Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.mpaic.2025.11.004
Tom Bower, Thomas Clayton
The mechanism of action of general anaesthetic drugs is not fully understood, with many different theories proposed since the mid-1800s. The initial descriptions of anaesthetic agents disrupting the lipid bilayer of neuronal cell membranes has been replaced by current understanding that general anaesthetic drugs act upon specific ion channels within neuronal cell membranes to exert their effect. The most commonly used general anaesthetic drugs are believed to cause central nervous system depression through activation of the inhibitory γ-amino butyric acid type A (GABAA) receptors and inhibition of the excitatory N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. There are a number of variants of GABAA receptor subunits which may be arranged in differing combinations, owing to the variability of the effects of anaesthetic agents on these receptors.
{"title":"Mechanisms of action of general anaesthetic drugs","authors":"Tom Bower, Thomas Clayton","doi":"10.1016/j.mpaic.2025.11.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mpaic.2025.11.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The mechanism of action of general anaesthetic drugs is not fully understood, with many different theories proposed since the mid-1800s. The initial descriptions of anaesthetic agents disrupting the lipid bilayer of neuronal cell membranes has been replaced by current understanding that general anaesthetic drugs act upon specific ion channels within neuronal cell membranes to exert their effect. The most commonly used general anaesthetic drugs are believed to cause central nervous system depression through activation of the inhibitory γ-amino butyric acid type A (GABA<sub>A</sub>) receptors and inhibition of the excitatory N-methyl-<span>d</span>-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. There are a number of variants of GABA<sub>A</sub> receptor subunits which may be arranged in differing combinations, owing to the variability of the effects of anaesthetic agents on these receptors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":45856,"journal":{"name":"Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine","volume":"27 1","pages":"Pages 19-21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145915516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.mpaic.2025.11.005
Alexander T Vidouris, Ming Wilson
Modern anaesthesia relies upon reliable measurement of physiological parameters, with the parameter being measured known as the measurand. Advancements in technology mean that monitoring systems are faster, more sophisticated, more user friendly and able to be used during transfers; empowering clinicians to deliver increasingly safe care to patients. It is imperative that anaesthetists demonstrate a thorough understanding of the utility of these systems, their underlying principles, limitations and potential sources of error. Components of a measuring system include sensors, transducers, signal conditioning units, analogue to digital converters and displays. Processing of signals can include reducing noise, filtering, common mode rejection, amplification and conversion to a digital signal which allows display of data in real time and storage of data for review later. Performance of the system depends upon its accuracy, precision and linearity. They often behave as first- or second-order systems and are subject to systematic and random error which can include drift and hysteresis and often require calibration. This article aims to describe the concepts of basic measurement systems.
{"title":"Basic measurement concepts","authors":"Alexander T Vidouris, Ming Wilson","doi":"10.1016/j.mpaic.2025.11.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mpaic.2025.11.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Modern anaesthesia relies upon reliable measurement of physiological parameters, with the parameter being measured known as the measurand. Advancements in technology mean that monitoring systems are faster, more sophisticated, more user friendly and able to be used during transfers; empowering clinicians to deliver increasingly safe care to patients. It is imperative that anaesthetists demonstrate a thorough understanding of the utility of these systems, their underlying principles, limitations and potential sources of error. Components of a measuring system include sensors, transducers, signal conditioning units, analogue to digital converters and displays. Processing of signals can include reducing noise, filtering, common mode rejection, amplification and conversion to a digital signal which allows display of data in real time and storage of data for review later. Performance of the system depends upon its accuracy, precision and linearity. They often behave as first- or second-order systems and are subject to systematic and random error which can include drift and hysteresis and often require calibration. This article aims to describe the concepts of basic measurement systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":45856,"journal":{"name":"Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine","volume":"27 1","pages":"Pages 22-27"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145915517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.mpaic.2025.10.014
Daniel J Kirkin, Atika Sabharwal, Jonathan Cousins
Obstructive sleep apnoea is an increasingly prevalent perioperative concern for anaesthetists worldwide. In the UK, there is estimated to be 8 million people with suspected obstructive sleep apnoea, but only 1.5 million that have been formally diagnosed. Obstructive sleep apnoea is associated with increased perioperative cardiopulmonary complications; however, clear and concise management guidance has been lacking. The Centre for Perioperative Care published user-friendly practical guidelines in 2025 summarizing key perioperative recommendations. Preoperative management should focus upon appropriate screening and risk-stratification using the STOP-BANG questionnaire. Although formal diagnosis via sleep studies may not be feasible for all, appropriate management pathways can be guided by STOP-BANG scores and clinical context. Preoperative optimization with continuous positive airway pressure therapy reduces postoperative complications and should be initiated where possible. Intraoperatively, locoregional techniques are preferred, and opioid-sparing analgesic strategies are recommended if general anaesthesia is necessary. There is an eightfold increase in airway management difficulties during induction of anaesthesia in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea, therefore risk reduction strategies should mirror those utilized for patients living with obesity. There remains limited evidence to guide the optimal care facility and duration of monitoring to reduce the risk of adverse postoperative respiratory events.
