Smart governance technologies are emergent information and communication technologies (ICT), which amid the COVID-19 pandemic have been widely used to govern COVID’s impacts. However, very few studies have provided insight into the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) of smart governance technologies under COVID-19. This prevents the widespread usage of smart governance technologies across cities and countries and impedes their usefulness during emergencies. This study combines knowledge of emergency management theory and planning support systems (PSS) to frame the functional usefulness of smart governance technologies in handling practical tasks amid the COVID-19 state of emergency into a task-technology fit model. By employing qualitative content analysis to collect views and insights from the international news-based cases (n= 69), we identify SWOT of smart governance technologies under COVID-19. Results indicate that usefulness of smart governance technologies is reflected in task-handling in the ex-post emergency phases of response (e.g., provide e-health service, tracing and tracking) and recovery (e.g., improve e-government services, enhance collaboration for renewal), whereas few applications focus on tasks in the ex-ante emergency phases of mitigation (e.g., hazard analysis, vulnerability assessment) and preparedness (e.g., planning, training and exercises). Main findings lead to a conclusion that hidden capacities of smart governance technologies can be fully achieved if policy makers and practitioners can focus on the full range of tasks and demands before, amid, or after emergencies and identify collaborative opportunities for technological development.
{"title":"A SWOT analysis of smart governance applications amid the COVID-19 pandemic","authors":"Huaxiong Jiang","doi":"10.3233/ip-220030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/ip-220030","url":null,"abstract":"Smart governance technologies are emergent information and communication technologies (ICT), which amid the COVID-19 pandemic have been widely used to govern COVID’s impacts. However, very few studies have provided insight into the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) of smart governance technologies under COVID-19. This prevents the widespread usage of smart governance technologies across cities and countries and impedes their usefulness during emergencies. This study combines knowledge of emergency management theory and planning support systems (PSS) to frame the functional usefulness of smart governance technologies in handling practical tasks amid the COVID-19 state of emergency into a task-technology fit model. By employing qualitative content analysis to collect views and insights from the international news-based cases (n= 69), we identify SWOT of smart governance technologies under COVID-19. Results indicate that usefulness of smart governance technologies is reflected in task-handling in the ex-post emergency phases of response (e.g., provide e-health service, tracing and tracking) and recovery (e.g., improve e-government services, enhance collaboration for renewal), whereas few applications focus on tasks in the ex-ante emergency phases of mitigation (e.g., hazard analysis, vulnerability assessment) and preparedness (e.g., planning, training and exercises). Main findings lead to a conclusion that hidden capacities of smart governance technologies can be fully achieved if policy makers and practitioners can focus on the full range of tasks and demands before, amid, or after emergencies and identify collaborative opportunities for technological development.","PeriodicalId":46265,"journal":{"name":"Information Polity","volume":"24 1","pages":"377-393"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69960504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The increasing diffusion of digital government has led to numerous reports on both significant progress and failure in terms of digital transformation. Previous research highlights the role of digital competence as a pre-requisite for successful digital transformation, yet few studies have addressed the actual state of digital competence demand in the public sector. We study the development of digital competence demand in the Swedish public sector for the period 2006–2020. Utilizing a complete, open dataset of all job postings, we find that the digital competence demand in public sector recruitment has significantly increased. At the same time, the public sector lags behind the private in terms of digital competence demand. These findings are discussed from the perspectives of both the need for further research into human resource-related aspects of digital government and the national digital government policy. We also discuss the potential impact of disruptive events such as the COVID-19 pandemic and the 2009 financial crisis on digital competence demand.
