Spanish vowel-final loans are consistently adopted in modern Nahuan languages with an added glottal phoneme: Spanish mesa > Nahuan mesah ‘table’. This adaptation is puzzling because there is no obvious aspect of the phonological or morphological grammar of Nahuan that motivates it. We present evidence that, due to the weakened voicing of Spanish utterance-final vowels, Nahuan speakers perceive Spanish vowel-final words in utterance-final position as ending in the Nahuan glottal phoneme and adopt the word with it. Our proposal bears on the growing body of literature showing that first- and second-language learners are more sensitive to the phonetic characteristics of sounds when they occur in utterance-final position, likely because of their increased length or the fact that they are not masked by following sounds. Consequently, we suggest that the position of source forms within the utterance can affect loanword adaptation.
{"title":"The Perceptual Origin of Added Glottals in Spanish Loans in Modern Nahuan","authors":"Hugo Salgado, Justin Pinta","doi":"10.1086/727524","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/727524","url":null,"abstract":"Spanish vowel-final loans are consistently adopted in modern Nahuan languages with an added glottal phoneme: Spanish mesa > Nahuan mesah ‘table’. This adaptation is puzzling because there is no obvious aspect of the phonological or morphological grammar of Nahuan that motivates it. We present evidence that, due to the weakened voicing of Spanish utterance-final vowels, Nahuan speakers perceive Spanish vowel-final words in utterance-final position as ending in the Nahuan glottal phoneme and adopt the word with it. Our proposal bears on the growing body of literature showing that first- and second-language learners are more sensitive to the phonetic characteristics of sounds when they occur in utterance-final position, likely because of their increased length or the fact that they are not masked by following sounds. Consequently, we suggest that the position of source forms within the utterance can affect loanword adaptation.","PeriodicalId":46577,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of American Linguistics","volume":"27 13","pages":"83 - 123"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139129420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":":Mid-Holocene Language Connections between Asia and North America","authors":"James Kari","doi":"10.1086/727526","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/727526","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46577,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of American Linguistics","volume":"131 15","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139128460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Movima (isolate, Bolivia) has two transitive clause patterns (direct and inverse), which are reminiscent of Austronesian-type symmetrical voice systems. Similar to undergoer voice and actor voice in Austronesian languages, the Movima direct and inverse voice permit the extraction of either the undergoer or the actor, respectively. In addition to the inverse, however, in Movima actor extraction can also be carried out with a detransitivizing (antipassive) voice. After a description of the system, this corpus-based study explores the factors that determine the use of either the antipassive or the inverse in the third person domain. It is shown that, unlike an Austronesian-type actor voice, the use of the Movima inverse is conditioned by the animacy and definiteness of the undergoer, while the antipassive can be employed irrespective of these factors.
{"title":"Between Symmetrical Voice and Ergativity: Inverse and Antipassive in Movima","authors":"Katharina Haude","doi":"10.1086/727522","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/727522","url":null,"abstract":"Movima (isolate, Bolivia) has two transitive clause patterns (direct and inverse), which are reminiscent of Austronesian-type symmetrical voice systems. Similar to undergoer voice and actor voice in Austronesian languages, the Movima direct and inverse voice permit the extraction of either the undergoer or the actor, respectively. In addition to the inverse, however, in Movima actor extraction can also be carried out with a detransitivizing (antipassive) voice. After a description of the system, this corpus-based study explores the factors that determine the use of either the antipassive or the inverse in the third person domain. It is shown that, unlike an Austronesian-type actor voice, the use of the Movima inverse is conditioned by the animacy and definiteness of the undergoer, while the antipassive can be employed irrespective of these factors.","PeriodicalId":46577,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of American Linguistics","volume":"121 45","pages":"1 - 36"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139128565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":":Mid-Holocene Language Connections between Asia and North America","authors":"Ben A. Potter","doi":"10.1086/727520","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/727520","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46577,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of American Linguistics","volume":"49 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139129404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Front and Back Matter","authors":"","doi":"10.1086/729094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/729094","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46577,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of American Linguistics","volume":"33 22","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139129850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":":Mid-Holocene Language Connections between Asia and North America","authors":"Anna Berge","doi":"10.1086/727525","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/727525","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46577,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of American Linguistics","volume":"47 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139127471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Like other Lowland Mayan languages, the Ch’olan languages have incompletive or progressive constructions with mostly accusative person marking that are ultimately derived from complementation constructions. Based on a review of the general complementation strategies found in Ch’olti’, this paper identifies the complementation strategies that are reflected in the progressive construction of this language and discusses differences between the progressive construction and regular complementation constructions resulting from the grammaticalization of the progressive. It is argued that with transitive lexical verbs, the progressive construction in Ch’olti’ uses a different complementation strategy than the incompletive in the Western Ch’olan languages Ch’ol and Chontal, which indicates that these constructions are not cognate and that changes concomitant with the introduction of these constructions, like the introduction of (incipient) split ergativity, thus do not date back to Proto-Ch’olan.
