giving the lead judgment with which Andrews and Nugee LJJ agreed) recognised, the question of whether the emails complied with statutory formalities was
在Hudson v Hathway [2022] EWHC 631 (QB)(注意到Sloan 2022)一案中,Kerr J提出,在共同意图建设性信托下寻求增加家庭房屋份额的共同法定所有人可能不需要证明有害依赖,这引发了很多争议。然而,在随后的判决([2022]EWCA Civ 1648)中,上诉法院重申了在“单独”和“联名”案件中有害依赖的要求,尽管也得出结论认为案件根本没有转向这一点。李•哈德逊(Lee Hudson)和詹•哈德韦(Jayne hathaway)在一封冗长的电子邮件通信中同意,哈德逊将保留部分股份的全部所有权和养老金,而哈德韦将拥有他们以前共同居住的野餐屋(Picnic House)的股权、里面的物品、储蓄和捐赠收入。这所房子是共有的,没有明确的信托声明。哈德森先生根据《1996年土地信托和委任受托人法案》申请出售野餐屋的命令,并平等分配收益。海瑟薇同意出售,但辩称,基于一个共同的意图,她有权获得所有出售所得,而她对这个共同的意图产生了不利的依赖(详见Sloan 2022)。在一审中,Ralton法官发现了一项明确的协议,构成了建设性信托的基础,即海瑟薇享有野餐屋的所有权益。他承认,她通过放弃以哈德森先生的名义对资产的要求,对该协议产生了不利的依赖。哈德森先生提出上诉的依据是,法官认定有害信赖是错误的。海瑟薇反驳说,在联名案件中,没有必要认定这种依赖,而且无论如何,法官认定有害依赖是正确的。Kerr J似乎同意哈德森女士的观点,即在“联名”案件中不需要损害证据,但发现这是建立在事实基础上的。哈德森再次上诉。最初,这些意见书涉及有害信赖。但在上诉法院的推动下,海瑟薇的律师成功地提出了新的替代论点,即哈德森的两封电子邮件符合处置土地权益的法定手续,因此没有出现有害的依赖问题。正如Lewison LJ(给出Andrews和Nugee LJJ同意的主要判决)所认识到的那样,电子邮件是否符合法定手续的问题是
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引用次数: 0
The capacity test; a lament for the ‘old order’ 容量测试;对“旧秩序”的哀叹
IF 1.5 Q2 LAW Pub Date : 2023-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/09649069.2023.2175549
C. Sayer, Ceri Jones, S. Mills, R. Griffith
ABSTRACT Recent years have seen calls for the order of the statutory test of decision-making capacity to be reversed and extended from its existing sequencing in the Mental Capacity Act Code of Practice. The current ‘two-stage test’, involves a ‘diagnostic test’ (requiring the establishment of impaired or disturbed functioning of the mind or brain) and a ‘functional assessment’ (examining whether that impairment or disturbance renders the person unable to make a specific decision). Despite initial judicial concern that the order in the Code is incompatible with section 2 of the Mental Capacity Act, there has been surprisingly limited academic discussion. The recent remarks of Supreme Court Justice Lord Stephens in A Local Authority v JB confirming a reverse order have, seemingly, settled the matter, and the forthcoming revised Code of Practice will likely confirm this change. This article examines the rationale underlying this change, highlighting that suggested legal and policy reasons are not as ‘sound’ as might be thought. The paper argues that changed sequencing is unlikely to resolve potential neglect of the test’s causative nexus and, furthermore, there are potentially illogical and negative practice consequences, concluding that the proposed reversal of the test is cause for considerable lament.