{"title":"The great wave: The increasing demand for digital competence within the public sector","authors":"V. Mankevich, J. Magnusson, F. Svahn","doi":"10.3233/ip-220012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/ip-220012","url":null,"abstract":"The increasing diffusion of digital government has led to numerous reports on both significant progress and failure in terms of digital transformation. Previous research highlights the role of digital competence as a pre-requisite for successful digital transformation, yet few studies have addressed the actual state of digital competence demand in the public sector. We study the development of digital competence demand in the Swedish public sector for the period 2006–2020. Utilizing a complete, open dataset of all job postings, we find that the digital competence demand in public sector recruitment has significantly increased. At the same time, the public sector lags behind the private in terms of digital competence demand. These findings are discussed from the perspectives of both the need for further research into human resource-related aspects of digital government and the national digital government policy. We also discuss the potential impact of disruptive events such as the COVID-19 pandemic and the 2009 financial crisis on digital competence demand.","PeriodicalId":46265,"journal":{"name":"Information Polity","volume":"28 1","pages":"411-434"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69960493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In terms of the inclusivity of democracy, both the opportunities and risks of using digital media have been highlighted in the literature. Empirical research into the use of digital media and the inclusivity of citizen participation, however, is limited. More specifically, we have a limited understand of the relation between the ‘richness’ of digital media and the inclusivity of citizen engagement The introduction of digital participation by governments during the COVID-19 pandemic presents a highly interesting situation for studying the relation between digital participation and the inclusivity of citizen engagement. This paper presents an assessment of five cases in the Netherlands to explore to what extent the media richness of digital participation affects the inclusivity of citizen engagement. Our findings present few indications for the exclusion of citizens and, in contrast, highlight the participation of more citizens when access was facilitated through digital media. The overall picture that emerges is that especially lean digital tools, webinars, enhance inclusivity in terms of access but only richer tools, interactive platforms, also facilitate participation as interaction with citizens. To our surprise, we found that hybrid forms of participation fall short in providing opportunities for inclusive interaction. We end the paper by recommending governments to realize both broad and in-depth inclusive democracy by sequential use of lean media – webinars – to boost the access to participation and rich media – platforms and offline meetings – for interactions with citizens.
{"title":"Online democratic participation during COVID-19","authors":"Roos Hofstra, Ank Michels, A. Meijer","doi":"10.3233/ip-211540","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/ip-211540","url":null,"abstract":"In terms of the inclusivity of democracy, both the opportunities and risks of using digital media have been highlighted in the literature. Empirical research into the use of digital media and the inclusivity of citizen participation, however, is limited. More specifically, we have a limited understand of the relation between the ‘richness’ of digital media and the inclusivity of citizen engagement The introduction of digital participation by governments during the COVID-19 pandemic presents a highly interesting situation for studying the relation between digital participation and the inclusivity of citizen engagement. This paper presents an assessment of five cases in the Netherlands to explore to what extent the media richness of digital participation affects the inclusivity of citizen engagement. Our findings present few indications for the exclusion of citizens and, in contrast, highlight the participation of more citizens when access was facilitated through digital media. The overall picture that emerges is that especially lean digital tools, webinars, enhance inclusivity in terms of access but only richer tools, interactive platforms, also facilitate participation as interaction with citizens. To our surprise, we found that hybrid forms of participation fall short in providing opportunities for inclusive interaction. We end the paper by recommending governments to realize both broad and in-depth inclusive democracy by sequential use of lean media – webinars – to boost the access to participation and rich media – platforms and offline meetings – for interactions with citizens.","PeriodicalId":46265,"journal":{"name":"Information Polity","volume":"28 1","pages":"395-410"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69959910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Between formality and informality: A critical study of the integration of drones within the Neuchâtel police force","authors":"S. Pedrozo, F. Klauser","doi":"10.3233/IP-211533","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/IP-211533","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46265,"journal":{"name":"Information Polity","volume":"27 1","pages":"419"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69959862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mille Edith Kjærsgaard Hansen, Jonathan Crusoe, U. Melin
The intangible and (often) young nature of socio-technical phenomena makes them difficult to understand and communicate. Researchers and practitioners have responded by applying metaphors, prescribing an epistemological structure to these phenomena. While metaphors are frequently applied, researchers have paid limited attention to their applications and limitations. To address this gap, we applied a mixed-method approach, exploring the communities’ applications of metaphors for the conceptual development of socio-technical phenomena, using two communities: Open Government Data and IT Development and Maintenance. We synthesised 21 articles and two books into an emergent analytical framework, Communities’ Applications Of Metaphors (CAOM). We collected empirical material for each community’s academic and practical sides between 2015–2020, resulting in 100 articles and 263 documents. We conducted a word frequency analysis and an in-depth analysis of the empirical material, drawing on CAOM. The contributions are the emergent CAOM framework with the key concepts of metaphors’ usage, expression, and assemblages of metaphors. We conclude that the application of metaphors in communities is influenced by community type and metaphors’ role, while the topic influences metaphor selection. Metaphors are combined to create new ways of reasoning. We recommend that governments draw on action-oriented metaphors when writing policies for socio-technical phenomena, while digital government researchers should include action-oriented elements when they develop metaphors, which can help practitioners put new knowledge into practice.
