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Cardiopulmonary resuscitation and post-resuscitation care 心肺复苏和复苏后护理
IF 0.2 Q4 ANESTHESIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.mpaic.2024.08.011
Michael O’Connor, C Stephanie Cattlin
Survival and subsequent good neurological outcome following cardiac arrest depends on prompt diagnosis, good-quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) with minimal interruptions and rapid defibrillation, if appropriate. In the post-resuscitation phase, diagnosis and treatment of the underlying cause for the arrest with avoidance of hypotension, hyperthermia, hyperoxia, hyper/hypoglycaemia and management of seizure activity confers the best chances of a successful outcome. Early prognostication of survivors is difficult and should be done by experts using a variety of proven modalities.
心脏骤停患者能否存活并在随后获得良好的神经功能预后,取决于及时诊断、高质量的心肺复苏(CPR)(尽量减少中断)和快速除颤(如有必要)。在复苏后阶段,诊断和治疗导致心跳骤停的根本原因,避免低血压、高热、高氧、高/低血糖,并控制癫痫发作活动,这样才最有可能获得成功。幸存者的早期预后很难预测,应由专家使用各种行之有效的方法进行预测。
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引用次数: 0
Medical gases 医用气体
IF 0.2 Q4 ANESTHESIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.mpaic.2024.08.012
William Malein, Christina Beecroft
Understanding the complex process of production, storage and delivery of medical gases is vitally important to ensure safe and efficient practice by anaesthetists. This article discusses the medical gases commonly used in anaesthesia and intensive care and details the journey of the commonly used medical gases from production to patient delivery. It includes core knowledge for the FRCA examinations.
了解医用气体生产、储存和输送的复杂过程对于确保麻醉师安全高效地开展工作至关重要。本文讨论了麻醉和重症监护中常用的医用气体,并详细介绍了常用医用气体从生产到输送给病人的过程。其中包括 FRCA 考试的核心知识。
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引用次数: 0
Ethical leadership in healthcare 医疗保健领域的道德领导力
IF 0.2 Q4 ANESTHESIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.mpaic.2024.08.013
Daniele C Bryden
Ethical leadership is important for quality healthcare delivery, patient safety and satisfaction, staff engagement and institutional efficiency. Ethical leaders inspire their team, create a culture of respect and a feeling of psychological safety. Failure to adopt an ethical leadership approach can lead to a lack of psychological safety for staff, poor workplace cultures and patient harm.
A doctor who is a good team leader fosters a workplace culture of trust, collaboration, and transparency, whilst holding everyone accountable for their actions. They act with integrity and honesty even when it means making difficult decisions, sharing plans and taking responsibility for any mistakes.
Adopting the principles of ethical leadership early in your clinical career and focussing on developing awareness of the impact of your behaviour on others can help to ensure you deliver the best patient care and become a strong and effective leader.
有道德的领导对于提供优质医疗服务、保障患者安全和满意度、提高员工参与度和机构效率非常重要。有道德的领导者能激励团队,创造一种尊重和心理安全感的文化。如果不采用道德领导方法,就会导致员工缺乏心理安全感、工作场所文化不佳以及对患者造成伤害。作为一名优秀的团队领导者,医生要培养信任、协作和透明的工作场所文化,同时要求每个人对自己的行为负责。他们的行为正直、诚实,即使这意味着要做出艰难的决定、分享计划并为任何错误承担责任。在临床职业生涯的早期就采用道德领导原则,并注重培养自己的行为对他人影响的意识,有助于确保您为患者提供最好的护理,并成为一名强大而有效的领导者。
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引用次数: 0
Self-assessment 自我评估
IF 0.2 Q4 ANESTHESIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.mpaic.2024.10.001
Vijayanand Nadella
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引用次数: 0
Pain, agitation and delirium in the intensive care unit 重症监护室中的疼痛、躁动和谵妄
IF 0.2 Q4 ANESTHESIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.mpaic.2024.08.004
Christopher McGovern, Richard Cowan, Richard Appleton, Barbara Miles
Pain, agitation and delirium are common during critical illness and are associated with many adverse consequences. A key aim of critical care is the facilitation of a calm, comfortable patient who can interact with their family and staff. Intensive care unit (ICU) patients frequently have pain from a variety of sources, many of which are not readily appreciated or actively managed. This article explores the challenges of assessing pain in the ICU and outlines methods that can be used to better identify and manage pain in this patient group. Agitation in ICU is often multifactorial, with many of its sources under-recognized. We will discuss the potential reasons that ICU patients become agitated, methods for measuring agitation and the actions that can be taken to alleviate it. Although the use of sedative and anxiolytic drugs is common in the ICU, their use is not without risks. This article will outline these risks, the variety of drugs available and how to use these drugs to a targeted effect. We will also explore delirium, its risk factors, precipitants and associated morbidity and mortality. This article will discuss how to diagnose delirium and the methods used to prevent and manage it.
