Homo-Journal of Comparative Human Biology最新文献

The aim of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate the relationship between the condition of bone mineral density and body composition and the adapted physical activity, the number of past fractures and selected somatic characteristics of girls with myelomeningocele (MMC). The study examined 37 girls with myelomeningocele (MMC) at the age of 11.9 ± 1.8 years. Bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD) of the forearm were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Anthropometric measurements were also made and selected anthropological indices were calculated. A percentage of body fat, fat mass (FM in kg) and fat-free body mass (FFM in kg) were calculated, whereas the incidence of fractures of lower and upper limbs was evaluated during interviews. Underestimated BMD characteristic for osteopenia occurred only in physically inactive girls. Low % age-matched was observed in all physically inactive girls, whereas it was less pronounced in physically active girls. Statistically significant positive correlations were found between BMD and: body height, sitting height, body weight, BMI, fat mass and fat-free mass. Regardless of physical activity, significantly higher Z-score values (F = 12.9; p ≤ 0.001) were observed in girls who had not suffered from fractures compared to their peers who reported one or more past fractures in different skeletal locations. Active participation in physical activity of children with MMC may be a factor determining good bone tissue condition. The prevention of fractures in children in wheelchairs can be an important part of maintaining healthy bone tissue and a better quality of life.

Fluctuating asymmetry (FA) in adults is thought to reflect specific types of developmental stress. If true, adult FA may be a proxy for developmental stress in past as well as current populations. To date, studies of the link between development and adult FA have produced ambiguous results due to insufficient measurement data for childhood environments. This study seeks to overcome this limitation using a structural equation modeling approach to evaluate the relationship between 29 measures of developmental environments and precise measures of adult FA. Sociodemographic information and 3D facial photographs were collected from 80 adult New Mexicans. Facial FA was measured from the photographs using geometric morphometric analysis of 12 facial landmarks. Each participant responded to a questionnaire addressing the developmental environment, including childhood home environment, family SES, health, and dietary quality. We used structural equation models to examine predictive relationships between latent variables constructed from questionnaire responses and adult facial FA. Childhood dietary quality was negatively associated with adult FA scores, meaning that poorer diets predict higher FA (standardized path coefficient -0.174, p = 0.039). Factors that loaded positively on the dietary quality construct were a diet quality index, the frequency of homemade meals, and the frequency of homemade breakfast, while the frequency of fast-food meals loaded negatively. No other latent variable predicted adult facial FA. We posit that the negative relationship between dietary quality and FA reflects a negative energy balance experienced during development. Insufficient nutrition results in a reduced capacity to buffer against environmental perturbations, with increased FA as evidence. Given previously established links between FA and adult health outcomes in humans, this finding also underscores the importance of dietary quality during development for ensuring health and wellbeing later in life. These results indicate that FA in facial shape may signal the relative quality of dietary conditions during development.

The style and degree of cranial vault modification (CVM) can have a significant impact on the reliability of assigning crania into operational categories and correlates. These issues can, in turn, influence the interpretation of cultural practices in the archaeological record. If we intend to deploy head shape as a meaningful unit of analysis to address issues of anthropological significance, we need a reliable way to demarcate discrete categories. Here we employ 3D geometric morphometrics to study head shape variation and improve classification accuracy. The present study rendered 3D models of 52 crania (8 unmodified, 44 modified annular) affiliated with the prehispanic Chanka Culture (AD 1000-1400) of south-central Peru. A combination of landmarks and semi-landmarks captured the shape and curves of sampled crania. Principal components analysis (PCA) revealed clusters of shape categories, and agglomerative hierarchical cluster analysis quantified the spectrum of variation. Our methods found four categories of circumferential head shape: annular erect, annular oblique, unmodified, and a new operational category termed slight. This last category was most prone to misclassification through gross inspection. We argue that differences in head shape are due to diverse modes of babywearing and childcare in the late prehistoric Andes. This study provides 3D geometric morphometric techniques that can help alleviate some of the classification errors that have long confounded practicing bioarchaeologists.

