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Urban planning and policy in Portugal: an overview on the role of EU funds and guidelines 葡萄牙的城市规划和政策:欧盟基金和指导方针的作用概述
IF 2.1 4区 经济学 Q2 URBAN STUDIES Pub Date : 2021-09-20 DOI: 10.1080/17535069.2021.1980607
Pedro Chamusca
ABSTRACT This work aims to shed light on the contribution of the Cohesion Policy to the urban dimension of Portuguese cities. This research is based on a case study of Porto. The results show that their contribution was positive, especially concerning the extensive rehabilitation of problematic urban areas, the reinforcement of local administrative entities’ strategic planning and the development of citizen participation mechanisms, accountability and public‒private partnerships. However, the research also identified that the government structure is too centralised and excessive local funding competition made the process more complex, with concepts being applied more to the discourse than practice.
本研究旨在揭示葡萄牙城市凝聚力政策对城市维度的贡献。本研究是基于波尔图的一个案例研究。结果表明,它们的贡献是积极的,特别是在问题城市地区的广泛修复、加强地方行政实体的战略规划和发展公民参与机制、问责制和公私伙伴关系方面。然而,研究也发现,政府结构过于集中,过度的地方资金竞争使得这个过程更加复杂,概念更多地应用于话语而不是实践。
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引用次数: 4
Recognizing, supporting and embracing the urban informal economy in Ghana: A local economic development perspective 认识、支持和拥抱加纳的城市非正规经济:地方经济发展的视角
IF 2.1 4区 经济学 Q2 URBAN STUDIES Pub Date : 2021-09-02 DOI: 10.1080/17535069.2021.1973082
J. Mensah
ABSTRACT The informal economy has become a vibrant and growing phenomenon across the world. Within the context of sustainable development, connecting local economic development (LED) to the informal economy is imperative. However, the informal economy remains largely neglected within the conventional LED literature. Using key informant interviews and focus group discussions, this paper found that recognizing, embracing and supporting informal economy contributes to a more inclusive form of LED. The study concluded that local government authorities need to be more innovative in recognising the informal economy as part of local governments’ strategies for addressing unemployment, and supporting livelihoods.
非正式经济在世界范围内已经成为一个充满活力和不断增长的现象。在可持续发展的背景下,将地方经济发展(LED)与非正规经济联系起来势在必行。然而,在传统的LED文献中,非正式经济在很大程度上仍然被忽视。通过访谈和焦点小组讨论,本文发现,承认、拥抱和支持非正规经济有助于形成更具包容性的LED形式。该研究的结论是,地方政府当局需要更具创新性地认识到,非正规经济是地方政府解决失业和支持生计战略的一部分。
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引用次数: 2
Cities and communities beyond COVID-19. How local leadership can change our future for the better 超越COVID-19的城市和社区。地方领导如何让我们的未来变得更好
IF 2.1 4区 经济学 Q2 URBAN STUDIES Pub Date : 2021-08-08 DOI: 10.1080/17535069.2021.1991653
A. Balducci
good for people, which is at odds with ‘epistemological skepticism and moral relativism’ of academia (226). The validity of the ‘natural law’ claim is also supported through illustrations, which take up a third of the book. Various transects from different locations and of various scales cover typical urban design topics: density, architecture, facades, and walkability/mobility, as well as speed limit, fencing, and governance. The illustrations reinforce the idea of a self-evident rationale behind the Transect, operating across scales, from regional planning to architectural detail. Although the Transect is presented as bridging urban/rural and cultural/natural divides, it is, without a doubt, urban and human-focused. The book even takes occasional aim at landscape urbanism, regarding it as an ‘incubator of metaphor’ and rather oblivious to urban processes. In ‘Post-suburban Planning’ (127–156), Duany and Brain express their frustration with planning and design approaches that give ultimate privilege to nature over anything else. They find it deeply problematic that, for example, constructions of a road could stop immediately if a certain endangered species is found, while entire communities could be moved to accommodate the same road. Transect Urbanism may not significantly alter anyone’s opinion New Urbanism, but it is a worthy volume on practically oriented New Urbanism theories of land-use planning based on form-based urban coding.
