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Climate Change and Displacement: Towards a Pluralist Approach 气候变化与流离失所:走向多元主义
IF 1.1 Q2 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-05-03 DOI: 10.1177/14748851221093446
Jamie Draper
This paper sets out a research agenda for a political theory of climate displacement, by critically examining one prominent proposal—the idea of a normative status for ‘climate refugees’—and by proposing an alternative. Drawing on empirical work on climate displacement, I show that the concept of the climate refugee obscures the complexity and heterogeneity of climate displacement. I argue that, because of this complexity and heterogeneity, approaches to climate displacement that put the concept of the climate refugee at their centre will fail to treat like cases alike and relevantly different cases differently. In response to these failings, I outline an alternative—the pluralist theory of climate displacement—which confronts the specific challenges that climate displacement poses in different practical and institutional contexts, whilst also treating climate displacement as a unified phenomenon at the second-order level of burden-sharing.
本文通过批判性地审查一个突出的建议——“气候难民”的规范地位——并提出一个替代方案,为气候流离失所的政治理论制定了一个研究议程。根据气候流离失所的实证研究,我发现气候难民的概念掩盖了气候流离失所的复杂性和异质性。我认为,由于这种复杂性和异质性,以气候难民概念为中心的应对气候流离失所的方法将无法一视同仁,也无法区别对待不同的案例。针对这些失误,我概述了一种替代方案——气候流离失所的多元理论——它在不同的实践和制度背景下应对气候流离失所带来的具体挑战,同时也将气候流离失所视为二阶负担分担的统一现象。
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引用次数: 1
The past as battlefield 作为战场的过去
IF 1.1 Q2 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-05-02 DOI: 10.1177/14748851221098190
Massimiliano Tomba
What is the practice and the role of the historian? What does it mean to dig into marginalized and silenced histories? What does it mean to reactivate the contents of past insurgent moments? And who has the power to do it? These are some of the important questions that my generous interlocutors raise in their comments regarding the methodology, and the historiographical and political approach of my book. Indeed, Insurgent Universality outlines an alternative historiography capable of reactivating the histories of the struggling oppressed by putting their past attempts of liberation at the service of political and social alternatives to the present. The task of my historiography is to present the past as a battlefield, which begins from the very political assumptions that often operate behind the historian's back, and to provide a new viewpoint from which other political trajectories of modernity can be disclosed.
历史学家的实践和作用是什么?挖掘被边缘化和沉默的历史意味着什么?重新激活过去叛乱时刻的内容意味着什么?谁有权力这么做?这些是我慷慨的对话者在评论我的书的方法论、史学和政治方法时提出的一些重要问题。事实上,《起义的普遍性》概述了另一种史学,能够通过将被压迫者过去的解放尝试服务于当前的政治和社会选择来重新激活他们的历史。我的史学的任务是把过去作为战场呈现出来,它从经常在历史学家背后运作的政治假设开始,并提供一个新的视角,从这个视角可以揭示现代性的其他政治轨迹。
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引用次数: 1
Public justification, gender, and the family 公开辩护,性别和家庭
IF 1.1 Q2 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-03-31 DOI: 10.1177/14748851221090585
Elsa Kugelberg, Henrik D. Kugelberg
Social norms regulating carework and social reproduction tend to be inegalitarian. At the same time, such norms often play a crucial role when we plan our lives. How can we criticise objectionable practices while ensuring that people can organise their lives around meaningful and predictable rules? Gerald Gaus argues that only ‘publicly justified’ rules, rules that everyone would prefer over ‘blameless liberty,’ should be followed. In this paper, we uncover the inegalitarian implications of this feature of Gaus's framework. We show that because a society without clear social norms for how social reproduction and care work ought to be organised would be so unattractive, inegalitarian rules would pass Gaus's test They would pass this test since they would nevertheless be better than ‘blameless liberty.’ Those who are disproportionately burdened by a rule are faced with the daunting task of showing that they would be better off under no rule, instead of merely having to show that they would be better off with a different rule.