{"title":"Complementation and the Grammaticalization of the Progressive in Ch’olti’","authors":"Thilo Momme Holtmann","doi":"10.1086/727527","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/727527","url":null,"abstract":"Like other Lowland Mayan languages, the Ch’olan languages have incompletive or progressive constructions with mostly accusative person marking that are ultimately derived from complementation constructions. Based on a review of the general complementation strategies found in Ch’olti’, this paper identifies the complementation strategies that are reflected in the progressive construction of this language and discusses differences between the progressive construction and regular complementation constructions resulting from the grammaticalization of the progressive. It is argued that with transitive lexical verbs, the progressive construction in Ch’olti’ uses a different complementation strategy than the incompletive in the Western Ch’olan languages Ch’ol and Chontal, which indicates that these constructions are not cognate and that changes concomitant with the introduction of these constructions, like the introduction of (incipient) split ergativity, thus do not date back to Proto-Ch’olan.","PeriodicalId":46577,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of American Linguistics","volume":"110 2","pages":"37 - 81"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139128641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents an empirical analysis of Italian directed motion verbs and manner of motion verbs; the research is based on a lexical resource of 234 verbs subdivided into six classes. Directed motion verbs are analysed according to their argument structure and to the type of path PP they take: both source and goal PPs, only source PPs or only goal PPs. Furthermore, I have highlighted how the morphological, distributional and semantic properties of these verbs have an impact on their argument structure.Manner of motion verbs are analysed according to their unaccusative/unergative structure and on the semantic components they entail: only Manner or Manner and Direction. Analysis of the data shows that the semantics of both types of motion verbs depends in many cases on the distributional context in which they occur. As a result, it is not always an easy task to generalize the semantic components the verbs lexicalize. The Italian data also show that, contrary to the hypothesis proposed by Rappaport Hovav & Levin (2010) and Levin & Rappaport Hovav (2013) on the opposition between manner and direction, a subset of Italian motion verbs encodes both manner and direction. Moreover, the Italian lexicon shows an abundance of manner of motion verbs that can resort to a satellite-framed strategy, suggesting that the clearcut opposition between satellite-framed and verb-framed languages claimed in Talmy (1985) boils down to a tendency.
{"title":"Motion Verbs in Italian and the Manner/Direction Complementarity","authors":"Simonetta Vietri","doi":"10.5296/ijl.v15i5.21346","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5296/ijl.v15i5.21346","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents an empirical analysis of Italian directed motion verbs and manner of motion verbs; the research is based on a lexical resource of 234 verbs subdivided into six classes. Directed motion verbs are analysed according to their argument structure and to the type of path PP they take: both source and goal PPs, only source PPs or only goal PPs. Furthermore, I have highlighted how the morphological, distributional and semantic properties of these verbs have an impact on their argument structure.Manner of motion verbs are analysed according to their unaccusative/unergative structure and on the semantic components they entail: only Manner or Manner and Direction. Analysis of the data shows that the semantics of both types of motion verbs depends in many cases on the distributional context in which they occur. As a result, it is not always an easy task to generalize the semantic components the verbs lexicalize. The Italian data also show that, contrary to the hypothesis proposed by Rappaport Hovav & Levin (2010) and Levin & Rappaport Hovav (2013) on the opposition between manner and direction, a subset of Italian motion verbs encodes both manner and direction. Moreover, the Italian lexicon shows an abundance of manner of motion verbs that can resort to a satellite-framed strategy, suggesting that the clearcut opposition between satellite-framed and verb-framed languages claimed in Talmy (1985) boils down to a tendency.","PeriodicalId":46577,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of American Linguistics","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134905540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study will present the results of neurobiological research, in the light of which an intersubjective vision of language learning takes shape. In the field of language teaching, synchronization of the right hemisphere between two brains in communication helps to shift the focus from an individual or subjective vision of learning onto an interpersonal and dynamic one. Therefore, after highlighting the neurobiological and interpersonal mechanisms inside communication in the first part of the article, an analysis of the edu-linguistic repercussions will follow, so that selected teaching strategies can activate more effective ways of working for language acquisition.
