Pub Date : 2017-06-20DOI: 10.1163/15718182-02501007
Andrew Rowland, Felicity Gerry, Marcia Stanton
As at March 2016, 49 states had reformed their laws to clearly prohibit all corporal punishment of children (United Nations 1989) in all settings, including the home (Global Initiative to End All Corporal Punishment of Children, n.d.) By January 2017 this number had reached 52. As the trend moves towards abolition, it is not an acceptable position for the United Kingdom (UK), the United States of America (USA) and Australia (Poulsen, 2015) to remain missing from that list. Whilst they are, effectively, a child (a person aged under 18 years of age), is the only person in all three countries that it is legal to hit. This article seeks to restate arguments in this area in a simple way to restart the debate in a modern context where understanding of child abuse is perhaps more widespread than it ever was in the past. On 20 October 2014 a report, Living on a Railway Line, was launched in the UK to mark the 25th anniversary of the signing of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, which took place on 20 November 1989 (Rowland, 2014). It recommended removing the defence of reasonable chastisement in relation to the punishment of children. This article seeks to build on that agenda in a comparative context taking a three way perspective from the UK, the USA and Australia. It concludes that moves to prevent family violence are progressive but the position of a society where physical punishment of children is permitted yet child abuse is forbidden is not a tenable one. Reducing the number of cases of child abuse must begin with a clear message from society that physical punishment of children, whatever the circumstances, is unacceptable. The situation is serious enough to introduce aspirational legislation to remove justifications for physical punishment of children with the aim of modifying behaviour within society.
{"title":"Physical Punishment of Children: Time to End the Defence of Reasonable Chastisement in the UK, USA and Australia","authors":"Andrew Rowland, Felicity Gerry, Marcia Stanton","doi":"10.1163/15718182-02501007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15718182-02501007","url":null,"abstract":"As at March 2016, 49 states had reformed their laws to clearly prohibit all corporal punishment of children (United Nations 1989) in all settings, including the home (Global Initiative to End All Corporal Punishment of Children, n.d.) By January 2017 this number had reached 52. As the trend moves towards abolition, it is not an acceptable position for the United Kingdom (UK), the United States of America (USA) and Australia (Poulsen, 2015) to remain missing from that list. Whilst they are, effectively, a child (a person aged under 18 years of age), is the only person in all three countries that it is legal to hit. This article seeks to restate arguments in this area in a simple way to restart the debate in a modern context where understanding of child abuse is perhaps more widespread than it ever was in the past. On 20 October 2014 a report, Living on a Railway Line, was launched in the UK to mark the 25th anniversary of the signing of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, which took place on 20 November 1989 (Rowland, 2014). It recommended removing the defence of reasonable chastisement in relation to the punishment of children. This article seeks to build on that agenda in a comparative context taking a three way perspective from the UK, the USA and Australia. It concludes that moves to prevent family violence are progressive but the position of a society where physical punishment of children is permitted yet child abuse is forbidden is not a tenable one. Reducing the number of cases of child abuse must begin with a clear message from society that physical punishment of children, whatever the circumstances, is unacceptable. The situation is serious enough to introduce aspirational legislation to remove justifications for physical punishment of children with the aim of modifying behaviour within society.","PeriodicalId":46399,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Childrens Rights","volume":"25 1","pages":"165-195"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2017-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/15718182-02501007","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48407209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-06-20DOI: 10.1163/15718182-02501005
M. Kalverboer, D. Beltman, Carla van Os, E. Zijlstra
The best interests of the child principle has a legal base in the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. In 2013, the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child published guidelines on the implementation of the best interests of the child in General Comment No. 14. Together with the Best Interest of the Child Method, which is developed by Zijlstra et al. (2012), this framework offers a valuable tool for decision-making processes concerning children, in particular, in this review’s context, in migration procedures. In the assessment of the best interests of children who are forcibly migrated, special attention has to be given to risk factors associated with the different phases in the migration process that may harm their mental health, well-being and development. This requires knowledge based on academic studies and the involvement of professionals who have knowledge of children’s mental health and development.