对人有益,这与学术界的“认识论怀疑主义和道德相对主义”不一致(226)。“自然法则”主张的有效性也通过插图得到了支持,插图占了全书的三分之一。来自不同地点和不同尺度的各种样带涵盖了典型的城市设计主题:密度、建筑、立面、步行性/流动性、限速、围栏和治理。从区域规划到建筑细节,这些插图强调了横断面背后不言而喻的基本原理。虽然样带被认为是城市/农村和文化/自然鸿沟的桥梁,但毫无疑问,它是以城市和人为中心的。这本书甚至偶尔将目光投向景观城市主义,将其视为“隐喻的孵化器”,而忽略了城市进程。在《后郊区规划》(Post-suburban Planning, 127-156)一书中,Duany和Brain表达了他们对规划和设计方法的失望,这种方法将自然置于一切之上。例如,如果发现某种濒危物种,道路的建设可能会立即停止,而整个社区可能会迁移到同一条道路上,这是一个严重的问题。《样带城市主义》可能不会显著改变任何人对新城市主义的看法,但它是一本有价值的、以实践为导向的、基于形式的城市编码的土地利用规划新城市主义理论。
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引用次数: 0
Lessons from U.S. rust belt cities for equitable low-growth futures 美国锈带城市为公平的低增长未来提供的经验教训
IF 2.1 4区 经济学 Q2 URBAN STUDIES Pub Date : 2021-08-08 DOI: 10.1080/17535069.2021.1969730
D. Walling, Richard Sadler, Don Lafreniere
ABSTRACT The dynamics shaping 21st century urbanization are particularly visible throughout the American Rust Belt. With the pressures of economic and population growth receding, the local structures and contests shaping land use, development, and revitalization are more visible. In the context of racial segregation and political fragmentation, public entities, community groups and civic networks have generated innovations and interventions aligned with a more equitable and inclusive – albeit low-growth – future. These exemplary policies and practices, which are leading these cities to new futures, also are useful for advancing urban development and for fostering sustainability in the diverse areas that constitute sprawling, stagnating, and depopulating regions.
塑造21世纪城市化的动力在美国的“铁锈地带”尤为明显。随着经济和人口增长压力的消退,影响土地使用、开发和振兴的地方结构和竞争更加明显。在种族隔离和政治分裂的背景下,公共实体、社区团体和公民网络产生了创新和干预措施,这些创新和干预措施与更加公平和包容的未来(尽管增长较低)相一致。这些示范性的政策和实践,正在引领这些城市走向新的未来,也有助于推动城市发展,促进构成庞大、停滞和人口减少地区的不同地区的可持续性。
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引用次数: 1
Transect urbanism: readings in human ecology 样带城市化:人类生态学解读
IF 2.1 4区 经济学 Q2 URBAN STUDIES Pub Date : 2021-08-08 DOI: 10.1080/17535069.2021.1991652
Miza Moreau
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引用次数: 1
Understanding the influence of EU urban policy in Spanish cities: the case of Málaga 了解欧盟城市政策对西班牙城市的影响:以Málaga为例
IF 2.1 4区 经济学 Q2 URBAN STUDIES Pub Date : 2021-08-08 DOI: 10.1080/17535069.2019.1690672
S. De Gregorio Hurtado
ABSTRACT This work aims to shed light on the contribution of the urban dimension of the Cohesion Policy (CP) to Spanish cities. It is based on the case study of Málaga, a city in which European Union (EU) programmes have contributed importantly to regenerating its historic centre. The case study uses a mixed qualitative methodology to understand if and to what extent the EU urban programmes have delivered local capacity. The results show that their contribution has been positive, but also identifies the persistence of inertia and relevant contradictions that provide lessons for the post-2020 urban dimension of the CP.
