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Interjections at the Heart of Language 感叹词是语言的核心
1区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2023-11-06 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-linguistics-031422-124743
Mark Dingemanse
Interjections, the words that come between sentences, are easily overlooked and usually treated as peripheral to the language sciences. This review surveys work from disparate disciplines that suggests an inversion of perspective: from interjections as marginal items to interjections at the heart of language. Around one out of every seven turns in conversation is an interjection, and the most common ones are not the involuntary grunts that typically feature in examples; instead, they form a small set of agile and adaptive interactional tools that streamline everyday language use. Continuers like mmhm help people co-construct complex interactional structures, repair initiators like huh? help people calibrate mutual understanding on the fly, and change-of-state tokens like oh display knowledge as it evolves in interaction. Interjections emerge as words that help us talk and think, scaffolding the complexity of language as we know it. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Linguistics, Volume 10 is January 2024. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
句子之间的感叹词很容易被忽视,通常被视为语言科学的边缘。这篇综述调查了来自不同学科的工作,表明了观点的倒置:从作为边缘项目的感叹词到作为语言核心的感叹词。谈话中每七个转折中就有一个是感叹词,最常见的感叹词并不是例句中典型的无意识的咕哝;相反,它们形成了一组灵活的自适应交互工具,简化了日常语言的使用。延续者,比如嗯,帮助人们共同构建复杂的互动结构,修复启动者,比如嗯?帮助人们在飞行中校准相互理解,以及在交互中显示知识的状态变化标记。感叹词作为帮助我们说话和思考的词出现,为我们所知的语言复杂性搭建了框架。预计最终在线出版日期为语言学年度评论,第10卷是2024年1月。修订后的估计数请参阅http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates。
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引用次数: 0
Spoken Word Recognition: A Focus on Plasticity 口语单词识别:关注可塑性
1区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2023-10-31 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-linguistics-031422-113507
Efthymia C. Kapnoula, Mina Jevtović, James S. Magnuson
Psycholinguists define spoken word recognition (SWR) as, roughly, the processes intervening between speech perception and sentence processing, whereby a sequence of speech elements is mapped to a phonological wordform. After reviewing points of consensus and contention in SWR, we turn to the focus of this review: considering the limitations of theoretical views that implicitly assume an idealized (neurotypical, monolingual adult) and static perceiver. In contrast to this assumption, we review evidence that SWR is plastic throughout the life span and changes as a function of cognitive and sensory changes, modulated by the language(s) someone knows. In highlighting instances of plasticity at multiple timescales, we are confronted with the question of whether these effects reflect changes in content or in processes, and we consider the possibility that the two are inseparable. We close with a brief discussion of the challenges that plasticity poses for developing comprehensive theories of spoken language processing. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Linguistics, Volume 10 is January 2024. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
心理语言学家将口语识别(SWR)大致定义为介于语音感知和句子处理之间的过程,即语音元素序列被映射到语音形式。在回顾了SWR的共识和争论点之后,我们转向本综述的重点:考虑到隐含假设理想化(神经典型,单语成人)和静态感知者的理论观点的局限性。与这一假设相反,我们回顾了证据,表明SWR在整个生命周期中是可塑的,并且随着认知和感觉变化而变化,受人所知语言的调节。在强调可塑性在多个时间尺度的实例时,我们面临的问题是,这些影响是否反映了内容或过程的变化,我们认为这两者是不可分割的可能性。最后,我们简要讨论了可塑性对发展口语处理的综合理论所带来的挑战。预计最终在线出版日期为语言学年度评论,第10卷是2024年1月。修订后的估计数请参阅http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates。
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引用次数: 0
Analogy in Inflection 屈折中的类比
1区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2023-10-20 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-linguistics-030521-040935
Emily Lindsay-Smith, Matthew Baerman, Sacha Beniamine, Helen Sims-Williams, Erich R. Round