规范家务劳动和社会再生产的社会规范往往是不平等的。与此同时,当我们计划自己的生活时,这些规范往往起着至关重要的作用。我们如何在批评令人反感的做法的同时,确保人们能够按照有意义和可预测的规则组织自己的生活?杰拉尔德·高斯(Gerald Gaus)认为,只有“公开合理”的规则,即每个人都喜欢的规则,才应该遵循,而不是“无可指责的自由”。在本文中,我们揭示了高斯框架的这一特征的不平等含义。我们表明,因为一个没有明确的社会规范来组织社会再生产和护理工作的社会将是如此没有吸引力,不平等的规则将通过高斯的测试,它们将通过这个测试,因为它们将比“无可指责的自由”更好。“那些被某项规定负担过重的人面临着一项艰巨的任务,即证明他们在没有规定的情况下会过得更好,而不仅仅是证明他们在有不同规定的情况下会过得更好。”
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引用次数: 0
The promises and perils of predictive politics 预测性政治的承诺与危险
IF 1.1 Q2 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-03-09 DOI: 10.1177/14748851221085634
Zeynep Pamuk
Rachel Friedman’s Probable Justice and Jeffrey Friedman’s Power without Knowledge explore the promises and pitfalls of the application of predictive tools to the solution of social and political problems. Rachel Friedman argues that a fundamental duality in philosophical interpretations of probability allowed social insurance schemes to successfully accommodate two rival visions of liberal justice over the centuries. But in focusing on ideas around probability, she misses the limitations of the experts who put these ideas into practice and threatened to undermine them in the process. Jeffrey Friedman, by contrast, is centrally concerned with the limitations of experts. While he shows how these undermine one rather narrow conception of technocratic legitimacy, he avoids examining their implications for democratic legitimacy understood more broadly.
雷切尔·弗里德曼的《可能的正义》和杰弗里·弗里德曼的《无知识的权力》探讨了将预测工具应用于解决社会和政治问题的承诺和陷阱。雷切尔·弗里德曼(Rachel Friedman)认为,概率的哲学解释中的基本二元性使得社会保险计划在几个世纪以来成功地容纳了自由正义的两种对立观点。但是,在关注关于概率的想法时,她忽略了将这些想法付诸实践的专家的局限性,并在此过程中威胁要破坏这些想法。相比之下,杰弗里·弗里德曼主要关注的是专家的局限性。虽然他展示了这些因素如何破坏了技术官僚合法性的一个相当狭隘的概念,但他避免考察它们对更广泛理解的民主合法性的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Reply to my critics 回复批评我的人
IF 1.1 Q2 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-03-04 DOI: 10.1177/14748851221077564
Ayelet Shachar
In this response essay, Ayelet Shachar replies to her critics, pushing beyond the arguments developed in her most recent book, The Shifting Border, to probe new ideas. Specifically, she elaborates five avenunes for exploration: dethorning the state as the exclusive decisionmaker on migration; finding the tools to alleviate oppression in the criticized practices themselves; identifying rights and duty-bearers; exposing the spatial dimension of structural injustice; and revisiting the role of territory as mediating equality.
在这篇回应文章中,Ayelet Shachar回应了她的批评者,超越了她在最近的书《移动的边界》中提出的论点,探索了新的想法。具体来说,她阐述了五条探索途径:消除国家作为移民问题唯一决策者的地位;寻找工具来减轻被批评实践本身的压迫;确定权利和义务承担者;揭示结构性不公正的空间维度;重新审视领土作为平等中介的作用。
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引用次数: 0
Algorithmic domination in the gig economy 零工经济中的算法支配
IF 1.1 Q2 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-02-23 DOI: 10.1177/14748851221082078
J. Muldoon, P. Raekstad
Digital platforms and application software have changed how people work in a range of industries. Empirical studies of the gig economy have raised concerns about new systems of algorithmic management exercised over workers and how these alter the structural conditions of their work. Drawing on the republican literature, we offer a theoretical account of algorithmic domination and a framework for understanding how it can be applied to ride hail and food delivery services in the on-demand economy. We argue that certain algorithms can facilitate new relationships of domination by sustaining a socio-technical system in which the owners and managers of a company dominate workers. This analysis has implications for the growing use of algorithms throughout the gig economy and broader labor market.