疼痛、躁动和谵妄是危重病人常见的症状,会带来许多不良后果。重症监护的一个关键目标是让病人平静、舒适,并能与家人和医护人员互动。重症监护病房(ICU)患者经常会有各种来源的疼痛,其中许多疼痛并不容易被察觉或积极控制。本文探讨了评估重症监护病房疼痛所面临的挑战,并概述了可用于更好地识别和管理这类患者疼痛的方法。重症监护病房中的躁动通常是多因素的,其中许多原因未得到充分认识。我们将讨论 ICU 患者躁动的潜在原因、测量躁动的方法以及可以采取的缓解措施。虽然在重症监护病房使用镇静和抗焦虑药物很常见,但使用这些药物并非没有风险。本文将概述这些风险、可用药物的种类以及如何有针对性地使用这些药物。我们还将探讨谵妄、其风险因素、诱因以及相关的发病率和死亡率。本文将讨论如何诊断谵妄以及用于预防和管理谵妄的方法。
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引用次数: 0
Adjuvant agents in regional anaesthesia 区域麻醉的辅助药物
IF 0.2 Q4 ANESTHESIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.mpaic.2024.08.007
Mark Gallagher, Calum RK Grant
The addition of adjuvant agents to intrathecal and epidural anaesthetic techniques is well established, in particular opioids and clonidine. These adjuvants are utilized to improve the quality of anaesthesia and analgesia. Several other adjuvants have been studied but ongoing concerns surrounding safety and efficacy may limit their use in clinical practice. Epinephrine has for many years been administered in combination with local anaesthetic although more recently a diverse range of adjuvants have been added to peripheral nerve block solutions, again with the aim of prolonging surgical anaesthesia. The evidence to support or refute the benefit of these agents is increasing, as is our understanding of which agents have demonstrable efficacy and safety at clinically appropriate doses. Clinicians must be aware that many adjuvants are not licensed for central neuraxial or perineural use and should be aware of the risks, in particular of neurotoxicity and unwanted side effects.
在鞘内和硬膜外麻醉技术中添加辅助药物,特别是阿片类药物和氯硝定,已得到广泛认可。使用这些辅助剂是为了提高麻醉和镇痛的质量。还对其他几种辅助剂进行了研究,但对其安全性和有效性的持续关注可能会限制它们在临床实践中的使用。多年来,肾上腺素一直与局部麻醉剂联合使用,但最近外周神经阻滞溶液中添加了多种辅助剂,目的也是为了延长手术麻醉时间。支持或反驳这些药剂益处的证据越来越多,我们对哪些药剂在临床适当剂量下具有可证实的疗效和安全性的认识也越来越深入。临床医生必须意识到,许多辅助剂并未获得用于中枢神经或神经周围麻醉的许可,因此应了解其风险,尤其是神经毒性和不必要的副作用。
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引用次数: 0
Spinal anaesthesia 脊髓麻醉
IF 0.2 Q4 ANESTHESIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.mpaic.2024.08.008
Amy LK. Sadler, Paul DW. Fettes
Spinal anaesthesia involves the injection of local anaesthetic solution into the intrathecal space. It is a widely practised anaesthetic technique that can provide surgical anaesthesia for procedures below the umbilicus. Due to the proximity of the central nervous system, safe practice is of paramount importance and requires a good understanding of relevant anatomy, physiology and pharmacology. Complications are rare but need to be recognized and managed rapidly and appropriately.