{"title":"Obstructive sleep apnoea and anaesthesia","authors":"Daniel J Kirkin, Atika Sabharwal, Jonathan Cousins","doi":"10.1016/j.mpaic.2025.10.014","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mpaic.2025.10.014","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Obstructive sleep apnoea is an increasingly prevalent perioperative concern for anaesthetists worldwide. In the UK, there is estimated to be 8 million people with suspected obstructive sleep apnoea, but only 1.5 million that have been formally diagnosed. Obstructive sleep apnoea is associated with increased perioperative cardiopulmonary complications; however, clear and concise management guidance has been lacking. The Centre for Perioperative Care published user-friendly practical guidelines in 2025 summarizing key perioperative recommendations. Preoperative management should focus upon appropriate screening and risk-stratification using the STOP-BANG questionnaire. Although formal diagnosis via sleep studies may not be feasible for all, appropriate management pathways can be guided by STOP-BANG scores and clinical context. Preoperative optimization with continuous positive airway pressure therapy reduces postoperative complications and should be initiated where possible. Intraoperatively, locoregional techniques are preferred, and opioid-sparing analgesic strategies are recommended if general anaesthesia is necessary. There is an eightfold increase in airway management difficulties during induction of anaesthesia in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea, therefore risk reduction strategies should mirror those utilized for patients living with obesity. There remains limited evidence to guide the optimal care facility and duration of monitoring to reduce the risk of adverse postoperative respiratory events.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":45856,"journal":{"name":"Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine","volume":"26 12","pages":"Pages 824-832"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145712321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.mpaic.2025.10.018
Rachel L Smith, AE Louise McMurran, Patrick A Ward
Anaesthesia for ear surgery requires knowledge of the relevant anatomy and appreciation of the principal surgical requirements – a stationary patient and dry operating field intraoperatively to facilitate surgery; and, smooth emergence from anaesthesia at the end of surgery, to minimize complications. To achieve the optimum patient outcome, the anaesthetist must modify their anaesthetic technique, tailoring it to the individual patient and the underlying pathology, including employing intraoperative strategies to safely manipulate the patient's blood pressure and preserve facial nerve function, techniques to attenuate airway reflexes at emergence, and utilizing a multi-modal approach to provision of analgesia and postoperative nausea and vomiting prophylaxis. Crucially, the anaesthetist must be aware that many surgical procedures involving the ear are undertaken to preserve, improve or restore hearing function, such that careful preparation and meticulous perioperative care are essential in order to optimize outcome and to minimize complications.
{"title":"Anaesthesia for ear surgery","authors":"Rachel L Smith, AE Louise McMurran, Patrick A Ward","doi":"10.1016/j.mpaic.2025.10.018","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mpaic.2025.10.018","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Anaesthesia for ear surgery requires knowledge of the relevant anatomy and appreciation of the principal surgical requirements – a stationary patient and dry operating field intraoperatively to facilitate surgery; and, smooth emergence from anaesthesia at the end of surgery, to minimize complications. To achieve the optimum patient outcome, the anaesthetist must modify their anaesthetic technique, tailoring it to the individual patient and the underlying pathology, including employing intraoperative strategies to safely manipulate the patient's blood pressure and preserve facial nerve function, techniques to attenuate airway reflexes at emergence, and utilizing a multi-modal approach to provision of analgesia and postoperative nausea and vomiting prophylaxis. Crucially, the anaesthetist must be aware that many surgical procedures involving the ear are undertaken to preserve, improve or restore hearing function, such that careful preparation and meticulous perioperative care are essential in order to optimize outcome and to minimize complications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":45856,"journal":{"name":"Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine","volume":"26 12","pages":"Pages 851-858"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145712325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.mpaic.2025.10.022
Vijayanand Nadella
{"title":"Self-assessment","authors":"Vijayanand Nadella","doi":"10.1016/j.mpaic.2025.10.022","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mpaic.2025.10.022","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45856,"journal":{"name":"Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine","volume":"26 12","pages":"Pages 865-866"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145712383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.mpaic.2025.10.016
Kirsty Morrison, Euan Richardson, Simon Crawley
Airway trauma can be a life-threatening condition which poses significant challenges to clinicians, who may be presented with an anatomically, pathologically, physiologically and situationally difficult airway all within the same patient. Airway trauma is a highly variable condition, with its subsequent clinical management being influenced by the cause (such as blunt or penetrating trauma), the anatomical site of injury, as well as the presence of other life-threatening non-airway injuries in the polytrauma injured patient. The trauma team should comprise senior clinical decision-makers and they must rapidly identify the need for additional input from specialities such as ENT or maxillofacial surgery.