数字平台和应用软件已经改变了人们在一系列行业的工作方式。对零工经济的实证研究引发了人们的担忧,即对工人实施算法管理的新系统,以及这些系统如何改变他们工作的结构性条件。借鉴共和党文献,我们提供了算法支配的理论解释,并提供了一个框架,用于理解如何将其应用于按需经济中的打车和送餐服务。我们认为,某些算法可以通过维持公司所有者和经理支配工人的社会技术系统来促进新的统治关系。这一分析对在零工经济和更广泛的劳动力市场中越来越多地使用算法有影响。
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引用次数: 13
Theorizing the multitude before Machiavelli. Marsilius of Padua between Aristotle and Ibn Rushd 在马基雅维利之前使大众神化。亚里士多德与伊本·拉什德之间的帕多瓦的马西利乌斯
IF 1.1 Q2 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-02-04 DOI: 10.1177/14748851221074104
Alessandro Mulieri
Even if political theorists rarely read him, Italian political thinker, Marsilius of Padua, presents one of the most radical theories of the multitude prior to Machiavelli and Spinoza. This article reconstructs Marsilius of Padua's political theory of the multitude in his Defender of Peace and pays special attention to two main sources from which Marsilius frames his theory: Aristotle and Ibn Rushd. Compared to Aristotle, Marsilius advances a more epistemic view of the multitude as a lawmaker. Marsilius’ ideas on the multitude also depend on Ibn Rushd's theory of collective knowledge and, to a certain extent, on his position on natural law.
尽管政治理论家很少读过他,但意大利政治思想家帕多瓦的马西利乌斯提出了马基雅维利和斯宾诺莎之前最激进的大众理论之一。本文在《和平卫士》一书中对帕多瓦的群众政治理论进行了重构,并特别关注了马西利乌斯构建其群众政治理论的两个主要来源:亚里士多德和伊本·拉什德。与亚里士多德相比,马西利乌斯提出了一种更为认识论的观点,将大众视为立法者。马西利乌斯关于大众的思想也在一定程度上取决于伊本·拉什德的集体知识理论,以及他对自然法的立场。
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引用次数: 0
The household in Isocrates’ political thought Isocrates政治思想中的家庭
IF 1.1 Q2 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-01-24 DOI: 10.1177/14748851211073728
A. Avgousti
In this article, I analyze the role the household (oikos) plays in Isocrates through an exegesis of the author's letters to his erstwhile student and current monarch of Salamis of Cyprus, Nicocles. The monarch's household has a threefold role in the relationship between the elite ruler and his subjects. First, as the locus of his ancestors and their achievements, it offers competitors to Nicocles to be surpassed and a known standard for his subjects to judge their ruler. Second, as the source of the monarch's public outlay, the household is a means by which Nicocles can appear magnificent; at the same time, however, he should be wary lest his subjects judge him ostentatious. Third, Nicocles invites his subjects to judge his conjugal behavior, offering it as evidence of his moderation. I conclude my argument with a challenge to an interpretation of the relationship between the few and the many as a contract; rather, this relationship is better characterized through the metaphor of service (therapeia) drawn from the household. Isocratean political thought treats private and public domains as continuous with one another, regarding participation in political institutions as neither necessary nor sufficient to achieving good political judgment.