摘要近年来,有人呼吁将决策能力法定测试的顺序从《精神行为能力法》的现有顺序中颠倒过来并加以扩展。目前的“两阶段测试”包括“诊断测试”(要求确定精神或大脑功能受损或紊乱)和“功能评估”(检查这种受损或紊乱是否使人无法做出具体决定)。尽管最初的司法关注是,该法典中的命令与《精神行为能力法》第2条不符,但令人惊讶的是,学术讨论有限。最高法院法官Lord Stephens最近在A Local Authority v JB一案中确认了一项反向命令的言论似乎解决了这一问题,即将修订的《业务守则》可能会证实这一变化。这篇文章探讨了这一变化的基本原理,强调了所提出的法律和政策原因并不像人们想象的那样“合理”。该论文认为,改变顺序不太可能解决对测试因果关系的潜在忽视,此外,还有潜在的不合逻辑和负面的实践后果,得出的结论是,拟议的测试逆转令人相当遗憾。
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引用次数: 0
‘[T]here are no winners here, only losers’+ 这里没有赢家,只有失败者+
IF 1.5 Q2 LAW Pub Date : 2023-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/09649069.2023.2175552
Kate de Contreras
ABSTRACT The Supreme Court recently handed down its decision in Guest v Guest [2022] UKSC 27. This was an appeal against an award in proprietary estoppel of around £1.3 million. A proprietary estoppel claim requires detrimental reliance on a promise to grant the claimant an interest in land. This generates an ‘equity’, which enables the court to fashion a remedy to cure this unconscionable situation: for example, an order to transfer the promised interest to the claimant, or an order to pay a monetary equivalent of what the claimant expected. The doctrine has been relied upon in media-friendly cases where claimants had worked on their family farms for low or no pay for many years on the expectation of an inheritance and ended up being cut out of that inheritance. Lord Briggs, for the majority, favoured enforcing the promise as a starting point while allowing for variation where ‘real-life problems’ warranted it. He held that the claimant should have what he expected but, in a novel approach, gave the defendants an entitlement to choose between two forms of relief. Lord Leggatt, dissenting, held that the remedial aim was to do only what was necessary to prevent detriment to the claimant. On his view, compensating the claimant’s reliance loss would be sufficient for this, and, in that regard, he did not factor in lost opportunities. This was a narrow scope to adopt, and the majority judgment is more likely to provide redress for the loss of important life opportunities.
最高法院最近公布了其对Guest v Guest [2022] UKSC 27的判决。这是一起针对专利禁止翻供赔偿约130万英镑的上诉。一项专有禁止反悔请求要求有害地依赖于给予请求人土地权益的承诺。这就产生了一种“衡平法”,使法院能够制定一种补救措施来纠正这种不合理的情况:例如,命令将承诺的利息转让给索赔人,或命令支付与索赔人预期等值的金钱。这一原则在一些有利于媒体的案件中得到了应用,在这些案件中,索赔人多年来一直在自己的家庭农场以低薪或无薪工作,期望得到一份遗产,但最终却被剥夺了这份遗产。对于大多数人来说,布里格斯勋爵赞成将这一承诺作为一个起点,同时允许在“现实问题”需要的情况下进行变化。他认为,索赔人应该得到他所期望的,但以一种新颖的方式,给予被告在两种救济形式中选择的权利。Leggatt勋爵持不同意见,认为补救的目的是只做必要的事情来防止损害索赔人。他认为,补偿索赔人的信赖损失就足以做到这一点,在这方面,他没有考虑到失去的机会。这是一个狭窄的适用范围,多数人的判决更有可能为失去重要的生活机会提供补救。
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引用次数: 0
Debt-by-design in social security: unlawful administration of ‘Third party deductions’ 社会保障中的债务设计:“第三方扣除”的非法管理
IF 1.5 Q2 LAW Pub Date : 2023-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/09649069.2023.2175554
Jed Meers, Caroline Selman
The largest creditor to those accessing food banks in the UK is not a private company or a bank, but the Department for Work & Pensions (DWP) (Trussell Trust 2022). Of the 4.1 million households in receipt of Universal Credit – the flagship working-age benefit in the UK – 1.8 million have money deducted by the DWP to service a debt (CPAG, 2022). Debt is built into the design of the social security system. Claimants owe money to the DWP for a range of reasons: they have had an ‘advance payment’ to help them through their wait for the first Universal Credit award, have been overpaid benefits (as a result of a DWP error or otherwise), been awarded a hardship loan, or they owe money to a ‘third party’ – such as a utility company or housing provider – who claims it back via their benefits (so-called, ‘Third Party Deductions’ (TPDs)). In R. (on the application of Timson) v Secretary of State for Work and Pensions [2022] EWHC 2392 (Admin) the court examined whether the operation of the TPD scheme in respect of so-called ‘legacy benefits’ was lawful. Characterised elsewhere in this journal by Griffiths and Cain (2022) as the DWP’s ‘free debt collection service’, under a wideranging scheme, the DWP can deduct up to 25% of a Universal Credit or legacy benefit award to repay arrears to utility providers (or other creditors, such as landlords). In finding that the guidance issued by the DWP to decision-makers was unlawful, Timson offers an insight both into the reality of the TPD process and its importance for thousands of households on legacy benefits and – by extension, given the similarity of the scheme – Universal Credit. This note outlines the decision in the case before turning to three broader points: the insight the case offers into the practical operation of the TPD scheme, its welcome interrogation of guidance in light of common law principles, and the court’s acknowledgement that redress after a decision is not always sufficient where an adverse outcome can cause real hardship. The claimant in Timson was unable to work as a result of significant disabling physical and mental health problems and was in receipt of means-tested benefits, including income-related employment and support allowance – a ‘legacy benefit’ which is being gradually replaced by Universal Credit. In common with thousands of others in receipt of means-tested support, TPDs had been made from her benefits to pay utility companies in respect of her water and fuel usage. She argued that the operation of the scheme was unlawful in two respects. First, under common law grounds, the written guidance
在英国,食品银行最大的债权人不是私人公司或银行,而是就业和养老金部(2022年的罗素信托基金)。在领取通用信贷的410万个家庭中——英国的旗舰工作年龄福利——180万个家庭被DWP扣除用于偿还债务(CPAG, 2022)。债务是社会保障制度设计的一部分。索赔人欠DWP钱的原因有很多:他们有一笔“预付款”来帮助他们等待第一个通用信贷奖,被多支付的福利(由于DWP的错误或其他原因),被授予困难贷款,或者他们欠“第三方”的钱-如公用事业公司或住房供应商-通过他们的福利(所谓的“第三方扣除”(TPDs))要求退款。在R.(关于Timson诉工作和退休金国务秘书的申请)[2022]EWHC 2392(行政)案中,法院审查了在所谓的“遗留福利”方面实施TPD计划是否合法。Griffiths和Cain(2022)在本杂志的其他地方将其描述为DWP的“免费债务催收服务”,根据一项广泛的计划,DWP可以扣除高达25%的通用信贷或遗产福利奖励,以偿还公用事业提供商(或其他债权人,如房东)的欠款。在发现DWP向决策者发布的指导是非法的过程中,Timson提供了对TPD过程的现实和它对成千上万的家庭遗产福利的重要性的见解,并且考虑到该计划的相似性-普遍信贷。本文概述了该案的判决,然后再转向三个更广泛的要点:该案对TPD计划的实际运作提供了深刻的见解,它根据普通法原则对指导意见进行了令人欢迎的讯问,以及法院承认,在不利结果可能造成实际困难的情况下,判决后的补救并不总是足够的。提姆森的索赔人由于严重的致残身心健康问题而无法工作,并领取经经济情况调查的福利,包括与收入有关的就业和支助津贴————一种"遗留福利",正逐渐被通用信贷所取代。与其他成千上万接受经济状况调查支持的人一样,她从自己的福利中提取补贴,用于支付水电公司的水费和燃油费。她认为该计划的运作在两个方面是非法的。首先,根据普通法,书面指导
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引用次数: 0
Autoethnography: a personal reflection on the work of the family bar in the North of England 民族志:对英格兰北部家庭酒吧工作的个人反思
IF 1.5 Q2 LAW Pub Date : 2023-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/09649069.2023.2175547
K. Holt, Callum M Thomson
ABSTRACT This study offers a personal reflection on 18 months at the Family Bar. It provides a unique perspective on a family justice system, which despite acute pressure has retained some of the most compassionate professionals who despite severe cuts to funding, and lack of resources, continue to work efficiently and effectively and with good humour, under stress. The authors are experienced practising lawyers who have published extensively in the area of family law relating to children and family justice. This experience, coupled with the methodological approach of autoethnography, provides a distinct perspective to which academics and practitioners may relate. The aim of this paper is to reflect upon the impact of recent changes in family justice on barristers working in both private and public law family cases.