{"title":"From an Individual to an Intersubjective Perspective: Reflections for Foreign Language Acquisition","authors":"Giuseppe Maugeri","doi":"10.5296/ijl.v15i5.21358","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5296/ijl.v15i5.21358","url":null,"abstract":"This study will present the results of neurobiological research, in the light of which an intersubjective vision of language learning takes shape. In the field of language teaching, synchronization of the right hemisphere between two brains in communication helps to shift the focus from an individual or subjective vision of learning onto an interpersonal and dynamic one. Therefore, after highlighting the neurobiological and interpersonal mechanisms inside communication in the first part of the article, an analysis of the edu-linguistic repercussions will follow, so that selected teaching strategies can activate more effective ways of working for language acquisition.","PeriodicalId":46577,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of American Linguistics","volume":"9 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134909151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Media Arabic is a linguistically independent genre of Modern Standard Arabic. There are a number of explanatory reasons accounting for a characterized, integrally structured media Arabic form. Much within our scientific grasp is the overall combination of lexico-grammatical traits, constituting a major part of the internal textual ecology. Within our reach, again, there is parsimonious literature hardly informing, or predicting, what situationally and linguistically a media Arabic text is. The vast body of research is intuition-governed and prescriptive. This paper is a concise exposition of a work endeavoring to fill out such a gap in research. It summarizes the findings of a large-scale project in Arabic corpus linguistics that empirically investigates media Arabic genre from a functional lexico-grammatical perspective, by using Multi-Dimensional framework. The model uncovers the parameters of variation in media Arabic and explores underlying co-occurring functions. In documenting MSA textual similarities and differences among ten written media subgenres: Politics, Economics, Society, Sports, Science, Culture & Arts, Technology, Women, Health & Medicine, and Religion, Exploratory Factor Analysis was run and resolved within a six-factorial structure, the raw output to be subsequently interpreted as six-dimensional basis for the variable use of Arabic across the ten subgenres.
{"title":"The Lexico-grammatical Ecology of Media Arabic Genre: A Multi-dimensional Analysis","authors":"Zakariae Azennoud","doi":"10.5296/ijl.v15i5.21376","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5296/ijl.v15i5.21376","url":null,"abstract":"Media Arabic is a linguistically independent genre of Modern Standard Arabic. There are a number of explanatory reasons accounting for a characterized, integrally structured media Arabic form. Much within our scientific grasp is the overall combination of lexico-grammatical traits, constituting a major part of the internal textual ecology. Within our reach, again, there is parsimonious literature hardly informing, or predicting, what situationally and linguistically a media Arabic text is. The vast body of research is intuition-governed and prescriptive. This paper is a concise exposition of a work endeavoring to fill out such a gap in research. It summarizes the findings of a large-scale project in Arabic corpus linguistics that empirically investigates media Arabic genre from a functional lexico-grammatical perspective, by using Multi-Dimensional framework. The model uncovers the parameters of variation in media Arabic and explores underlying co-occurring functions. In documenting MSA textual similarities and differences among ten written media subgenres: Politics, Economics, Society, Sports, Science, Culture & Arts, Technology, Women, Health & Medicine, and Religion, Exploratory Factor Analysis was run and resolved within a six-factorial structure, the raw output to be subsequently interpreted as six-dimensional basis for the variable use of Arabic across the ten subgenres.","PeriodicalId":46577,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of American Linguistics","volume":"4 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134906572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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