在这篇文章中,我通过对作者写给他以前的学生、塞浦路斯萨拉米斯的现任君主尼科勒斯的信的注释,分析了家庭(oikos)在Isocrates中所扮演的角色。君主的家庭在精英统治者和臣民之间的关系中扮演着三重角色。首先,作为他的祖先及其成就的所在地,它为尼科克勒斯提供了被超越的竞争对手,也为他的臣民评判统治者提供了一个众所周知的标准。第二,作为君主公共支出的来源,家庭是尼科尔斯展现辉煌的手段;然而,同时,他也应该小心,以免他的臣民认为他招摇。第三,尼科尔斯邀请他的受试者评判他的夫妻行为,并将其作为他节制的证据。在结束我的论点时,我对将少数人和多数人之间的关系解释为一种合同提出了质疑;相反,这种关系可以通过从家庭中提取的服务隐喻(therapeia)来更好地描述。Isocratic政治思想将私人和公共领域视为相互连续的,认为参与政治机构既不必要也不足以实现良好的政治判断。
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引用次数: 0
Integrationism, practice-dependence and global justice 整合主义、实践依赖与全球正义
IF 1.1 Q2 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-01-17 DOI: 10.1177/14748851211071047
Alex McLaughlin
An increasingly popular approach to global justice claims we should be ‘integrationist,’ where integrationism represents an attempt to unify our theorising between different domains of global politics. These political theorists have argued that we cannot identify plausible principles in one domain, such as climate justice, which are not sensitive to general moral concerns. This paper argues we ought to reject the concept of integrationism. It shows that integrationism is either trivial, or it obscures relevant disagreement by ignoring the distinctive methodological and substantive commitments held by its opponents. The paper then argues that the relevant disagreement is actually about the role of practices for political philosophy and, as such, should be framed in terms of the distinction between practice-dependent and practice-independent theory. Finally, I provide my own account of that distinction, identifying a practice-dependent claim that those concerned about the narrowness of prominent accounts of global justice should target.
一种越来越流行的全球正义方法声称我们应该是“一体化主义者”,一体化主义代表着试图将我们的理论统一在全球政治的不同领域之间。这些政治理论家认为,我们无法在一个领域确定合理的原则,例如气候正义,这些原则对一般道德问题不敏感。本文认为我们应该拒绝一体化主义的概念。它表明,一体化主义要么微不足道,要么通过忽视反对者所作的独特的方法论和实质性承诺来掩盖相关分歧。然后,本文认为,相关的分歧实际上是关于实践在政治哲学中的作用,因此,应该根据实践依赖理论和实践独立理论之间的区别来界定。最后,我提供了我自己对这一区别的描述,指出了一个依赖实践的主张,那些关注全球司法突出描述的狭隘性的人应该将其作为目标。
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引用次数: 2
Too old to vote? A democratic analysis of age-weighted voting 太老了不能投票?年龄加权投票的民主分析
IF 1.1 Q2 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2021-12-22 DOI: 10.1177/14748851211062604
A. Poama, Alexandru Volacu
Are there any prima facie reasons that democracies might have for disenfranchising older citizens? This question reflects increasingly salient, but often incompletely theorized complaints that members of democratic publics advance about older citizens’ electoral influence. Rather than rejecting these complaints out of hand, we explore whether, suitably reconstructed, they withstand democratic scrutiny. More specifically, we examine whether the account of political equality that seems to most fittingly capture the logic of these complaints – namely, equal opportunity of political influence over electoral outcomes – can justify disenfranchising older citizens. We conclude that equal opportunity of influence cannot ground a blanket disenfranchisement of older people and that, taken in conjunction with other general considerations that apply to all sound electoral policies, partial disenfranchisement proposals (i.e. proposals for reducing the electoral influence of older citizens via age-weighted voting) are both quasi-inapplicable and practically unrobust across a relevant range of political contexts.
民主国家剥夺老年公民的选举权有什么表面上的理由吗?这个问题反映了越来越突出但往往不完全理论化的抱怨,即民主公众对老年公民的选举影响力有所提高。我们不是立即拒绝这些投诉,而是探讨经过适当重建后,它们是否经得起民主审查。更具体地说,我们研究了似乎最符合这些抱怨逻辑的政治平等的描述——即政治影响选举结果的平等机会——是否可以证明剥夺老年公民的选举权是合理的。我们的结论是,平等的影响机会不能成为全面剥夺老年人选举权的基础,结合适用于所有健全选举政策的其他一般考虑,部分剥夺选举权的提议(即通过年龄加权投票减少老年公民的选举影响力的提议)在相关的政治背景下几乎不适用,而且实际上是不可行的。
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引用次数: 2
期刊
European Journal of Political Theory
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