摘要:本研究提供了我在家庭酒吧18个月的个人反思。它为家庭司法系统提供了一个独特的视角,尽管面临着巨大的压力,但仍然保留了一些最富有同情心的专业人员,尽管资金严重削减,资源缺乏,他们在压力下继续以良好的幽默感高效率地工作。作者是经验丰富的执业律师,在与儿童和家庭司法有关的家庭法领域发表了大量著作。这种经验,加上自我民族志的方法论方法,为学者和实践者提供了一个独特的视角。本文的目的是反思最近家庭司法的变化对从事私法和公法家庭案件的大律师的影响。
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引用次数: 1
Social citizenship in an age of welfare regionalism. The state of the social unions 福利地区主义时代的社会公民权。社会联盟的状态
IF 1.5 Q2 LAW Pub Date : 2023-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/09649069.2023.2175551
M. Keating
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引用次数: 0
Building legal literacy in organisations that support people experiencing multiple disadvantage 在支持处于多重劣势的人的组织中培养法律素养
IF 1.5 Q2 LAW Pub Date : 2023-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/09649069.2023.2175548
F. McCormack, Richard Machin, Victoria Riley, K. Spyropoulos, K. Dunn, C. Gidlow
ABSTRACT We present a case study of specialist welfare advice and advocacy for people experiencing multiple disadvantage (i.e. a combination of homelessness, contact with the criminal justice system, substance misuse, mental ill health). Drawing primarily on qualitative interviews with staff and stakeholders, we demonstrate the need for, and success of, specialist benefits advice for this customer group. Substantial financial gains were awarded, providing a greater level of security and stability, which increased customers’ housing options. We highlight a need for greater recognition across organisations that work with customers experiencing multiple disadvantage, that welfare benefits are a legal entitlement. Implications for policy and practice are discussed, including the importance of: developing confidence and a ‘law informed’ mindset in frontline staff; advisors building relationships with staff to achieve this; preparatory work with partner organisations to develop a shared understanding of what is involved and expectations. Ultimately, a culture of legal literacy must be cultivated at the individual (frontline staff) and organisational (partner host) levels. Stakeholders had concerns about the future of such initiatives in the context of further funding cuts; there is a risk that legal literacy development programmes become marginalised at a time when they are most needed.
我们提出了一个案例研究的专家福利咨询和倡导的人经历多重不利(即无家可归,接触刑事司法系统,药物滥用,精神疾病的组合)。主要通过对员工和利益相关者的定性访谈,我们展示了对这一客户群体的专业福利建议的需求和成功。获得了可观的经济收益,提供了更高水平的安全性和稳定性,这增加了客户的住房选择。我们强调,在与处于多重劣势的客户打交道的组织中,有必要提高对福利是一项法律权利的认识。讨论了对政策和实践的影响,包括:培养前线员工的信心和“了解法律”的心态;顾问与员工建立关系以实现这一目标;与合作伙伴组织进行准备工作,以建立对所涉及内容和期望的共同理解。最终,必须在个人(一线员工)和组织(合作伙伴东道主)层面培养法律素养文化。在进一步削减资金的背景下,利益攸关方对这些举措的未来表示担忧;法律扫盲发展项目有可能在最需要的时候被边缘化。
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引用次数: 1
Working fathers experience sex discrimination? 职场父亲遭受性别歧视?