Analogy has returned to prominence in the field of inflectional morphology as a basis for new explanations of inflectional productivity. Here we review the rising profile of analogy, identifying key theoretical and methodological developments, areas of success, and priorities for future work. In morphological theory, work within so-called abstractive approaches places analogy at the center of productive processes, though significant conceptual and technical details remain to be settled. The computational modeling of inflectional analogy has a rich and diverse history, and attention is now increasingly directed to understanding inflectional systems through their internal complexity and cross-linguistic diversity. A tension exists between the prima facie promise of analogy to lead to new explanations and its relative lack of theoretical articulation. We bring this to light as we examine questions regarding inflectional defectiveness and whether analogy is reducible to grammar optimization resulting from simplicity biases in learning and language use. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Linguistics, Volume 10 is January 2024. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
类比在屈折词形学领域中作为屈折词形生产力的新解释的基础又重新得到重视。在这里,我们回顾了类比的兴起,确定了关键的理论和方法的发展,成功的领域,以及未来工作的优先事项。在形态理论中,所谓的抽象方法将类比置于生产过程的中心,尽管重要的概念和技术细节仍有待解决。屈折类比的计算建模有着丰富多样的历史,现在越来越多的注意力转向通过其内部复杂性和跨语言多样性来理解屈折系统。一种张力存在于表面上对类比的承诺导致新的解释和相对缺乏理论清晰度之间。当我们研究有关屈折缺陷的问题以及类比是否可简化为学习和语言使用中的简单性偏见导致的语法优化时,我们将这一点揭示出来。预计最终在线出版日期为语言学年度评论,第10卷是2024年1月。修订后的估计数请参阅http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates。
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引用次数: 0
Types and Type Theories in Natural Language Analysis 自然语言分析中的类型和类型理论
1区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2023-10-10 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-linguistics-031422-113929
Peter R. Sutton
This article reviews the set of possible paths from a semantics based on Simple Type Theories (STTs) toward one based on Rich Type Theories (RTTs) and the motivations behind the move from one to the other. The main elements of this review are threefold. First, it provides a systematic overview of different STTs, including options for what to include as members of the set of basic types, and whether to assume type constructors additional to the one for constructing functional types. Second, this review discusses the main differences between STTs and RTTs, namely, that in RTTs but not in STTs, types are part of the object language. That is, one can refer to and reason with and about types. In turn, this makes available an alternative account of propositions to the one assumed in semantics in the Frege–Church–Montague tradition: Instead of being characterized as sets of possible worlds, propositions can be treated themselves as types, that is, as structured semantic objects. Third and finally, this review provides an outline of some of the main applications of RTTs, including hyperintensionality, quantification, anaphora, polysemy, and modification. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Linguistics, Volume 10 is January 2024. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
本文回顾了从基于简单类型理论(STTs)的语义到基于丰富类型理论(rtt)的语义的可能路径集,以及从一种转换到另一种背后的动机。这次审查的主要内容有三个方面。首先,它提供了不同stt的系统概述,包括作为基本类型集合的成员包括哪些选项,以及除了用于构造函数类型的类型构造函数之外,是否使用类型构造函数。其次,本文讨论了stt和rtt之间的主要区别,即在rtt中,类型是目标语言的一部分,而在stt中则不是。也就是说,人们可以参照类型,用类型进行推理。反过来,这又为弗雷格-丘奇-蒙塔古传统的语义学假设提供了另一种命题解释:命题可以被视为类型,即结构化的语义对象,而不是被表征为可能世界的集合。最后,本文概述了rtt的一些主要应用,包括高强度、量化、回指、一词多义和修饰。预计最终在线出版日期为语言学年度评论,第10卷是2024年1月。修订后的估计数请参阅http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates。
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引用次数: 0
Advances in Understanding Stuttering as a Disorder of Language Encoding 对口吃作为语言编码障碍的认识进展
1区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2023-10-10 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-linguistics-030521-044754
Nan Bernstein Ratner, Shelley B. Brundage
We review accumulating evidence that implicates the language encoding and production system in children and adults who stutter. Stuttering is unique in its onset during the most dynamic stages of language acquisition, after apparently successful mastery of early language skills. We review older theories of stuttering that have given way to an understanding of stuttering's underlying bases in cortical and subcortical networks. Behavioral data suggest strong influences of language encoding demand on the frequency and location of stuttered events; psycholinguistic findings suggest atypical language processing in the absence of overt speech. We discuss the probable neuroanatomical and neurophysiological bases of these findings, with implications for therapeutic intervention. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Linguistics, Volume 10 is January 2024. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