{"title":"The Best Interests of the Child in Cases of Migration: Assessing and Determining the Best Interests of the Child in Migration Procedures","authors":"M. Kalverboer, D. Beltman, Carla van Os, E. Zijlstra","doi":"10.1163/15718182-02501005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15718182-02501005","url":null,"abstract":"The best interests of the child principle has a legal base in the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. In 2013, the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child published guidelines on the implementation of the best interests of the child in General Comment No. 14. Together with the Best Interest of the Child Method, which is developed by Zijlstra et al. (2012), this framework offers a valuable tool for decision-making processes concerning children, in particular, in this review’s context, in migration procedures. In the assessment of the best interests of children who are forcibly migrated, special attention has to be given to risk factors associated with the different phases in the migration process that may harm their mental health, well-being and development. This requires knowledge based on academic studies and the involvement of professionals who have knowledge of children’s mental health and development.","PeriodicalId":46399,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Childrens Rights","volume":"25 1","pages":"114-139"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2017-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/15718182-02501005","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64429191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality in women worldwide. Liver metastasis is involved in upwards of 30% of cases with breast cancer metastasis, and results in poor outcomes with median survival rates of only 4.8 - 15 months. Current rodent models of breast cancer metastasis, including primary tumor cell xenograft and spontaneous tumor models, rarely metastasize to the liver. Intracardiac and intrasplenic injection models do result in liver metastases, however these models can be confounded by concomitant secondary-site metastasis, or by compromised immunity due to removal of the spleen to avoid tumor growth at the injection site. To address the need for improved liver metastasis models, a murine portal vein injection method that delivers tumor cells firstly and directly to the liver was developed. This model delivers tumor cells to the liver without complications of concurrent metastases in other organs or removal of the spleen. The optimized portal vein protocol employs small injection volumes of 5 - 10 μl, ≥ 32 gauge needles, and hemostatic gauze at the injection site to control for blood loss. The portal vein injection approach in Balb/c female mice using three syngeneic mammary tumor lines of varying metastatic potential was tested; high-metastatic 4T1 cells, moderate-metastatic D2A1 cells, and low-metastatic D2.OR cells. Concentrations of ≤ 10,000 cells/injection results in a latency of ~ 20 - 40 days for development of liver metastases with the higher metastatic 4T1 and D2A1 lines, and > 55 days for the less aggressive D2.OR line. This model represents an important tool to study breast cancer metastasis to the liver, and may be applicable to other cancers that frequently metastasize to the liver including colorectal and pancreatic adenocarcinomas.
{"title":"A Portal Vein Injection Model to Study Liver Metastasis of Breast Cancer.","authors":"Erica T Goddard, Jacob Fischer, Pepper Schedin","doi":"10.3791/54903","DOIUrl":"10.3791/54903","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality in women worldwide. Liver metastasis is involved in upwards of 30% of cases with breast cancer metastasis, and results in poor outcomes with median survival rates of only 4.8 - 15 months. Current rodent models of breast cancer metastasis, including primary tumor cell xenograft and spontaneous tumor models, rarely metastasize to the liver. Intracardiac and intrasplenic injection models do result in liver metastases, however these models can be confounded by concomitant secondary-site metastasis, or by compromised immunity due to removal of the spleen to avoid tumor growth at the injection site. To address the need for improved liver metastasis models, a murine portal vein injection method that delivers tumor cells firstly and directly to the liver was developed. This model delivers tumor cells to the liver without complications of concurrent metastases in other organs or removal of the spleen. The optimized portal vein protocol employs small injection volumes of 5 - 10 μl, ≥ 32 gauge needles, and hemostatic gauze at the injection site to control for blood loss. The portal vein injection approach in Balb/c female mice using three syngeneic mammary tumor lines of varying metastatic potential was tested; high-metastatic 4T1 cells, moderate-metastatic D2A1 cells, and low-metastatic D2.OR cells. Concentrations of ≤ 10,000 cells/injection results in a latency of ~ 20 - 40 days for development of liver metastases with the higher metastatic 4T1 and D2A1 lines, and > 55 days for the less aggressive D2.OR line. This model represents an important tool to study breast cancer metastasis to the liver, and may be applicable to other cancers that frequently metastasize to the liver including colorectal and pancreatic adenocarcinomas.</p>","PeriodicalId":46399,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Childrens Rights","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2016-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3791/54903","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86498911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-12-20DOI: 10.1163/15718182-02404008
M. Couzens
Romania has been a party to the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child ( CRC ), 1989, since 1990, and since then the CRC is directly applicable by the courts and other state bodies. For a long time the country struggled to provide adequate protection for the rights of children. Well-known systemic problems affecting Romanian children were institutionalisation, inter-country adoptions, an inadequate child justice system, poverty, and discrimination, to name but a few. This article examines the application of the CRC by the courts, and the impact which this has had on the protection of children’s rights in Romania. The selected constitutional and judicial (i.e. ordinary courts) jurisprudence examined in the article shows that courts have only marginally provided impetus for systemic change, but have, however, contributed to the protection of individual rights. A few potential causes for this state of affairs – divided into factors relating to the justice system in Romania and CRC -related factors – are discussed.