IF 1.5 Q2 LAW Pub Date : 2023-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/09649069.2023.2175550
Manisha Mathews
ABSTRACT This paper critiques the judgment delivered by the Employment Appeal Tribunal in the case of Price v Powys County Council on 31 March 2021. The judgment determined that it does not amount to sex discrimination if a mother can receive enhanced pay on adoption leave, whilst a father can only receive statutory pay on shared parental leave. The paper will reflect upon the significance of this judgment in exposing some of the reasons that have contributed towards the low uptake of shared parental leave by fathers in the United Kingdom. Focus will be placed on how the low levels of replacement pay to financially support the position of fathers in childcare has influenced the low take-up rates. Similarly, the need for an identically situated comparator under the formal equality approach adopted by the Equality Act 2010 and the court system to substantiate a discrimination claim has also contributed towards the failure to recognise the lower levels of replacement pay given to fathers as sex discrimination. This paper will conclude that a substantive equality approach would have better recognised that fathers belong to a marginalised sub-group within men who experience sex discrimination in the form of lesser financial support to undertake childcare due to the gender stereotype that fathers should be the financial breadwinner.
本文对就业上诉审裁处于2021年3月31日在普莱斯诉波伊斯县议会案中作出的判决进行了批评。判决书认为,如果母亲在领养假中获得加薪,而父亲只能在共享育儿假中获得法定工资,这并不构成性别歧视。本文将反映这一判断的重要性,揭示了一些导致英国父亲共享育儿假的原因。重点将放在为父亲在育儿方面的地位提供财政支持的替代工资水平低如何影响了低接种率。同样,根据2010年《平等法》和法院系统采用的正式平等方法,需要一个处境相同的比较国来证实歧视索赔,这也导致未能将给予父亲的较低替代工资视为性别歧视。本文将得出结论,实质性的平等方法将更好地认识到,父亲属于男性中被边缘化的子群体,由于性别刻板印象认为父亲应该是经济上的养家糊口者,他们在承担育儿工作方面的经济支持较少,因此遭受性别歧视。
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引用次数: 0
Reimagining communication and elicitation strategies in private family proceedings 重新构想私人家庭诉讼中的沟通和启发策略
IF 1.5 Q2 LAW Pub Date : 2023-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/09649069.2023.2175546
Tatiana Grieshofer
ABSTRACT The article focusses on communication and discursive practices in private family proceedings with the aim of exploring procedural barriers obstructing court users from sharing their stories and having their voice heard. Drawing on survey and interview data in combination with the linguistically driven empirical method – ethnography of communication, the discussion illustrates the discrepancy between communicative aims of court users and communicative aims of individual procedural stages. The article expands on how information and narratives are currently elicited from court users and proposes how procedural changes could accommodate more effective elicitation strategies and enhance procedural justice tenets.
本文关注私人家庭诉讼中的沟通和话语实践,旨在探索阻碍法院用户分享他们的故事并听取他们的声音的程序障碍。根据调查和访谈数据,结合语言驱动的经验方法-传播人种学,讨论说明了法院用户的交际目标与个别程序阶段的交际目标之间的差异。这篇文章详述了目前如何从法院使用者那里引出信息和叙述,并提出了程序上的改变如何能够适应更有效的引出策略和加强程序正义原则。
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引用次数: 1
‘Reasonable living costs’, affordability of accommodation, and intentional homelessness: revisited “合理的生活成本”,可负担的住宿和故意无家可归:重新审视
IF 1.5 Q2 LAW Pub Date : 2023-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/09649069.2023.2175543
C. Reeson
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引用次数: 0
期刊
JOURNAL OF SOCIAL WELFARE AND FAMILY LAW
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