Early airway intervention is necessary when airway compromise is present and the multidisciplinary team must be vigilant for this eventuality, since rapid deterioration can occur. A structured approach to patients’ resuscitation, injury assessment and investigation(s) should be followed, in order to guide the most appropriate strategy for securing the airway. This should take into consideration the time-critical nature of injuries, the degree of patient cooperation (influencing the utility of awake airway management techniques) as well as the location/environment, provision of equipment and availability of appropriately trained personnel.
{"title":"Airway trauma","authors":"Kirsty Morrison, Euan Richardson, Simon Crawley","doi":"10.1016/j.mpaic.2025.10.016","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mpaic.2025.10.016","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Airway trauma can be a life-threatening condition which poses significant challenges to clinicians, who may be presented with an anatomically, pathologically, physiologically and situationally difficult airway all within the same patient. Airway trauma is a highly variable condition, with its subsequent clinical management being influenced by the cause (such as blunt or penetrating trauma), the anatomical site of injury, as well as the presence of other life-threatening non-airway injuries in the polytrauma injured patient. The trauma team should comprise senior clinical decision-makers and they must rapidly identify the need for additional input from specialities such as ENT or maxillofacial surgery.</div><div>Early airway intervention is necessary when airway compromise is present and the multidisciplinary team must be vigilant for this eventuality, since rapid deterioration can occur. A structured approach to patients’ resuscitation, injury assessment and investigation(s) should be followed, in order to guide the most appropriate strategy for securing the airway. This should take into consideration the time-critical nature of injuries, the degree of patient cooperation (influencing the utility of awake airway management techniques) as well as the location/environment, provision of equipment and availability of appropriately trained personnel.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":45856,"journal":{"name":"Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine","volume":"26 12","pages":"Pages 847-850"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145712324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.mpaic.2025.10.017
Sophie A Saul, Patrick A Ward
Oropharyngeal cancer is common and the incidence is rising globally. Current treatment modalities include chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery, alone or in combination. Transoral robotic surgery (TORS) is a minimally invasive surgical technique undertaken in patients that would likely otherwise require major open head and neck surgical resection necessitating invasive access procedures and associated with significant patient morbidity. While TORS can potentially offer advantages over more traditional treatment options, it provides unique challenges to the anaesthesia team, particularly around airway assessment and management, patient preparation and positioning, operating theatre ergonomics and patient postoperative requirements.
{"title":"Anaesthesia for transoral robotic head and neck surgery","authors":"Sophie A Saul, Patrick A Ward","doi":"10.1016/j.mpaic.2025.10.017","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mpaic.2025.10.017","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Oropharyngeal cancer is common and the incidence is rising globally. Current treatment modalities include chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery, alone or in combination. Transoral robotic surgery (TORS) is a minimally invasive surgical technique undertaken in patients that would likely otherwise require major open head and neck surgical resection necessitating invasive access procedures and associated with significant patient morbidity. While TORS can potentially offer advantages over more traditional treatment options, it provides unique challenges to the anaesthesia team, particularly around airway assessment and management, patient preparation and positioning, operating theatre ergonomics and patient postoperative requirements.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":45856,"journal":{"name":"Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine","volume":"26 12","pages":"Pages 859-864"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145712326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.mpaic.2025.10.013
Charles A Flanders, Sneh V Shah, Rajinder S Chaggar, Patrick A Ward
Tracheal intubation, the act of placing a breathing tube into the trachea, remains the gold standard in airway management – permitting oxygenation, positive pressure ventilation and protection from pulmonary aspiration. Traditionally, this has been achieved using a rigid laryngoscope to obtain a direct view of the glottis and guide tube placement in an anaesthetized, paralysed patient; however, there are now a number of indirect techniques that employ a range of optical technologies to improve visualization of airway structures and allow safe and effective tracheal intubation in both awake and anaesthetized patients. Whatever the chosen technique, thorough airway evaluation, comprehensive preparation and planning (including establishing a patient-specific airway management strategy), optimizing ergonomics and effective team-work remain essential components in achieving successful tracheal intubation and maintaining patient safety. Even with equipment advances, there is no substitute for high-quality training and practice with locally available devices. Tracheal intubation can still be unsuccessful and maintenance of adequate oxygenation must remain the priority; multiple repeated intubation attempts should be avoided.