{"title":"Romanian Courts and the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child: A Case Study","authors":"M. Couzens","doi":"10.1163/15718182-02404008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15718182-02404008","url":null,"abstract":"Romania has been a party to the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child ( CRC ), 1989, since 1990, and since then the CRC is directly applicable by the courts and other state bodies. For a long time the country struggled to provide adequate protection for the rights of children. Well-known systemic problems affecting Romanian children were institutionalisation, inter-country adoptions, an inadequate child justice system, poverty, and discrimination, to name but a few. This article examines the application of the CRC by the courts, and the impact which this has had on the protection of children’s rights in Romania. The selected constitutional and judicial (i.e. ordinary courts) jurisprudence examined in the article shows that courts have only marginally provided impetus for systemic change, but have, however, contributed to the protection of individual rights. A few potential causes for this state of affairs – divided into factors relating to the justice system in Romania and CRC -related factors – are discussed.","PeriodicalId":46399,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Childrens Rights","volume":"24 1","pages":"851-887"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2016-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/15718182-02404008","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64428737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-12-20DOI: 10.1163/15718182-02404007
Tova Höjdestrand
Since the mid-2000s, Russia has increased its efforts to strengthen the legal rights of children and to improve the systems of social assistance to vulnerable families in in line with the UN Convention of the Rights of the Child. The reform drive has met fierce resistance by a grassroots mobilization in defence of ‘traditional Russian family values’. Child rights are conceived of as weapons in a Western moral war against Russia, but simultaneously, the popular appeal of the campaign stems from a profound distrust in Russian state administrators, who purportedly use the CRC for personal gain. This paper suggests that this disbelief makes the protesters locate notions of citizenship primarily to the intimate social sphere, prioritizing ‘parental rights’ rather than ‘civil rights’ defined by the state-citizen relationship. It is also suggested that the confidence of citizens in their own state administration must be considered if the Convention is to be successfully implemented. (Less)
{"title":"Social Welfare or Moral Warfare?: Popular Resistance against Children’s Rights and Juvenile Justice in Contemporary Russia","authors":"Tova Höjdestrand","doi":"10.1163/15718182-02404007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15718182-02404007","url":null,"abstract":"Since the mid-2000s, Russia has increased its efforts to strengthen the legal rights of children and to improve the systems of social assistance to vulnerable families in in line with the UN Convention of the Rights of the Child. The reform drive has met fierce resistance by a grassroots mobilization in defence of ‘traditional Russian family values’. Child rights are conceived of as weapons in a Western moral war against Russia, but simultaneously, the popular appeal of the campaign stems from a profound distrust in Russian state administrators, who purportedly use the CRC for personal gain. This paper suggests that this disbelief makes the protesters locate notions of citizenship primarily to the intimate social sphere, prioritizing ‘parental rights’ rather than ‘civil rights’ defined by the state-citizen relationship. It is also suggested that the confidence of citizens in their own state administration must be considered if the Convention is to be successfully implemented. (Less)","PeriodicalId":46399,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Childrens Rights","volume":"24 1","pages":"826-850"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2016-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/15718182-02404007","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64428639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-12-20DOI: 10.1163/15718182-02404010
P. Alderson
{"title":"Children’s Rights and Violence","authors":"P. Alderson","doi":"10.1163/15718182-02404010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15718182-02404010","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46399,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Childrens Rights","volume":"24 1","pages":"915-923"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2016-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/15718182-02404010","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64429119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-12-20DOI: 10.1163/15718182-02404011
R. Huijsmans
Book review of: __S. Balagopalan__ _Inhabiting ‘Childhood’: Children, labour and schooling in postcolonial India_, Basingstoke and New York, Palgrave Macmillan, 2014, p. 237. isbn 978-0-230-29642-8 (hardcover)/isbn 978-1-137-31679-0 (eBook). $110 (hardcover)/$79.99 (eBook). __H. Morrison__ _Childhood and Colonial Modernity in Egypt_, Basingstoke and New York, Palgrave Macmillan, 2015, p. 176. isbn 978-1-137-43277-3 (hardcover)/isbn 978-1-137-43278-0 (eBook). $74.99 (hardcover)/ $62.99 (eBook).