我们回顾积累的证据,暗示语言编码和生产系统在儿童和口吃的成人。口吃的独特之处在于它发生在语言习得最活跃的阶段,在明显成功地掌握了早期语言技能之后。我们回顾了关于口吃的旧理论,这些理论已经让位于对口吃在皮层和皮层下网络的潜在基础的理解。行为数据显示语言编码需求对口吃事件发生的频率和地点有显著影响;心理语言学的研究结果表明,在没有公开言语的情况下,非典型语言处理。我们讨论了这些发现的可能的神经解剖学和神经生理学基础,以及治疗干预的含义。预计最终在线出版日期为语言学年度评论,第10卷是2024年1月。修订后的估计数请参阅http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates。
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引用次数: 0
Philippine Psycholinguistics 菲律宾语言心理学
1区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2023-10-03 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-linguistics-031522-102844
Jed Sam Pizarro-Guevara, Rowena Garcia
Over the last decade, there has been a slow but steady accumulation of psycholinguistic research focusing on typologically diverse languages. In this review, we provide an overview of the psycholinguistic research on Philippine languages at the sentence level. We first discuss the grammatical features of these languages that figure prominently in existing research. We identify four linguistic domains that have received attention from language researchers and summarize the empirical terrain. We advance two claims that emerge across these different domains: ( a) The agent-first pressure plays a central role in many of the findings, and ( b) the generalization that the patient argument is the syntactically privileged argument cannot be reduced to frequency, but instead is an emergent phenomenon caused by the alignment of competing pressures toward an optimal candidate. We connect these language-specific claims to language-general theories of sentence processing. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Linguistics, Volume 10 is January 2024. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
在过去的十年里,专注于类型学多样性语言的心理语言学研究缓慢而稳定地积累起来。本文从句子层面对菲律宾语的心理语言学研究进行了综述。我们首先讨论这些语言在现有研究中突出的语法特征。我们确定了四个受到语言研究者关注的语言领域,并总结了经验地形。我们提出了在这些不同领域中出现的两个主张:(a)主体优先的压力在许多研究结果中起着核心作用,(b)病人论点在句法上享有特权的论点不能被简化为频率,而是一种由竞争压力对最优候选人的一致性引起的紧急现象。我们将这些特定语言的主张与句子处理的语言一般理论联系起来。预计最终在线出版日期为语言学年度评论,第10卷是2024年1月。修订后的估计数请参阅http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates。
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引用次数: 0
Semantics of Gesture 手势语义
1区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2023-10-03 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-linguistics-022421-063057
Cornelia Ebert
Current formal semantic theories aim at capturing gestural semantic contributions and in particular their interplay with the semantics that stems from cooccurring speech. To grasp how gesture contributes meaning and interacts with speech, the information status of gesture is of prime importance. This article gives an overview of the different conceptions of the information status of gestures that have been put forth and discusses the empirical predictions and theoretical consequences that arise from the respective theories. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Linguistics, Volume 10 is January 2024. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
目前的形式语义理论旨在捕捉手势语义的贡献,特别是它们与源于共同发生的语音的语义的相互作用。为了掌握手势如何贡献意义并与言语相互作用,手势的信息状态是至关重要的。本文概述了已经提出的关于手势信息状态的不同概念,并讨论了从各自理论中产生的经验预测和理论结果。预计最终在线出版日期为语言学年度评论,第10卷是2024年1月。修订后的估计数请参阅http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates。
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引用次数: 1
Intensionality and Propositionalism 密集性和命题主义
1区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2023-09-27 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-linguistics-031522-104045
Kristina Liefke