{"title":"Tracheal intubation techniques in adults","authors":"Charles A Flanders, Sneh V Shah, Rajinder S Chaggar, Patrick A Ward","doi":"10.1016/j.mpaic.2025.10.013","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mpaic.2025.10.013","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tracheal intubation, the act of placing a breathing tube into the trachea, remains the gold standard in airway management – permitting oxygenation, positive pressure ventilation and protection from pulmonary aspiration. Traditionally, this has been achieved using a rigid laryngoscope to obtain a <em>direct</em> view of the glottis and guide tube placement in an anaesthetized, paralysed patient; however, there are now a number of <em>indirect</em> techniques that employ a range of optical technologies to improve visualization of airway structures and allow safe and effective tracheal intubation in both awake and anaesthetized patients. Whatever the chosen technique, thorough airway evaluation, comprehensive preparation and planning (including establishing a patient-specific airway management strategy), optimizing ergonomics and effective team-work remain essential components in achieving successful tracheal intubation and maintaining patient safety. Even with equipment advances, there is no substitute for high-quality training and practice with locally available devices. Tracheal intubation can still be unsuccessful and maintenance of adequate oxygenation must remain the priority; multiple repeated intubation attempts should be avoided.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":45856,"journal":{"name":"Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine","volume":"26 12","pages":"Pages 799-807"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145712441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.mpaic.2025.10.019
Dmitrijs Sokolovs
Ear, nose and throat emergencies are a diverse group of high-acuity conditions affecting all age groups, with the potential for rapid airway compromise. Successful management hinges on a multidisciplinary approach and an evidence-based airway management strategy. This review outlines contemporary approaches to important emergencies of the upper and lower airways, including the shift towards default videolaryngoscopy. It features updated strategies for managing critical conditions such as epiglottitis, deep neck space abscesses and paediatric airway obstruction, integrating new recommendations for oxygenation, human factors and the use of flexible bronchoscopy. The goal is to provide a robust framework for anaesthetists to optimize patient safety and outcomes.
{"title":"Ear, nose and throat emergencies","authors":"Dmitrijs Sokolovs","doi":"10.1016/j.mpaic.2025.10.019","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mpaic.2025.10.019","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ear, nose and throat emergencies are a diverse group of high-acuity conditions affecting all age groups, with the potential for rapid airway compromise. Successful management hinges on a multidisciplinary approach and an evidence-based airway management strategy. This review outlines contemporary approaches to important emergencies of the upper and lower airways, including the shift towards default videolaryngoscopy. It features updated strategies for managing critical conditions such as epiglottitis, deep neck space abscesses and paediatric airway obstruction, integrating new recommendations for oxygenation, human factors and the use of flexible bronchoscopy. The goal is to provide a robust framework for anaesthetists to optimize patient safety and outcomes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":45856,"journal":{"name":"Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine","volume":"26 12","pages":"Pages 833-839"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145712322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.mpaic.2025.10.020
Alexia Paolineli, Dave Vedage, John Myatt
Front of neck airway (FONA) plays a critical role in both elective and emergency airway management and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. This article reviews key anatomical considerations, indications for FONA, and the various techniques used to secure an airway via the anterior neck, including surgical, percutaneous and cricothyroidotomy approaches. It also addresses the management of tracheostomies and laryngectomies, emergency airway algorithms, ultrasound-guided identification of the cricothyroid membrane and complications such as expanding neck haematomas. With a focus on adult patients, the article aims to raise awareness, consolidate essential guidance and improve the safety profile of FONA through education, standardization of care and familiarity with emergency protocols.
{"title":"Front of neck airways","authors":"Alexia Paolineli, Dave Vedage, John Myatt","doi":"10.1016/j.mpaic.2025.10.020","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mpaic.2025.10.020","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Front of neck airway (FONA) plays a critical role in both elective and emergency airway management and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. This article reviews key anatomical considerations, indications for FONA, and the various techniques used to secure an airway via the anterior neck, including surgical, percutaneous and cricothyroidotomy approaches. It also addresses the management of tracheostomies and laryngectomies, emergency airway algorithms, ultrasound-guided identification of the cricothyroid membrane and complications such as expanding neck haematomas. With a focus on adult patients, the article aims to raise awareness, consolidate essential guidance and improve the safety profile of FONA through education, standardization of care and familiarity with emergency protocols.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":45856,"journal":{"name":"Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine","volume":"26 12","pages":"Pages 808-818"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145712319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：
京公网安备 11010802042870号