脊髓麻醉是将局部麻醉溶液注入鞘内间隙。这是一种广泛应用的麻醉技术,可为脐下手术提供手术麻醉。由于靠近中枢神经系统,安全操作至关重要,需要对相关解剖学、生理学和药理学有很好的了解。并发症很少发生,但需要快速识别并妥善处理。
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引用次数: 0
Patient positioning in anaesthesia 麻醉中的病人定位
IF 0.2 Q4 ANESTHESIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.mpaic.2024.08.003
Dominic O’Connor, Jeremy Radcliffe
Anaesthesia inhibits a variety of the protective mechanisms usually in place to protect us from harm and prevent damage to vulnerable tissues. In addition, anaesthesia and patient positioning may impose physiological stresses on these tissues. Patients are often required to assume positions for surgery which would be intolerable without anaesthesia; these positions may introduce hazards which can lead to injury. Positioning of patients under anaesthesia is an important subject for anaesthetists to consider, since patient positioning has implications upon the patient’s physiological responses as well as potentially causing injury to the patient. We describe the considerations for the anaesthetist when positioning the surgical patient. We discuss the positions commonly used for surgical patients and relate the challenges associated with each of these positions, challenges which can be physical as well as physiological. Staffing and equipment provision levels must be adequate to cope with the complexity predicted in positioning an individual patient. The anaesthetist also needs to consider the relatively restricted access to the patient for intervention when in the prone or lateral positions.
麻醉会抑制通常保护我们免受伤害和防止脆弱组织受损的各种保护机制。此外,麻醉和病人体位可能会对这些组织造成生理压力。病人在手术中经常需要采取一些在没有麻醉的情况下无法忍受的体位;这些体位可能会带来危险,从而导致伤害。麻醉时病人的体位是麻醉师需要考虑的一个重要问题,因为病人的体位会影响病人的生理反应,并可能对病人造成伤害。我们介绍了麻醉师在为手术患者定位时的注意事项。我们讨论了外科手术患者常用的体位,并介绍了与每种体位相关的挑战,这些挑战可能是身体上的,也可能是生理上的。人员配备和设备供应水平必须足以应对病人体位摆放的复杂性。麻醉师还需要考虑俯卧位或侧卧位时接触病人进行干预的相对限制。
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引用次数: 0
Regional anaesthesia in patients taking anticoagulant drugs 服用抗凝药物患者的区域麻醉
IF 0.2 Q4 ANESTHESIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.mpaic.2024.08.015
William L Malein, Calum RK Grant
Managing perioperative anticoagulation and antiplatelet medication is a daily challenge for anaesthetists. Balancing the risks of surgical bleeding and complications of regional anaesthesia must be weighed against time to theatre and the risk of perioperative thrombotic events. The anaesthetist is particularly concerned about compressive vertebral canal haematomas (VCH) which may occur following spinal, epidural or para-vertebral techniques. There is also concern about bleeding complications following peripheral nerve blockade. This article attempts to put the risk of these complications into context and references key international guidelines on peri-procedural management of the broad range of anticoagulant and antiplatelet medication in current use.
管理围术期抗凝和抗血小板药物是麻醉师每天面临的挑战。在平衡手术出血风险和区域麻醉并发症的同时,还必须权衡手术时间和围术期血栓事件的风险。麻醉师尤其关注脊柱、硬膜外或椎旁技术后可能出现的压迫性椎管血肿(VCH)。外周神经阻滞术后的出血并发症也令人担忧。本文试图说明这些并发症的风险,并参考了目前使用的各种抗凝剂和抗血小板药物围手术期管理的主要国际指南。
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引用次数: 0
Central venous cannulation 中心静脉插管
IF 0.2 Q4 ANESTHESIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.mpaic.2024.08.010
Peter B Williamson, C Stephanie Cattlin
Central venous cannulation using the basic principles of the Seldinger technique is a core skill for anaesthetists and critical care doctors in situations where intravenous access is difficult or multiple infusions are required. While potentially lifesaving, central venous cannulation carries the risk of serious morbidity (or even mortality). Mitigating these risks through aseptic technique, ultrasound guidance and timely management of complications is vital.
使用 Seldinger 技术的基本原理进行中心静脉插管是麻醉师和重症监护医生在静脉通路困难或需要多次输液的情况下的一项核心技能。虽然中心静脉插管有可能挽救生命,但也存在严重发病(甚至死亡)的风险。通过无菌技术、超声引导和及时处理并发症来降低这些风险至关重要。
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Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine
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