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The Rational Speech Act Framework 理性言语行为框架
IF 3.2 1区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2022-11-07 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-linguistics-031220-010811
Judith Degen
The past decade has seen the rapid development of a new approach to pragmatics that attempts to integrate insights from formal and experimental semantics and pragmatics, psycholinguistics, and computational cognitive science in the study of meaning: probabilistic pragmatics. The most influential probabilistic approach to pragmatics is the Rational Speech Act (RSA) framework. In this review, I demonstrate the basic mechanics and commitments of RSA as well as some of its standard extensions, highlighting the key features that have led to its success in accounting for a wide variety of pragmatic phenomena. Fundamentally, it treats language as probabilistic, informativeness as gradient, alternatives as context-dependent, and subjective prior beliefs (world knowledge) as a crucial facet of interpretation. It also provides an integrated account of the link between production and interpretation. I highlight key challenges for RSA, which include scalability, the treatment of the boundedness of cognition, and the incremental and compositional nature of language. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Linguistics, Volume 9 is January 2023. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
在过去的十年中,一种新的语用学方法迅速发展,它试图将形式语义学和实验语义学、心理语言学和计算认知科学的见解整合到意义研究中:概率语用学。对语用学最有影响的概率方法是理性言语行为(RSA)框架。在这篇综述中,我展示了RSA的基本机制和承诺,以及它的一些标准扩展,强调了导致它成功地解释了各种各样的实用现象的关键特性。从根本上说,它认为语言是概率性的,信息量是梯度的,可选性是上下文依赖的,主观先验信念(世界知识)是解释的关键方面。它还提供了生产和解释之间联系的综合说明。我强调了RSA面临的主要挑战,包括可扩展性、认知的有界性处理以及语言的增量和组合性质。预计《语言学年度评论》第9卷的最终在线出版日期为2023年1月。修订后的估计数请参阅http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates。
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引用次数: 5
Assessing Second Language Speaking Proficiency 评估第二语言口语能力
IF 3.2 1区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2022-11-07 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-linguistics-030521-052114
Nivja H. de Jong
In today's global economy, most people all over the world need to speak a second language (L2) for study, work, or social purposes. Assessment of speaking, either in the classroom or as an external exam, is therefore an important task. However, because of its fleeting nature, the assessment of speaking proficiency is difficult. For valid assessment, a speaking test must measure speaking proficiency without construct-irrelevant variance, for instance, due to tasks, raters, and interlocutors. This article begins by bringing together insights from different disciplines to develop a multi-componential construct of speaking proficiency, which includes linguistic and strategic competencies. Because speaking usually takes place in conversation, the ability to take part in interaction, including rapid prediction, is described as part of the speaking construct. Next, the factors that need to be controlled when making a speaking assessment are discussed. Finally, challenges and ideas for future research are briefly described. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Linguistics, Volume 9 is January 2023. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
在当今的全球经济中,世界上大多数人都需要说第二语言(L2)来学习、工作或社交。因此,无论是在课堂上还是在外部考试中,对口语的评估都是一项重要的任务。然而,由于其短暂的性质,口语水平的评估是困难的。为了进行有效的评估,口语测试必须测量口语熟练程度,而不存在与结构无关的差异,例如,由于任务、评分者和对话者。本文首先汇集了不同学科的见解,以开发一个多组件的口语能力结构,其中包括语言和战略能力。因为说话通常发生在对话中,参与互动的能力,包括快速预测,被描述为说话结构的一部分。接下来,讨论了在进行口语评估时需要控制的因素。最后简要描述了未来研究的挑战和思路。预计《语言学年度评论》第9卷的最终在线出版日期为2023年1月。修订后的估计数请参阅http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates。
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引用次数: 3
Serialism and Opacity in Phonological Theory 音系理论中的序列性与不透明性
IF 3.2 1区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2022-11-07 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-linguistics-031220-120748
Kathryn Pruitt