本研究旨在揭示城市凝聚力政策(CP)对西班牙城市的贡献。它基于Málaga的案例研究,这是一个欧盟(EU)计划为重建其历史中心做出重要贡献的城市。案例研究使用混合定性方法来了解欧盟城市方案是否以及在多大程度上提供了地方能力。结果表明,他们的贡献是积极的,但也指出了惯性和相关矛盾的持续存在,为2020年后CP的城市维度提供了经验教训。
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引用次数: 6
Cities and regional disparities in the European Union: evolving geographies and challenges for Cohesion Policy 欧盟的城市和地区差异:不断演变的地理和凝聚力政策的挑战
IF 2.1 4区 经济学 Q2 URBAN STUDIES Pub Date : 2021-08-08 DOI: 10.1080/17535069.2021.1958252
Ignazio Vinci
ABSTRACT Since the nineties, urban areas have assumed a growing importance in EU Cohesion Policy. This process, which is being implemented through various political steps and policy instruments, has led cities to be recognised as key elements in the promotion of balanced development. After decades of planning experiments at different territorial scales, however, the extent to which EU urban policy has contributed to regional development is currently under debate. This paper seeks to describe the evolution of the urban dimension within EU Cohesion Policy, with a focus on the role of cities in those countries and regions experiencing development problems.
自上世纪90年代以来,城市地区在欧盟凝聚力政策中扮演着越来越重要的角色。这一进程正在通过各种政治步骤和政策工具来执行,已使城市被认为是促进平衡发展的关键因素。然而,经过数十年在不同地域尺度上的规划实验,欧盟城市政策对区域发展的贡献程度目前仍存在争议。本文旨在描述欧盟凝聚力政策中城市维度的演变,重点关注城市在经历发展问题的国家和地区的作用。
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引用次数: 1
Introduction to the special issue 特刊简介
IF 2.1 4区 经济学 Q2 URBAN STUDIES Pub Date : 2021-08-04 DOI: 10.1080/17535069.2021.1962066
Ignazio Vinci, Paula Russell
European urban policy has often been portrayed in the literature as a clear case of ‘Europeanization’ (Carpenter 2013; Dossi 2017; Carpenter et al. 2020; Hamedinger and Wolffhardt 2010; Marshall 2005). This concept relates to that multidirectional process whereby the reshaping of national and sub-national policies under the influence of the EU is accompanied by a bottom-up and even horizontal transfer of knowledge, paradigms and best practices, that are increasingly shared by institutions in a multi-level governance system. In this special issue we largely concentrate on the first type of relationships, the ways in which the planning practices, and local development trajectories, of certain cities are being influenced by the implementation of EU projects. Cities started to be explicitly viewed as key elements of regional development in the European Community at the end of the 1980s. Following the reform of the Structural Funds approved in 1988, the reshaping of regional policy was accompanied by programmes that, for the first time, were specifically designed to stimulate actions in urban areas (Williams 1996). The success of these early initiatives – i.e. Urban Pilot Projects – was essential to demonstrate that the European Union could play a key role in overcoming the development problems experienced by European cities, including the social consequences of economic decline and the environmental challenges of urban areas (Atkinson and Zimmermann 2016). As a result, the subsequent decades were earmarked by growing political and financial efforts from various EU institutions to widen the role of cities within Cohesion Policy. This was first manifested in the creation of different policy instruments directly targeted on cities (i.e. URBAN Community Initiative, URBACT or, more recently, the Urban Innovative Actions), in order to increase the capacity of municipalities to experiment with new planning solutions to face the challenges of urban development. Later, the focus on urban issues and challenges also became embedded in the mainstream instruments of Cohesion Policy, including the Structural Funds, which are the responsibility of regional authorities. This progress led to the acknowledgment that the development of cities and regions are, to some extent, inextricably linked, and to recognise that this symbiosis must be a guiding principle of any future reform of EU Cohesion Policy (McCann 2015; Medeiros 2019). After almost 30 years of widespread interventions in cities and regions there is no clear measure to prove the impact of EU urban policies on regional development and