Variations in the number, size and shape of the foramina transversaria of cervical vertebrae can affect the anatomical course of vital blood vessels and nerves, with the risk for pathological conditions, like vertebrobasilar insufficiency. This can result in compression of the vertebral artery during neck movements, which is characterised by headache, migraine, difficulties in swallowing, problems with speech and sight, balance disturbances and hearing disorders, among others. The aim of this study was to analyse the prevalence of the diverse anatomical variants of the foramen transversarium in 446 cervical vertebrae from the skeletal remains of 83 victims who died on the ancient beach of Herculaneum (Italy) during the eruption of Vesuvius Volcano in 79 CE. There were complete and incomplete double foramina transversaria in 20.6% of the vertebrae, and absence of foramen transversarium in an atlas (0.2%), a very rare condition in the literature. As the foramen transversarium is a key determinant for correct development of the vertebral artery, evaluations of variations in its number, size and shape provide useful information on the prevalence of these variations in the life and health conditions in the ancient population of Herculaneum.

Crenulated occlusal surfaces have previously been described on maxillary and mandibular molars; however, the occurrence of crenulations on premolars is only anecdotally supported. This study applies a modified version of a recordation scale developed for molar crenulations to record the frequency of crenulated premolars on the maxillary and mandibular premolars of modern individuals from a variety of populations: African, African American, Asian, Australian, European American, Latino, and Malay (n = 1238). Crenulations on the molars of the same individuals were also recorded to assess the relationship between occurrences on premolars and molars. Observations were compiled into frequency tables and analyzed using chi-square tests and correspondence analysis; relationships among teeth were quantified with polychoric correlation coefficients. Although crenulated premolars are observed rarely overall, the frequency of occurrence is significantly associated with group membership. Crenulated premolars occur most frequently in African, African American, and Australian samples and are observed least often among European American and Malay samples. Additionally, there is a strong relationship between third and fourth premolars, particularly within a jaw, and between fourth premolars and the molars in the same jaw. Interestingly, crenulations in premolars are most strongly associated with Grade 2 crenulations on molars. The observed differences between populations, and the associations between crenulated premolars and molars are evaluated with respect to function, tooth size, and dental development. Based on the results presented here, we recommend the addition of premolar crenulations to existing dental morphological traits used to study human population variation.

Introduction: A major challenge in anthropology is the estimation of human stature based on human bones since the stature of cadavers is slightly different from that of living humans. This study aimed to investigate the feasibility of estimating living stature in Japanese subjects based on sacral and coccygeal lengths as measured on three-dimensional (3D) models of the femur and pelvis reconstructed from cross-sectional computed tomography (CT) images. Subjects and methods: For this cross-sectional study, 106 healthy Japanese subjects (54 men and 52 women) were recruited. We measured the distances from the anterosuperior iliac spine (ASIS) to the most posterior point of the ischial spine (IS) (ASIS-IS), and from the ASIS to the most inferior point of the ischial tuberosity (IT) (ASIS-IT) on 3D bone models reconstructed from multi-slice CT images. Correlations of living stature with ASIS-IS and/or ASIS-IT on the left and right sides of the pelvis were evaluated. Multiple regression equations were derived and used as formulas for living stature estimation. Results: In men, living stature had strong correlations with ASIS-IS + ASIS-IT on both the left and right sides; Pearson's correlation coefficients were 0.717 and 0.706, respectively. In contrast, in women, living stature showed stronger correlations with all of the studied parameters; Pearson's correlation coefficients were highest for ASIS-IS + ASIS-IT on both the left and right sides (r = 0.753 and 0.744, respectively) compared with those in men. Formulas based on ASIS-IS + ASIS-IT provided the best estimation in both men and women, while ASIS-IS alone demonstrated a better estimation than ASIS-IT on both the left and right sides. Conclusions: This study revealed that ASIS-IS and ASIS-IT measured from CT images were reliable predictors of living stature in the Japanese population. Our estimation formulas were derived from measurements of living stature that were not affected by the physiological changes observed in cadavers. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to derive estimation formulas based on living stature. Our method may be useful in the identification of disaster victims, wherein long bones are usually not found intact but pelvic bones are. Furthermore, the findings could be relevant to the field of anthropology for estimating living stature.

