This article analyzes the so-called turn to the market in Sweden, with an emphasis on aspects that are typically absent from large-scale narratives. How did the changes known as neoliberalization and financialization enter everyday life and mundane financial practices? And which analytical tools can historians use to meaningfully connect the experience of changes on the micro level to those on the macro level? Zooming in on the the year 1979 and focusing on two empirical cases—the popularization of stock saving and the domestication of consumer credit—allows us to elaborate and apply a set of analytical entry points about (1) mundane micro-infrastructures, (2) financial knowledge as learning and unlearning, and (3) moral boundary work. This framework offers a way of exploring when and in what ways new financial practices were experienced and eventually embraced by those who had previously been skeptical or even hostile. It also reveals the role played by actors and institutions not typically seen as agents of marketization.
{"title":"The Making of Everyman’s Capitalism in Sweden: Micro-Infrastructures, Unlearning, and Moral Boundary Work","authors":"Orsi Husz, David Larsson Heidenblad","doi":"10.1017/eso.2021.41","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/eso.2021.41","url":null,"abstract":"This article analyzes the so-called turn to the market in Sweden, with an emphasis on aspects that are typically absent from large-scale narratives. How did the changes known as neoliberalization and financialization enter everyday life and mundane financial practices? And which analytical tools can historians use to meaningfully connect the experience of changes on the micro level to those on the macro level? Zooming in on the the year 1979 and focusing on two empirical cases—the popularization of stock saving and the domestication of consumer credit—allows us to elaborate and apply a set of analytical entry points about (1) mundane micro-infrastructures, (2) financial knowledge as learning and unlearning, and (3) moral boundary work. This framework offers a way of exploring when and in what ways new financial practices were experienced and eventually embraced by those who had previously been skeptical or even hostile. It also reveals the role played by actors and institutions not typically seen as agents of marketization.","PeriodicalId":45977,"journal":{"name":"Enterprise & Society","volume":"24 1","pages":"425 - 454"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44804032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"David Blanke. Cecil B. DeMille, Classical Hollywood, and Modern American Mass Culture, 1910–1960. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018. xv + 328 pp. ISBN 978-3-319-76985-1, $135 (cloth); 978-3-030-08341-0, $98 (paper).","authors":"R. Ravalli","doi":"10.1017/eso.2021.47","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/eso.2021.47","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45977,"journal":{"name":"Enterprise & Society","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45924723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article examines government–business relations in the context of World War II mobilization of the US carbon black industry. The topic contributes to the ongoing debates about whether this relationship laid the foundation for postwar US prosperity. The primary research question is: What role did wartime mobilization and the US government play in carbon black industrial transitions and changes in technology and productivity? The evidence from wartime records of the carbon black program shows that industry dominated the government–business relations during the period. The War Production Board was unable to effectively resolve or even report on disputes between synthetic rubber and carbon black industry factions or resist carbon black industry control over product prices and specifications and approval of government-financed plant construction projects. Behind the transition was prewar and wartime carbon black industrial research and development. Through the federal government’s cooperative research, procurement, and sponsored construction contracts, the carbon black industry applied its industrial research discoveries to transform its business model to high-efficiency production in the context of postwar expansions of transportation infrastructure, economic growth, and natural gas pipelines.