在文献中,欧洲城市政策经常被描绘成“欧洲化”的一个明显案例(Carpenter 2013;西2017;还是Carpenter et al. 2020;Hamedinger and Wolffhardt 2010;马歇尔2005)。这一概念涉及到在欧盟影响下重塑国家和地方政策的多向过程,伴随着自下而上甚至横向的知识、范例和最佳做法的转移,这些知识、范例和最佳做法在多层次治理体系中越来越多地被各机构共享。在本期特刊中,我们主要关注第一种关系,即某些城市的规划实践和当地发展轨迹如何受到欧盟项目实施的影响。20世纪80年代末,欧洲共同体开始明确地将城市视为区域发展的关键因素。继1988年批准的结构基金改革之后,区域政策的重新制定第一次特别为刺激城市地区的行动而制定了方案(Williams 1996)。这些早期倡议的成功——即城市试点项目——对于证明欧盟可以在克服欧洲城市所经历的发展问题(包括经济衰退的社会后果和城市地区的环境挑战)方面发挥关键作用至关重要(Atkinson and Zimmermann 2016)。因此,在随后的几十年里,各欧盟机构在政治和财政方面做出了越来越多的努力,以扩大城市在凝聚力政策中的作用。这首先表现在制定直接针对城市的不同政策工具(即城市社区倡议、城市行动或最近的城市创新行动),以提高市政当局试验新的规划解决方案的能力,以面对城市发展的挑战。后来,对城市问题和挑战的关注也成为凝聚政策的主流工具,包括由地区当局负责的结构基金。这一进展使人们认识到城市和地区的发展在某种程度上是密不可分的,并认识到这种共生关系必须成为未来欧盟凝聚力政策改革的指导原则(McCann 2015;2019年Medeiros)。在城市和地区进行了近30年的广泛干预之后,没有明确的措施来证明欧盟城市政策对区域发展和发展的影响
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引用次数: 0
The influence of EU policy on local policy-making, governance and urban change. Evidence from Porto, Portugal 欧盟政策对地方决策、治理和城市变化的影响。来自葡萄牙波尔图的证据
IF 2.1 4区 经济学 Q2 URBAN STUDIES Pub Date : 2021-08-03 DOI: 10.1080/17535069.2021.1959632
João Igreja, Paulo Conceição
ABSTRACT Porto has long been a site of experimentation in the field of European urban policies, implemented through different initiatives and supported by EU funding. The paper describes the different urban regeneration experiences that have been undertaken by the city, analyses the nature of the policy instruments which have been implemented, and in what ways they relate to local policy-making, governance and development. What emerges from this analysis is a more complex perspective of the relationship between local/national/European policies, which needs a broader understanding of local processes to understand the emergence and transfer of the holistic approach promoted by the EU.
波尔图长期以来一直是欧洲城市政策的试验地,通过不同的倡议实施,并得到欧盟资金的支持。本文描述了该市进行的不同的城市更新经验,分析了已实施的政策工具的性质,以及它们与当地政策制定、治理和发展的关系。从这一分析中出现的是对地方/国家/欧洲政策之间关系的更复杂的视角,这需要对地方过程有更广泛的理解,以理解欧盟推动的整体方法的出现和转移。
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引用次数: 0
Post-suburban arrival spaces and the frame of ‘welfare offloading’: notes from an Italian suburban neighborhood 后郊区到达空间和“福利卸载”框架:来自意大利郊区社区的笔记
IF 2.1 4区 经济学 Q2 URBAN STUDIES Pub Date : 2021-07-22 DOI: 10.1080/17535069.2021.1952482
Lorenzo De Vidovich, M. Bovo
ABSTRACT Drawing upon the debates on ‘suburbanisms’ and ‘arrival space’, this article explores the complexities for welfare governance in multiethnic peripheries. The paper bridges two themes of the contemporary ‘suburban century’: the intensified global migration flows and the peripheral condition of suburbs worldwide; the work refers to the Municipality of Pioltello, a multiethnic suburban area in Milan’s region. This double-sided perspective reveals governance dynamics, here discussed through the concept of ‘welfare offloading’. In the observed neighborhood, governmental complexities disclose profound interdependencies with the region’s urban core and across municipalities; welfare tensions are ‘offloaded’ from the central core to peripheral regions.
基于对“郊区主义”和“到达空间”的争论,本文探讨了多民族边缘地区福利治理的复杂性。本文将当代“郊区世纪”的两个主题联系起来:全球移民流动加剧和世界范围内郊区的外围状况;该作品以米兰地区的多民族郊区Pioltello市为例。这种双面视角揭示了治理动态,这里通过“福利卸载”的概念进行讨论。在观察到的社区中,政府的复杂性揭示了与该地区城市核心和城市之间的深刻相互依存关系;福利紧张局势从核心地区“转移”到外围地区。
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引用次数: 5
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Urban Research & Practice
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