{"title":"Exploration of metaphors as a way to understand socio-technical phenomena: An emergent framework","authors":"Mille Edith Kjærsgaard Hansen, Jonathan Crusoe, U. Melin","doi":"10.3233/ip-211534","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/ip-211534","url":null,"abstract":"The intangible and (often) young nature of socio-technical phenomena makes them difficult to understand and communicate. Researchers and practitioners have responded by applying metaphors, prescribing an epistemological structure to these phenomena. While metaphors are frequently applied, researchers have paid limited attention to their applications and limitations. To address this gap, we applied a mixed-method approach, exploring the communities’ applications of metaphors for the conceptual development of socio-technical phenomena, using two communities: Open Government Data and IT Development and Maintenance. We synthesised 21 articles and two books into an emergent analytical framework, Communities’ Applications Of Metaphors (CAOM). We collected empirical material for each community’s academic and practical sides between 2015–2020, resulting in 100 articles and 263 documents. We conducted a word frequency analysis and an in-depth analysis of the empirical material, drawing on CAOM. The contributions are the emergent CAOM framework with the key concepts of metaphors’ usage, expression, and assemblages of metaphors. We conclude that the application of metaphors in communities is influenced by community type and metaphors’ role, while the topic influences metaphor selection. Metaphors are combined to create new ways of reasoning. We recommend that governments draw on action-oriented metaphors when writing policies for socio-technical phenomena, while digital government researchers should include action-oriented elements when they develop metaphors, which can help practitioners put new knowledge into practice.","PeriodicalId":46265,"journal":{"name":"Information Polity","volume":"28 1","pages":"317-340"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69959900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
. Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based surveillance technologies such as facial recognition, emotion recognition and other biometric technologies have been rapidly introduced by both public and private entities all around the world, raising major concerns about their impact on fundamental rights, the rule of law and democracy. This article questions the efficiency of the European Commission’s Proposal for Regulation of Artificial Intelligence, known as the AI Act, in addressing the threats and risks to fundamental rights posed by AI biometric surveillance systems. It argues that in order to meaningfully address risks to fundamental rights the proposed classification of these systems should be reconsidered. Although the draft AI Act acknowledges that some AI practices should be prohibited, the multiple exceptions and loopholes should be closed, and in addition new prohibitions, in particular to emotional recognition and biometric categorisation systems, should be added to counter AI surveillance practices violating fundamental rights. The AI Act should also introduce stronger legal requirements, such as third-party conformity assessment, fundamental rights impact assessment, transparency obligations as well as enhance existing EU data protection law and the rights and remedies available to individuals, thus not missing the unique opportunity to adopt the first legal framework that truly promotes trustworthy AI. enhance existing data protection rules and promote the rights and remedies of the individuals and groups in the draft AI Act.