Opacity is a natural language phenomenon where a phonological process is rendered non-surface-true by virtue of its interaction with other processes. Phonologists have long been fascinated with opaque generalizations both from a typological standpoint (What kinds of non-surface-true generalizations are found?) and a theoretical one (Which formal tools permit an analysis of opacity?). This review aims to ( a) discuss the breadth of non-surface-true generalizations in light of phonologists’ (often implicit) working definitions of opacity and ( b) address opacity as a flashpoint in one of the larger debates in generative phonology, between the rule-based serial approach of Chomsky & Halle's Sound Pattern of English and constraint-based parallel Optimality Theory. A conclusion offered here is that the well-known problems Optimality Theory faces with some kinds of opacity are due not to its lack of serialism but to the fact that such processes are input-motivated rather than output-motivated. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Linguistics, Volume 9 is January 2023. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
不透明性是一种自然语言现象,其中语音过程由于与其他过程的相互作用而呈现为非表面真实。长期以来,音系学家一直从类型学的角度(发现了哪些非表面真实的概括?)和理论的角度(哪些正式工具允许分析不透明?)对不透明概括感兴趣。这篇综述的目的是(a)根据音韵学家对不透明的(通常是隐含的)工作定义,讨论非表面真实概括的广度;(b)在生成音韵学中,在乔姆斯基和哈勒的英语发音模式的基于规则的序列方法和基于约束的并行优化理论之间,将不透明作为一个更大的争论的爆发点。这里提供的一个结论是,最优性理论面临的一些众所周知的不透明性问题不是由于它缺乏序列性,而是由于这样的过程是输入驱动的,而不是输出驱动的。预计《语言学年度评论》第9卷的最终在线出版日期为2023年1月。修订后的估计数请参阅http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates。
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引用次数: 0
Compositionality in Computational Linguistics 计算语言学中的组合性
IF 3.2 1区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2022-11-02 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-linguistics-030521-044439
L. Donatelli, Alexander Koller
Neural models greatly outperform grammar-based models across many tasks in modern computational linguistics. This raises the question of whether linguistic principles, such as the Principle of Compositionality, still have value as modeling tools. We review the recent literature and find that while an overly strict interpretation of compositionality makes it hard to achieve broad coverage in semantic parsing tasks, compositionality is still necessary for a model to learn the correct linguistic generalizations from limited data. Reconciling both of these qualities requires the careful exploration of a novel design space; we also review some recent results that may help in this exploration. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Linguistics, Volume 9 is January 2023. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
在现代计算语言学的许多任务中,神经模型大大优于基于语法的模型。这就提出了一个问题,即语言原则,如组合性原则,是否仍然具有建模工具的价值。我们回顾了最近的文献,发现虽然对组合性的过于严格的解释使得在语义分析任务中难以实现广泛的覆盖,但组合性对于模型从有限的数据中学习正确的语言概括仍然是必要的。调和这两种品质需要仔细探索一个新颖的设计空间;我们还回顾了一些可能有助于这一探索的最新结果。预计《语言学年度评论》第9卷的最终在线出版日期为2023年1月。修订后的估计数请参阅http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates。
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引用次数: 2
Heritage Languages: Language Acquired, Language Lost, Language Regained 遗产语言:获得的语言,失去的语言,重新获得的语言
IF 3.2 1区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2022-11-02 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-linguistics-030521-050236
S. Montrul
A heritage language is a sociopolitically minority and/or minoritized language acquired as the first or one of the first languages in a bilingual or multilingual context. Heritage languages are typically acquired under conditions of reduced exposure and are often used less than the majority language during late childhood and adolescence. Heritage languages show structural differences and changes at all levels of linguistic analysis from baseline grammars that arise from the complex interaction between the nature and quantity of input and the age of bilinguals. Although many situations give rise to heritage languages, this article focuses on immigrants and their children and reviews foundational studies of the linguistic properties of heritage languages; studies of age effects that have shed light on critical differences between first, second, and heritage language acquisition; and recent studies of heritage language relearning and reactivation. The implications of the study of heritage languages for bilingualism and society and for the language and cognitive sciences are discussed. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Linguistics, Volume 9 is January 2023. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
传统语言是在双语或多语言环境中作为第一语言或第一语言之一而获得的一种社会政治上少数和/或少数语言。传统语言通常是在较少接触的条件下习得的,在儿童晚期和青少年时期使用的语言往往少于主流语言。传统语言在基础语法分析的各个层面上显示出结构差异和变化,这是由输入的性质和数量与双语者的年龄之间的复杂相互作用引起的。虽然遗产语言在许多情况下产生,但本文主要关注移民及其子女,并回顾了遗产语言语言特性的基础研究;年龄影响的研究揭示了第一语言习得、第二语言习得和继承语言习得之间的关键差异;以及最近关于传统语言再学习和再激活的研究。讨论了传统语言研究对双语和社会以及语言和认知科学的影响。预计《语言学年度评论》第9卷的最终在线出版日期为2023年1月。修订后的估计数请参阅http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates。
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引用次数: 5
Impersonal Pronouns and First-Person Perspective 人称代词和第一人称视角