{"title":"Industrial Transitions in the Black: US Government-Business Relations in the Mobilization of Carbon during World War II","authors":"David Foord","doi":"10.1017/eso.2021.39","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/eso.2021.39","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines government–business relations in the context of World War II mobilization of the US carbon black industry. The topic contributes to the ongoing debates about whether this relationship laid the foundation for postwar US prosperity. The primary research question is: What role did wartime mobilization and the US government play in carbon black industrial transitions and changes in technology and productivity? The evidence from wartime records of the carbon black program shows that industry dominated the government–business relations during the period. The War Production Board was unable to effectively resolve or even report on disputes between synthetic rubber and carbon black industry factions or resist carbon black industry control over product prices and specifications and approval of government-financed plant construction projects. Behind the transition was prewar and wartime carbon black industrial research and development. Through the federal government’s cooperative research, procurement, and sponsored construction contracts, the carbon black industry applied its industrial research discoveries to transform its business model to high-efficiency production in the context of postwar expansions of transportation infrastructure, economic growth, and natural gas pipelines.","PeriodicalId":45977,"journal":{"name":"Enterprise & Society","volume":"24 1","pages":"395 - 424"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46684228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
waiting to be sewn into the fabric. Besides the social significance, Marsh also reconstructs Atlantic sericulture as a fascinating cultural space, such as its impact on early American nationalism. Unfortunately, the approach of the book also offers Marsh little help to thoroughly interpret the “intertwining of the international and the local” cultures (7). The diverse populations of silk workers brought distinctive religions, ideologies, and technologies into the Atlantic World. Marsh mentions the heterogeneous silk raisers, including Catholics, FrenchHuguenots, German speakers, Italian immigrants, and Scots-Irish Presbyterians, in Europe and theNewWorld. The author notices the collective modes of production within Meso-American communities and the Spanish Viceroy’s insistence on channeling the profits of sericulture to individual Native Americans (68–69, 74). He also touches on transnational networks of knowledge when discussing Jesuits’ transmittingAsian silkpractices toFranceorEzraStiles’s reading theories from China and Italy. However, the book seldom explicates whether or how the wild array of cultures and ideas clashed and integrated, thus (re)shaping the landscape of the Atlantic sericulture. Weaving these treads more tightly into the narrative might have helped prove that commercial failures could also facilitate cultural hybridization. In general, Unravelled Dreams recovers the causes and consequences of a forgotten history, highlights contemporaries’ coping and compromising with contingencies, and, like all good books, inspires the readers to think and explore more into the story. Thus, while Marsh’s point of departure was a commercial failure, the unique perspective renders the book a success.
{"title":"Caley Horan. Insurance Era: Risk, Governance, and the Privatization of Security in Postwar America. Chicago: Chicago University Press, 2021. 264pp. ISBN 978-0-226-78438-0, $40.00 (cloth).","authors":"Clarence Hatton-Proulx","doi":"10.1017/eso.2021.45","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/eso.2021.45","url":null,"abstract":"waiting to be sewn into the fabric. Besides the social significance, Marsh also reconstructs Atlantic sericulture as a fascinating cultural space, such as its impact on early American nationalism. Unfortunately, the approach of the book also offers Marsh little help to thoroughly interpret the “intertwining of the international and the local” cultures (7). The diverse populations of silk workers brought distinctive religions, ideologies, and technologies into the Atlantic World. Marsh mentions the heterogeneous silk raisers, including Catholics, FrenchHuguenots, German speakers, Italian immigrants, and Scots-Irish Presbyterians, in Europe and theNewWorld. The author notices the collective modes of production within Meso-American communities and the Spanish Viceroy’s insistence on channeling the profits of sericulture to individual Native Americans (68–69, 74). He also touches on transnational networks of knowledge when discussing Jesuits’ transmittingAsian silkpractices toFranceorEzraStiles’s reading theories from China and Italy. However, the book seldom explicates whether or how the wild array of cultures and ideas clashed and integrated, thus (re)shaping the landscape of the Atlantic sericulture. Weaving these treads more tightly into the narrative might have helped prove that commercial failures could also facilitate cultural hybridization. In general, Unravelled Dreams recovers the causes and consequences of a forgotten history, highlights contemporaries’ coping and compromising with contingencies, and, like all good books, inspires the readers to think and explore more into the story. Thus, while Marsh’s point of departure was a commercial failure, the unique perspective renders the book a success.","PeriodicalId":45977,"journal":{"name":"Enterprise & Society","volume":"23 1","pages":"286 - 288"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41545048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article uses a lawsuit between British engineers and Dominican merchants over a sugar estate mortgage to examine how transnational capital networks functioned at the local level during a moment of transition in the late nineteenth-century global economy. When Dominican courts ruled against the engineers, the firm unsuccessfully sought diplomatic intervention, raising questions on the one hand about the incremental construction of Dominican sovereignty and on the other about the links between diplomatic and business networks on the ground. It is situated within calls for new approaches to the history of the Dominican Republic that utilize international archives and focus on corporate bodies, both in local and Pan-Caribbean contexts.