Sex estimation is critical during forensic and anthropological investigations, and various techniques are used based on the presence of complete or fragmented human remains. This study evaluated sexual dimorphism in Sudanese sterna using multidetector computed tomography. This information was used to develop models for estimating sex, and to compare the accuracies of models based on discriminant function analysis (DFA) and binary logistic regression (BLR). The study included 126 Sudanese men and 144 Sudanese women who underwent computed tomography scans to create three-dimensional reconstructions. Six linear dimensions were measured on the manubrium and mesosternum. Men had larger mean values for most parameters, and nine parameters exhibited highly significant sexual dimorphism. The leave-one-out cross-validated sex estimation accuracies were 60.4-88.9% for DFA-based models and 60.4-89.3% for BLR-based models. The BLR-based models had noticeably better performances, with six parameters having sex estimation accuracies of >80% (vs. three parameters for DFA). The best BLR-based models incorporated the lengths and widths of the manubrium and mesosternum (accuracy: 89.3%, sex bias: 2.2%) and the combined manubrium and mesosternum lengths (accuracy: 85.6%, sex bias: 2.7%). Thus, computed tomography may be useful for measuring sternal dimensions and estimating sex among Sudanese subjects.

The estimation of age and sex is mandatory in forensic identification of unknown skeletal remains and it could be reached analyzing different bones' features. The morphometric evaluation of Sella turcica is less described in literature. Many studies have been published in this field for age estimation but none of them based on head CT scan measurement. Previous studies were carried out for age estimation on different populations, but any study has been carried out on the Italian population. Furthermore, no studies were carried out with CT scan technology for the correlation between sex and Sella turcica. Thanks to CT scan technology it has been possible to measure sella turcica's dimensions in an easier way than previous methods, to detect more accurate parameters and even introduce a new one. In this study, the sample was composed of 115 adults, 53 males, and 62 females. Five different measurements of the sellae turcicae were taken. The purpose of this study was to find new elements for sex assessment with the evaluation of sella turcica measurements, improving previous studies, analyzing an Italian European sample. In this study, results of the statistical analysis showed correlation between sex and sella turcica's parameter "Length of Sella Turcica" for which grater values are related to male gender. In conclusion, the Authors consider this unexpected result useful for sex determination in association with other parameters.

Archaeological studies provide a powerful tool to understand the prehistoric societies, especially when combined to cutting-edge morphological and molecular anthropological analyses, allowing reconstructing past population dynamics, admixture events, and socio-cultural changes. Despite the advances achieved in the last decades by archaeological studies worldwide, several regions of the World have been spared from this scientific improvement due to various reasons. The Arabian Gulf represents a unique ground to investigate, being the passageway for human migrations and one of the hypothesized areas in which Neanderthal introgression occurred. A number of archaeological sites are currently present in the Arabian Gulf and have witnessed the antiquity and the intensiveness of the human settlements in the region. Nevertheless, the archaeological and anthropological investigation in the Gulf is still in its infancy. Data collected through archaeological studies in the area have the potential to help answering adamant questions of human history from the beginning of the structuring of genetic diversity in human species to the Neolithisation process. This review aims at providing an overview of the archaeological studies in the Arabian Gulf with special focus to Qatar, highlighting potentialities and shortcomings.

As part of a larger research project, 274 skeletons from three medieval Icelandic sites were evaluated for signs of infectious disease and 32 were found to have lesions at least consistent with a diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB): eight non-adults ranging in age from infancy to up to 17 years of age, and 24 adults. A higher proportion of individuals from Skeljastaðir and Keldudalur were affected than at Hofstaðir, an observation which may be compatible with Hofstaðir's higher status. A higher number of male skeletons overall (n. 17) than female skeletons (n. 8) exhibited pathological change. The sample is unique for its high numbers of well-preserved infants, and the appearance of TB in children is indicative of continual transmission in a community. The changes recorded in infant remains are marked by destruction and minimal periosteal new bone formation, while one adult skeleton exhibits the classic sign of Pott's disease. Other signs on the skeletons include evidence for past lymphadenitis and iliopsoas (cold) abscess. These cases indicate that TB was likely introduced to Iceland soon after the settlement period and became endemic in different regions from at least the late 10^th - mid 13^th centuries.