{"title":"Decentring the History of the Idea of Children's Rights","authors":"R. Huijsmans","doi":"10.1163/15718182-02404011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15718182-02404011","url":null,"abstract":"Book review of: \u0000__S. Balagopalan__ \u0000_Inhabiting ‘Childhood’: Children, labour and schooling in postcolonial India_, Basingstoke and New York, Palgrave Macmillan, 2014, p. 237. isbn 978-0-230-29642-8 (hardcover)/isbn 978-1-137-31679-0 (eBook). $110 (hardcover)/$79.99 (eBook). \u0000 \u0000__H. Morrison__ \u0000_Childhood and Colonial Modernity in Egypt_, Basingstoke and New York, Palgrave Macmillan, 2015, p. 176. isbn 978-1-137-43277-3 (hardcover)/isbn 978-1-137-43278-0 (eBook). $74.99 (hardcover)/ $62.99 (eBook).","PeriodicalId":46399,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Childrens Rights","volume":"24 1","pages":"924-929"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2016-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/15718182-02404011","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64429220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-12-20DOI: 10.1163/15718182-02404012
H. Stalford
{"title":"Sources on eu Children’s Rights","authors":"H. Stalford","doi":"10.1163/15718182-02404012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15718182-02404012","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46399,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Childrens Rights","volume":"24 1","pages":"931-939"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2016-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/15718182-02404012","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64429313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-12-20DOI: 10.1163/15718182-02404009
Terry B. Northcut, Daniel Hailu
Ethiopia is in an early phase of development of formal psychosocial support for children and families. Examining the historical, political and economic factors affecting the current landscape of social work services in Ethiopia show that there are a number of factors influencing risks and vulnerabilities of children and families. Each of these vulnerabilities will be discussed briefly as they relate to the methods of service being provided currently. In addition, this paper reviews the current status of service providers, the gaps in the provision of services, and considers recommendations for the profession of social work seeking to meet these needs to ensure the protection of human rights for women and their children.
{"title":"Emerging Challenges in Psychosocial Support for Children and their Families in Ethiopia: Implications for Social Work","authors":"Terry B. Northcut, Daniel Hailu","doi":"10.1163/15718182-02404009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15718182-02404009","url":null,"abstract":"Ethiopia is in an early phase of development of formal psychosocial support for children and families. Examining the historical, political and economic factors affecting the current landscape of social work services in Ethiopia show that there are a number of factors influencing risks and vulnerabilities of children and families. Each of these vulnerabilities will be discussed briefly as they relate to the methods of service being provided currently. In addition, this paper reviews the current status of service providers, the gaps in the provision of services, and considers recommendations for the profession of social work seeking to meet these needs to ensure the protection of human rights for women and their children.","PeriodicalId":46399,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Childrens Rights","volume":"24 1","pages":"888-913"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2016-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/15718182-02404009","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64429541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-12-20DOI: 10.1163/15718182-02404002
Fiona Broughton
This article examines the position of the UN Convention on the Right of the Child with regard to pre-natal children in light of the 2016 Concluding Observations of the Committee on the Rights of the Child. These Observations of the Committee recommend that Ireland, as well as and other State parties to the Convention, decriminalise abortion in all circumstances. The article analyses the possible remit of the Convention to apply to pre-natal children and concludes that the Committee deviates from the Convention’s ethos of inclusive human rights and is overstepping the mark in imposing its abortion belief system on States parties to the Convention.
{"title":"Overstepping the Mark","authors":"Fiona Broughton","doi":"10.1163/15718182-02404002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15718182-02404002","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines the position of the UN Convention on the Right of the Child with regard to pre-natal children in light of the 2016 Concluding Observations of the Committee on the Rights of the Child. These Observations of the Committee recommend that Ireland, as well as and other State parties to the Convention, decriminalise abortion in all circumstances. The article analyses the possible remit of the Convention to apply to pre-natal children and concludes that the Committee deviates from the Convention’s ethos of inclusive human rights and is overstepping the mark in imposing its abortion belief system on States parties to the Convention.","PeriodicalId":46399,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Childrens Rights","volume":"24 1","pages":"687-717"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2016-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/15718182-02404002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64428866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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