{"title":"“To Interfere on Their Behalf”: Sovereignty, Networks, and Capital in the Dominican Republic","authors":"P. Glotzer","doi":"10.1017/eso.2021.42","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/eso.2021.42","url":null,"abstract":"This article uses a lawsuit between British engineers and Dominican merchants over a sugar estate mortgage to examine how transnational capital networks functioned at the local level during a moment of transition in the late nineteenth-century global economy. When Dominican courts ruled against the engineers, the firm unsuccessfully sought diplomatic intervention, raising questions on the one hand about the incremental construction of Dominican sovereignty and on the other about the links between diplomatic and business networks on the ground. It is situated within calls for new approaches to the history of the Dominican Republic that utilize international archives and focus on corporate bodies, both in local and Pan-Caribbean contexts.","PeriodicalId":45977,"journal":{"name":"Enterprise & Society","volume":"24 1","pages":"374 - 394"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44679759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Seppälä, P. Nevalainen, P. Mattila, M. Laukkanen
The transfer of American management ideas was a central part of the Cold War struggle over ideologies. A key mediator was the European Recovery Program, which conveyed American influences to European management specialists. However, a direct influence was not always possible, as in Finland, which officially blocked assistance because of foreign policy considerations. Still, it was among the first countries to follow Harvard University’s lead in launching advanced management training. We examine how and why the focal actors adopted the American model of executive education, and how they managed to translate foreign ideas persuasively to the local business elite. The translation of executive education to Finland was a lengthy process that involved modification and readjustment of the original idea according to emerging needs. The Advanced Management Program became the core of the curriculum of Finland’s leading executive education institution and thus has influenced the emergence of new business culture.
{"title":"Double Objective in Mind: Translating American Management Ideas in the Context of Cold War Finland","authors":"J. Seppälä, P. Nevalainen, P. Mattila, M. Laukkanen","doi":"10.1017/eso.2021.32","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/eso.2021.32","url":null,"abstract":"The transfer of American management ideas was a central part of the Cold War struggle over ideologies. A key mediator was the European Recovery Program, which conveyed American influences to European management specialists. However, a direct influence was not always possible, as in Finland, which officially blocked assistance because of foreign policy considerations. Still, it was among the first countries to follow Harvard University’s lead in launching advanced management training. We examine how and why the focal actors adopted the American model of executive education, and how they managed to translate foreign ideas persuasively to the local business elite. The translation of executive education to Finland was a lengthy process that involved modification and readjustment of the original idea according to emerging needs. The Advanced Management Program became the core of the curriculum of Finland’s leading executive education institution and thus has influenced the emergence of new business culture.","PeriodicalId":45977,"journal":{"name":"Enterprise & Society","volume":"24 1","pages":"253 - 285"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46116778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We examine the Scotch Whisky Association’s (SWA) role in protecting “Scotch whisky” between c. 1945 and c. 1990. Using new archival evidence, we demonstrate that the SWA intensively lobbied the UK government to achieve coordination between domestic and European regulations governing Scotch whisky and whisky. The SWA’s nonmarket activities were consonant with some trade associations but in other respects they were atypical. The SWA extended its activities to supranational bodies and engaged in extensive domestic and foreign litigation. The key message from this article is that the SWA built the world-renowned appellation “Scotch whisky” even though this marque was not registered as an appellation until the late twentieth century.