IF 3.2 1区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2022-11-02 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-linguistics-031120-102547
H. Pearson
Impersonal pronouns are prototypically used in generic sentences to make generalizations about people. Yet they are unlike bare plural people or indefinite singular a person in that they exhibit a sensitivity to first-person perspective. This relationship can be seen in ( a) inferences of first-person experience associated with use of these pronouns, ( b) additional meaning components carried by impersonally used personal pronouns involving a presumption of empathy or (dis)agreement, and ( c) their interpretation in attitude reports, including referential dependency on the attitude holder and the de se/de re distinction. I survey recent findings on the perspectival interpretation of impersonal pronouns including English generic one, German man, French on, and Italian si, as well as impersonally used personal pronouns like English you and German ich and du. I end by identifying some common themes emerging from recent formal semantic analyses of impersonal pronouns. One of the key notions here is the treatment of impersonals as Heimian indefinites, which in generic contexts get bound by the generic operator. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Linguistics, Volume 9 is January 2023. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
人称代词通常用于一般句子中对人进行概括。然而,他们不同于纯复数人或不定单数人,因为他们对第一人称视角表现出敏感。这种关系可以在以下几个方面看到:(a)与使用这些代词相关的第一人称经验推断,(b)非个人使用的人称代词所携带的额外意义成分,涉及移情或(不)同意的假设,以及(c)它们在态度报告中的解释,包括对态度持有人的指称依赖和de se/de re区分。我调查了最近对非人称代词的透视解释的发现,包括英语通用的one,德语的man,法语的on和意大利语的si,以及非人称代词,如英语的you和德语的ich和du。最后,我从最近对非人称代词的形式语义分析中发现了一些共同的主题。这里的一个关键概念是将非人格作为黑面不定值来处理,在泛型上下文中,它被泛型运算符约束。预计《语言学年度评论》第9卷的最终在线出版日期为2023年1月。修订后的估计数请参阅http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates。
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引用次数: 0
Retrospect and Prospect 回顾与展望
IF 3.2 1区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2022-11-02 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-linguistics-032620-045850
P. Kiparsky
In science, we look for the big picture, but in autobiography, it is the details that we care more about. Inevitably, my piece embodies this contradiction. The linguistic parts aim to bring out the unifying themes behind what may look like a hopelessly all-over-the-place curriculum vitae of research and teaching. The autobiographical parts are mostly vignettes of my formative years, places where I have lived, events that have made an impression on me, and people I have crossed paths with. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Linguistics, Volume 9 is January 2023. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
在科学中,我们寻找的是全局,但在自传中,我们更关心的是细节。不可避免地,我的作品体现了这种矛盾。语言部分的目的是在看似毫无希望的研究和教学履历背后,揭示出统一的主题。自传体部分主要是关于我成长时期的小插曲,我住过的地方,给我留下深刻印象的事件,以及我遇到的人。预计《语言学年度评论》第9卷的最终在线出版日期为2023年1月。修订后的估计数请参阅http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates。
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引用次数: 0
Recent Advances in Chinese Developmental Dyslexia 中国发展性阅读障碍研究进展
IF 3.2 1区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2022-11-01 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-linguistics-030421-065648
Linjun Zhang, Zhichao Xia, Yang Zhao, H. Shu, Yang Zhang
Chinese developmental dyslexia (DD) research provides important insights into the language-universal and language-specific mechanisms underlying dyslexia. In this article, we review recent advances in Chinese DD. Converging behavioral evidence suggests that, while phonological and rapid automatized naming deficits are language universal, orthographic and morphological deficits are specific to the linguistic properties of Chinese. At the neural level, hypoactivation in the left superior temporal/inferior frontal regions in dyslexic children across Chinese and alphabetic languages may indicate a shared phonological processing deficit, whereas hyperactivation in the right inferior occipital/middle temporal regions and atypical activation in the left frontal areas in Chinese dyslexic children may indicate a language-specific compensatory strategy for impaired visual-spatial analysis and a morphological deficit in Chinese DD, respectively. The findings call for further theoretical endeavors to understand the language-universal and Chinese-specific neurobiological mechanisms underlying dyslexia and to design more effective and efficient intervention programs. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Linguistics, Volume 9 is January 2023. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