{"title":"Questioning the EU proposal for an Artificial Intelligence Act: The need for prohibitions and a stricter approach to biometric surveillance","authors":"Irena Barkane","doi":"10.3233/IP-211524","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/IP-211524","url":null,"abstract":". Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based surveillance technologies such as facial recognition, emotion recognition and other biometric technologies have been rapidly introduced by both public and private entities all around the world, raising major concerns about their impact on fundamental rights, the rule of law and democracy. This article questions the efficiency of the European Commission’s Proposal for Regulation of Artificial Intelligence, known as the AI Act, in addressing the threats and risks to fundamental rights posed by AI biometric surveillance systems. It argues that in order to meaningfully address risks to fundamental rights the proposed classification of these systems should be reconsidered. Although the draft AI Act acknowledges that some AI practices should be prohibited, the multiple exceptions and loopholes should be closed, and in addition new prohibitions, in particular to emotional recognition and biometric categorisation systems, should be added to counter AI surveillance practices violating fundamental rights. The AI Act should also introduce stronger legal requirements, such as third-party conformity assessment, fundamental rights impact assessment, transparency obligations as well as enhance existing EU data protection law and the rights and remedies available to individuals, thus not missing the unique opportunity to adopt the first legal framework that truly promotes trustworthy AI. enhance existing data protection rules and promote the rights and remedies of the individuals and groups in the draft AI Act.","PeriodicalId":46265,"journal":{"name":"Information Polity","volume":"27 1","pages":"147-162"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69959853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rodrigo Sandoval-Almazán, Andrea L. Kavanaugh, J. Ignacio Criado
{"title":"On Social Media and Government of the journal Information Polity","authors":"Rodrigo Sandoval-Almazán, Andrea L. Kavanaugh, J. Ignacio Criado","doi":"10.3233/ip-219012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/ip-219012","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46265,"journal":{"name":"Information Polity","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48999849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
While a vast majority of local governments in Europe are communicating on social media, the situation differs in few states. Although Switzerland is often depicted as a technological advanced and innovative country, cities are still largely resisting the temptation to share information on social media platforms. In this study, we rely on a survey distributed to the communication managers of all cities over 10,000 inhabitants in Switzerland to uncover the reasons explaining this behavior. This approach is preferred to understand what motivates or prevents cities from communicating on social media, focusing mainly on perceptions of risks related to these platforms. Results indicate that some factors identified in the literature on public sector organizations slow down the social media adoption and usage at the local level; but interestingly, the conservative approach to social media preferred by numerous cities also plays a major role in explaining cities’ absence on these platforms.
{"title":"Digital communication in Swiss cities: A closer look at the low adoption and usage of social media platforms in a technologically advanced and innovative country","authors":"V. Mabillard, R. Zumofen, Nicolas Keuffer","doi":"10.3233/ip-200294","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/ip-200294","url":null,"abstract":"While a vast majority of local governments in Europe are communicating on social media, the situation differs in few states. Although Switzerland is often depicted as a technological advanced and innovative country, cities are still largely resisting the temptation to share information on social media platforms. In this study, we rely on a survey distributed to the communication managers of all cities over 10,000 inhabitants in Switzerland to uncover the reasons explaining this behavior. This approach is preferred to understand what motivates or prevents cities from communicating on social media, focusing mainly on perceptions of risks related to these platforms. Results indicate that some factors identified in the literature on public sector organizations slow down the social media adoption and usage at the local level; but interestingly, the conservative approach to social media preferred by numerous cities also plays a major role in explaining cities’ absence on these platforms.","PeriodicalId":46265,"journal":{"name":"Information Polity","volume":"26 1","pages":"341-354"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69960149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The title of the book says it all: the design of the built environment (building) has a strong impact on how people live in the city (dwelling), and how they relate to each other (ethics for the city). Sennett identifies two aspects of cities: the city as a ‘built environment’ and the city as ‘how people dwell in it.’ A distinction that he explains by referring to the two words for city in French: ville, how the city is built, and cite, how the city is lived. Distinctions between form and function, or place and space, are other ways to illustrate this contrast. The core argument of the book is that ville and cite should interact. Problems arise, when building and dwelling are separated. Builders need to look after the quality of dwelling, dwellers cannot do without responsible builders.