{"title":"Litigation and Lobbying in Support of the Marque: The Scotch Whisky Association, c. 1945–c. 1990","authors":"J. Bower, D. Higgins","doi":"10.1017/eso.2021.33","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/eso.2021.33","url":null,"abstract":"We examine the Scotch Whisky Association’s (SWA) role in protecting “Scotch whisky” between c. 1945 and c. 1990. Using new archival evidence, we demonstrate that the SWA intensively lobbied the UK government to achieve coordination between domestic and European regulations governing Scotch whisky and whisky. The SWA’s nonmarket activities were consonant with some trade associations but in other respects they were atypical. The SWA extended its activities to supranational bodies and engaged in extensive domestic and foreign litigation. The key message from this article is that the SWA built the world-renowned appellation “Scotch whisky” even though this marque was not registered as an appellation until the late twentieth century.","PeriodicalId":45977,"journal":{"name":"Enterprise & Society","volume":"24 1","pages":"286 - 316"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45347910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
War II, Christian businessmen such as J. Howard Pew embraced the industrial-military complex, aligning fundamentalist businessman with the needs of national defense. AlthoughKristin DuMez’s Jesus and John Wayne more clearly links militarist, fundamentalist masculinity to twenty-first-century evangelicalism,5 Hammond deserves credit for locating this ideology in the prewar period, correcting those who define it as simply a backlash to the sexual revolution of the 1960s and ’70s. If LeTourneau illustrates fundamentalists’ fight to preserve U.S. capitalism, Hammond uses Club Aluminum president Herbert J. Taylor to demonstrate how Christian businessmen (“laymen”) shaped evangelicalism. While Rotarians may know that Taylor created the “Four-Way Test” in a bid to save Club Aluminum in the 1930s, few people understand the degree to which his philanthropy shaped modern evangelicalism, including organizations such as Inter-Varsity Christian Fellowship, Young Life, and Fuller Theological Seminary. If Billy Graham was the face of modern evangelicalism, Hammond argues that Taylor, as a chief donor and the founding treasurer of the National Association of Evangelicals, steered its fiscal wisdom and salvation. Although I am not completely convinced Le Tourneau and Taylor were more important than twentieth-century ministers such as R. J. Rushdoony or Harold Ockenga, Hammond is right to direct our attention to the overlooked roles of businessmen in shaping modern evangelicalism, helping us understand the deep, intertwining roots of conservative politics, free market economics, and fundamentalism.
{"title":"Joshua R. Greenberg. Bank Notes and Shinplasters: The Rage for Paper Money in the Early Republic. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2020. 264 pp. ISBN 978-0-8122-5224-8, $34.95 (cloth).","authors":"Aaron L. Chin","doi":"10.1017/eso.2021.40","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/eso.2021.40","url":null,"abstract":"War II, Christian businessmen such as J. Howard Pew embraced the industrial-military complex, aligning fundamentalist businessman with the needs of national defense. AlthoughKristin DuMez’s Jesus and John Wayne more clearly links militarist, fundamentalist masculinity to twenty-first-century evangelicalism,5 Hammond deserves credit for locating this ideology in the prewar period, correcting those who define it as simply a backlash to the sexual revolution of the 1960s and ’70s. If LeTourneau illustrates fundamentalists’ fight to preserve U.S. capitalism, Hammond uses Club Aluminum president Herbert J. Taylor to demonstrate how Christian businessmen (“laymen”) shaped evangelicalism. While Rotarians may know that Taylor created the “Four-Way Test” in a bid to save Club Aluminum in the 1930s, few people understand the degree to which his philanthropy shaped modern evangelicalism, including organizations such as Inter-Varsity Christian Fellowship, Young Life, and Fuller Theological Seminary. If Billy Graham was the face of modern evangelicalism, Hammond argues that Taylor, as a chief donor and the founding treasurer of the National Association of Evangelicals, steered its fiscal wisdom and salvation. Although I am not completely convinced Le Tourneau and Taylor were more important than twentieth-century ministers such as R. J. Rushdoony or Harold Ockenga, Hammond is right to direct our attention to the overlooked roles of businessmen in shaping modern evangelicalism, helping us understand the deep, intertwining roots of conservative politics, free market economics, and fundamentalism.","PeriodicalId":45977,"journal":{"name":"Enterprise & Society","volume":"23 1","pages":"281 - 284"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42987607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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