Deciduous teeth are occasionally well represented in archaeological skeletal samples, yet their potential value in reconstructing biological adaptations of prehistoric populations is often overlooked. Independent investigations of the metric dimensions of deciduous dental remains from the Chalcolithic site of Nevasa (Deccan Plateau, western India) yield a unique opportunity to compare odontometric methods and gain insight regarding dental variation in prehistoric India. Mesiodistal (MD) and buccolingual (BL) dimensions of deciduous teeth were measured by two researchers. Intra- and inter-observer precision in dental measurements are evaluated statistically using multiple methods of comparison. Mean MD and BL dental dimensions (mm) and crown areas (MD × BL; mm2) are reported for Nevasa and compared with mean crown dimensions for Inamgaon. Tooth crown size for Nevasa is evaluated using maxillary, mandibular and total crown areas. The apportionment of tooth mass to incisor and molar tooth classes permits assessment of inter-group variation. No significant differences in mean crown dimensions (MD, BL) or mean crown areas were found between Nevasa (493.6 mm2) and Inamgaon (504.6 mm2). While the apportionment of crown area to incisor and molar tooth classes differed, in overall size (total crown area) both sites are intermediate when compared with prehistoric and living groups from South, Southeast and East Asia. The well documented trend in reduction of permanent tooth size is paralleled by reduction in deciduous tooth size in South Asian prehistory.
{"title":"Deciduous dental variation in Chalcolithic India: methods, metrics and meaning.","authors":"J. Lukacs","doi":"10.1127/HOMO/2019/1012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1127/HOMO/2019/1012","url":null,"abstract":"Deciduous teeth are occasionally well represented in archaeological skeletal samples, yet their potential value in reconstructing biological adaptations of prehistoric populations is often overlooked. Independent investigations of the metric dimensions of deciduous dental remains from the Chalcolithic site of Nevasa (Deccan Plateau, western India) yield a unique opportunity to compare odontometric methods and gain insight regarding dental variation in prehistoric India. Mesiodistal (MD) and buccolingual (BL) dimensions of deciduous teeth were measured by two researchers. Intra- and inter-observer precision in dental measurements are evaluated statistically using multiple methods of comparison. Mean MD and BL dental dimensions (mm) and crown areas (MD × BL; mm2) are reported for Nevasa and compared with mean crown dimensions for Inamgaon. Tooth crown size for Nevasa is evaluated using maxillary, mandibular and total crown areas. The apportionment of tooth mass to incisor and molar tooth classes permits assessment of inter-group variation. No significant differences in mean crown dimensions (MD, BL) or mean crown areas were found between Nevasa (493.6 mm2) and Inamgaon (504.6 mm2). While the apportionment of crown area to incisor and molar tooth classes differed, in overall size (total crown area) both sites are intermediate when compared with prehistoric and living groups from South, Southeast and East Asia. The well documented trend in reduction of permanent tooth size is paralleled by reduction in deciduous tooth size in South Asian prehistory.","PeriodicalId":46714,"journal":{"name":"Homo-Journal of Comparative Human Biology","volume":"92 1","pages":"3-14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83740522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Santana-Cabrera, Martha Alamón-Núñez, V. Alberto-Barroso, T. Delgado-Darias
In the pre-Hispanic necropolis of Juan Primo, northwest Gran Canaria (Canary Islands, Spain) a grave was found containing a 20-25 year-old woman with a foetus in her abdominal region, whose age at death was estimated at 33-35 weeks of gestation. The purpose of this study is to discuss the possible cause of death of the woman and foetus. Skeletons of both individuals were well preserved, permitting a good record of the bones found in the burial, which is compatible with a pregnancy at preterm. The age of the foetus and the position of the left upper limb raise the possibility that their death was the result of a difficult birth (dystocia). However, a number of alternative disorders can be put forward to explain this death in the third trimester of pregnancy, such as eclampsia and abruption placentae. In this case, pertinent ethnohistorical and osteoarchaeological information about the ancient canaries allows us to assess some of the stressors that would increase their maternal mortality. The lack of similar evidence in archaeological contexts makes this an important finding, providing a likely case of obstetric problems and their impact on pre-industrial societies.