Propositionalism is the view that all intensional constructions (including nominal and clausal attitude reports) can be interpreted as relations to truth-evaluable propositional content. While propositionalism has long been silently assumed in semantics and the philosophy of language, it has only recently entered center stage in linguistic research. This article surveys the properties of intensional constructions, which require the introduction of fine-grained semantic values (intensions). It contrasts two ways of obtaining such values: through the introduction of either Russellian propositions or Frege-Church-style senses. The article identifies propositionalism with a specific variant of the Russellian strategy, reviews key arguments for propositionalism, and compares familiar varieties of propositionalism on the basis of instructive examples. It closes by discussing various challenges for propositionalism and suggesting a generalization of propositionalism that meets some of these challenges. Because of the association of propositions with semantic information, the article also addresses the more general question of whether all information content (including mental and pictorial content) is propositional. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Linguistics, Volume 10 is January 2024. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
命题主义认为所有的内涵结构(包括名义的和小句的态度报告)都可以被解释为与真值可评估的命题内容的关系。虽然命题主义在语义学和语言哲学中一直被默默假定,但它直到最近才进入语言学研究的中心舞台。本文研究了需要引入细粒度语义值(语义)的内涵结构的特性。它对比了获得这种价值的两种方式:通过引入罗素式命题或弗雷格-丘奇式感官。本文将命题主义与罗素策略的一种特定变体区分开来,回顾了命题主义的主要论点,并在有指导意义的例子的基础上比较了命题主义的常见变体。最后讨论了命题主义面临的各种挑战,并提出了命题主义的概括,以应对这些挑战。由于命题与语义信息的关联,本文还解决了是否所有信息内容(包括心理和图像内容)都是命题的更一般的问题。预计最终在线出版日期为语言学年度评论,第10卷是2024年1月。修订后的估计数请参阅http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates。
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引用次数: 0
The Size of Clausal Complements 小句补语的大小
1区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2023-09-22 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-linguistics-031522-103802
Susanne Wurmbrand
Drawing mainly—but not exclusively—on data from Germanic, this article compares syntactic, morphological, and semantic approaches to size differences of complement clauses. Focusing on two phenomena that have been related to clause size reduction and truncation—Exceptional Case Marking (ECM) and restructuring—it is shown that their distribution is radically different and that clause size cannot be the main factor regulating both of these phenomena. This article provides a solution to this conflicting state of affairs and lays out an approach that builds on a fine-grained CP structure, including both syntactic and semantic categories, a reduced structure for infinitives, and a syntax–meaning mapping that predicts different minimal clause sizes for different semantic types of complements. Based on the distribution of ECM in Germanic, a tentative ECM hierarchy is suggested that follows implicational containment relations of an expanded CP. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Linguistics, Volume 10 is January 2024. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
本文主要(但不完全)以日耳曼语的数据为基础,比较了补语从句大小差异的句法、形态和语义方法。重点研究了两种与小句缩减和截断有关的现象——例外情况标记(ECM)和重组——表明它们的分布是完全不同的,小句大小不能成为调节这两种现象的主要因素。本文为这种冲突状态提供了一种解决方案,并展示了一种基于细粒度CP结构的方法,该方法包括语法和语义类别、不定式的简化结构以及用于预测不同语义类型的补语的不同最小子句大小的语法-含义映射。根据日耳曼语中ECM的分布,建议建立一个初步的ECM层次结构,该结构遵循扩展CP的隐含遏制关系。《语言学年度评论》第10卷的最终在线出版日期预计为2024年1月。修订后的估计数请参阅http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates。
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引用次数: 0
Can’t Believe It Went by So Fast 真不敢相信时间过得这么快
1区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2023-09-15 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-linguistics-031422-120012
Hans Kamp
This autobiographical sketch starts with my arrival as a PhD student at UCLA in 1965. It focuses on the most prominent line of my intellectual development, from work in Priorean tense logic for my dissertation and essays intended to fit within the framework of Montague Grammar to the discourse-oriented framework of Discourse Representation Theory (DRT) and eventually to the unequivocally cognitive approach of Mental State Discourse Representation Theory (MSDRT), which is the core of my present view and work. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Linguistics, Volume 10 is January 2024. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
这篇自传体小品始于1965年我作为一名博士生来到加州大学洛杉矶分校。它集中在我智力发展的最突出的路线上,从我的论文和论文的先验时态逻辑的工作,旨在适应蒙太古语法的框架,到话语表征理论(DRT)的话语导向框架,最终到精神状态话语表征理论(MSDRT)的明确认知方法,这是我目前观点和工作的核心。预计最终在线出版日期为语言学年度评论,第10卷是2024年1月。修订后的估计数请参阅http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates。
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引用次数: 0
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Annual Review of Linguistics
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