汉语发展性阅读障碍(DD)的研究为理解阅读障碍背后的语言普遍性和语言特异性机制提供了重要的见解。在这篇文章中,我们回顾了汉语DD研究的最新进展。趋同的行为证据表明,虽然语音和快速自动命名缺陷是语言的普遍性,但正字法和形态缺陷是汉语语言特性所特有的。在神经层面上,汉语和字母语言阅读障碍儿童左侧颞上/额下区域的低激活可能表明共同的语音加工缺陷。而汉语失读症儿童右侧枕下/中颞区过度激活和左侧额叶区非典型激活可能分别表明汉语失读症儿童对视觉空间分析受损和形态缺陷的语言特异性补偿策略。这一发现需要进一步的理论努力来理解语言普遍性和汉语特异性阅读障碍的神经生物学机制,并设计更有效的干预方案。预计《语言学年度评论》第9卷的最终在线出版日期为2023年1月。修订后的估计数请参阅http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates。
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引用次数: 4
Some Right Ways to Analyze (Psycho)Linguistic Data 分析(心理)语言数据的一些正确方法
IF 3.2 1区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2022-11-01 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-linguistics-031220-010345
S. Vasishth
Much has been written on the abuse and misuse of statistical methods, including p values, statistical significance, and so forth. I present some of the best practices in statistics using a running example data analysis. Focusing primarily on frequentist and Bayesian linear mixed models, I illustrate some defensible ways in which statistical inference—specifically, hypothesis testing using Bayes factors versus estimation or uncertainty quantification—can be carried out. The key is to not overstate the evidence and to not expect too much from statistics. Along the way, I demonstrate some powerful ideas, including the use of simulation to understand the design properties of one's experiment before running it, visualization of data before carrying out a formal analysis, and simulation of data from the fitted model to understand the model's behavior. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Linguistics, Volume 9 is January 2023. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
关于统计方法的滥用和误用,包括p值、统计显著性等,已经写了很多文章。我使用一个运行的示例数据分析来介绍一些统计方面的最佳实践。我主要集中在频率论和贝叶斯线性混合模型上,说明了一些可辩护的方法,其中统计推断-特别是使用贝叶斯因素与估计或不确定性量化的假设检验-可以进行。关键是不要夸大证据,也不要对统计数据期望过高。在此过程中,我展示了一些强大的想法,包括在运行实验之前使用模拟来理解实验的设计属性,在进行形式分析之前使用数据可视化,以及从拟合模型中模拟数据以了解模型的行为。预计《语言学年度评论》第9卷的最终在线出版日期为2023年1月。修订后的估计数请参阅http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates。
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引用次数: 4
Speech Prosody in Mental Disorders 精神障碍的言语韵律
IF 3.2 1区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2022-10-24 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-linguistics-030421-065139
Hongwei Ding, Yang Zhang
In response to uncovering brain mechanisms underlying vocal communication and searching for biomarkers for mental illnesses, speech prosody has been increasingly studied in recent years in multiple disciplines, including psycholinguistics. In this article, we provide an up-to-date synthesis of the theoretical foundation and empirical evidence to profile linguistic and emotional prosody in the proper characterization of mental disorders, including schizophrenia, autism, Alzheimer's disease, and depression. Our review reveals a need to develop theoretically motivated and methodologically integrated approaches to the study of context-driven comprehension and expression of pragmatic-affective prosody, which will help elucidate the core features of socio-communicative problems in individuals with mental disorders. We propose that comprehensive models within and across the conventional cognition-emotion-language trichotomy need to be developed to integrate current findings and guide future research. In particular, there needs to be due emphasis on investigating multisensory and cross-modal effects in normal and pathological prosody research. Our review calls for multidisciplinary efforts to address the challenging issues to inform and inspire the advancement of linguistic theories and psychiatric diagnosis and treatment. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Linguistics, Volume 9 is January 2023. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
为了揭示声音交流背后的大脑机制和寻找精神疾病的生物标志物,近年来,语音韵律在包括心理语言学在内的多个学科中得到了越来越多的研究。在这篇文章中,我们提供了最新的理论基础和经验证据来描述语言和情感韵律在精神障碍的适当表征,包括精神分裂症、自闭症、阿尔茨海默病和抑郁症。我们的回顾表明,需要发展理论驱动和方法整合的方法来研究语境驱动的语用情感韵律理解和表达,这将有助于阐明精神障碍个体社会交际问题的核心特征。我们建议,需要在传统的认知-情绪-语言三分法中开发综合模型,以整合当前的研究结果并指导未来的研究。特别是,在正常和病理韵律研究中,需要适当强调对多感觉和跨模态效应的研究。我们的评论呼吁多学科的努力来解决具有挑战性的问题,以告知和启发语言学理论和精神病学诊断和治疗的进步。预计《语言学年度评论》第9卷的最终在线出版日期为2023年1月。修订后的估计数请参阅http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates。
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引用次数: 6
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Annual Review of Linguistics
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