{"title":"Book Review","authors":"M. Boogers","doi":"10.3233/ip-190008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/ip-190008","url":null,"abstract":"The title of the book says it all: the design of the built environment (building) has a strong impact on how people live in the city (dwelling), and how they relate to each other (ethics for the city). Sennett identifies two aspects of cities: the city as a ‘built environment’ and the city as ‘how people dwell in it.’ A distinction that he explains by referring to the two words for city in French: ville, how the city is built, and cite, how the city is lived. Distinctions between form and function, or place and space, are other ways to illustrate this contrast. The core argument of the book is that ville and cite should interact. Problems arise, when building and dwelling are separated. Builders need to look after the quality of dwelling, dwellers cannot do without responsible builders.","PeriodicalId":46265,"journal":{"name":"Information Polity","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3233/ip-190008","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47065684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
International law-making is a broad and ongoing process of co-operation and communication between and among states and international organisations. In that sense, treaties and other international agreements written between sovereign states or between states and international organizations, and custom that evidenced general practice of states produce international law which becomes binding upon all states and international organizations.1 Hence, international lawmaking is a process that concerns both customary international law and treaty making. The recent changes in state practice by using remote warfare methods with increased public knowledge of covert operations have made it necessary to reconceive the concept of publicity in international law-making. Publicity in International Law-making: Covert Operations and the Use of Force by Marie Aronsson-Storrier tackles the publicity for state practice to answer a wide range of questions about the ways in which covert and quasi-covert acts of states influence the development of customary international law. Noteworthy is that while the book’s title refers to lawmaking in general, including thus law-making by means of treaties, the author engages in a stimulating discussion of the role of publicity in the development of ‘customary international law’. The reader might expect more accurate title, which simply identifies the work and its central argument. Aronsson-Storrier has addressed these questions as part of her PhD research. The book is an insightful study in which the author elaborately discusses that states’ publicly known and acknowledged operations are the essential dual requirements for identifying the relevant practice by states as a conduct that will require other states to react.2 The book’s central concern is to reconceive international law-making on the strength of increased reporting and legal debate around covert and quasi-covert use of force. The book is divided into four substantive chapters, followed by concluding remarks. Chapter 2 sets out the conceptual framework and development of the law on the use of force that will inform the rest of the book, giving special prominence to the role of publicity requirement in making international law. Having discussed ‘the prohibition of the use of force’ under Article 2(4) and ‘right to use force’ under Article 51 of the UN Charter, Aronsson-Storrier highlights the challenges that arises from ambiguous nature of these rules and the absence of a certain definition of the ‘force’ and ‘armed attack’. She rightly argues that unacknowledged targeted killings and covert
{"title":"Book Review","authors":"Saeed Bagheri","doi":"10.3233/ip-190005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/ip-190005","url":null,"abstract":"International law-making is a broad and ongoing process of co-operation and communication between and among states and international organisations. In that sense, treaties and other international agreements written between sovereign states or between states and international organizations, and custom that evidenced general practice of states produce international law which becomes binding upon all states and international organizations.1 Hence, international lawmaking is a process that concerns both customary international law and treaty making. The recent changes in state practice by using remote warfare methods with increased public knowledge of covert operations have made it necessary to reconceive the concept of publicity in international law-making. Publicity in International Law-making: Covert Operations and the Use of Force by Marie Aronsson-Storrier tackles the publicity for state practice to answer a wide range of questions about the ways in which covert and quasi-covert acts of states influence the development of customary international law. Noteworthy is that while the book’s title refers to lawmaking in general, including thus law-making by means of treaties, the author engages in a stimulating discussion of the role of publicity in the development of ‘customary international law’. The reader might expect more accurate title, which simply identifies the work and its central argument. Aronsson-Storrier has addressed these questions as part of her PhD research. The book is an insightful study in which the author elaborately discusses that states’ publicly known and acknowledged operations are the essential dual requirements for identifying the relevant practice by states as a conduct that will require other states to react.2 The book’s central concern is to reconceive international law-making on the strength of increased reporting and legal debate around covert and quasi-covert use of force. The book is divided into four substantive chapters, followed by concluding remarks. Chapter 2 sets out the conceptual framework and development of the law on the use of force that will inform the rest of the book, giving special prominence to the role of publicity requirement in making international law. Having discussed ‘the prohibition of the use of force’ under Article 2(4) and ‘right to use force’ under Article 51 of the UN Charter, Aronsson-Storrier highlights the challenges that arises from ambiguous nature of these rules and the absence of a certain definition of the ‘force’ and ‘armed attack’. She rightly argues that unacknowledged targeted killings and covert","PeriodicalId":46265,"journal":{"name":"Information Polity","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3233/ip-190005","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44746749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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