{"title":"Exploring the risks accompanying child-bearing in aboriginal society on Gran Canaria (Canary Islands, 13th-15th cal. CE): death of a pregnant woman during her third trimester.","authors":"J. Santana-Cabrera, Martha Alamón-Núñez, V. Alberto-Barroso, T. Delgado-Darias","doi":"10.1127/HOMO/2019/1011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1127/HOMO/2019/1011","url":null,"abstract":"In the pre-Hispanic necropolis of Juan Primo, northwest Gran Canaria (Canary Islands, Spain) a grave was found containing a 20-25 year-old woman with a foetus in her abdominal region, whose age at death was estimated at 33-35 weeks of gestation. The purpose of this study is to discuss the possible cause of death of the woman and foetus. Skeletons of both individuals were well preserved, permitting a good record of the bones found in the burial, which is compatible with a pregnancy at preterm. The age of the foetus and the position of the left upper limb raise the possibility that their death was the result of a difficult birth (dystocia). However, a number of alternative disorders can be put forward to explain this death in the third trimester of pregnancy, such as eclampsia and abruption placentae. In this case, pertinent ethnohistorical and osteoarchaeological information about the ancient canaries allows us to assess some of the stressors that would increase their maternal mortality. The lack of similar evidence in archaeological contexts makes this an important finding, providing a likely case of obstetric problems and their impact on pre-industrial societies.","PeriodicalId":46714,"journal":{"name":"Homo-Journal of Comparative Human Biology","volume":"55 1","pages":"45-56"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87381690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Qian Wang, Qun Zhang, Tao Han, Zhichao Sun, P. Dechow, Hong Zhu, Quanchao Zhang
Recent studies indicate that evolution of the craniofacial skeleton is influenced by dietary behavior, which in turn alters masticatory efficacy and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) stability. In this study the mechanical properties of the masticatory system and the integrity of the TMJ in human populations from Northern China, dated to between 3800 BCE and 100 CE, were assessed. The results demonstrate that the mechanical efficiency is comparable to other modern human populations, though variations are present across different populations. While the ratio of overall weighted muscle efficiency for incisor loading vs. molar loading in pastoral and some recent agricultural groups is similar to early Homo sapiens, the ratio in more ancient agricultural groups is similar to the ratio in populations with heavy anterior paramasticatory activities, such as Neandertals, Inuits, and Native Americans. The TMJ vulnerability negatively correlates with the maxillary dental arch size, and positively with the condylar size. These findings suggest that there are multi-directional strategies in adaptation to heavy anterior teeth loading, such as increasing anterior teeth loading efficiency, increasing facial height, increasing facial breath and facial orthognathy, or decreasing anterior facial length. Furthermore, populations or individuals with a smaller dental arch and high biting efficiency could more easily injure the TMJ during unilateral loadings, which may explain the higher prevalence of TMJ disorders in modern humans, especially in women. These findings further reflect the impact of diachronic changes of the masticatory apparatus and lifestyle and their impact on oral health during recent human history.
{"title":"Masticatory properties in pre-modern Holocene populations from Northern China.","authors":"Qian Wang, Qun Zhang, Tao Han, Zhichao Sun, P. Dechow, Hong Zhu, Quanchao Zhang","doi":"10.1127/HOMO/2019/1007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1127/HOMO/2019/1007","url":null,"abstract":"Recent studies indicate that evolution of the craniofacial skeleton is influenced by dietary behavior, which in turn alters masticatory efficacy and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) stability. In this study the mechanical properties of the masticatory system and the integrity of the TMJ in human populations from Northern China, dated to between 3800 BCE and 100 CE, were assessed. The results demonstrate that the mechanical efficiency is comparable to other modern human populations, though variations are present across different populations. While the ratio of overall weighted muscle efficiency for incisor loading vs. molar loading in pastoral and some recent agricultural groups is similar to early Homo sapiens, the ratio in more ancient agricultural groups is similar to the ratio in populations with heavy anterior paramasticatory activities, such as Neandertals, Inuits, and Native Americans. The TMJ vulnerability negatively correlates with the maxillary dental arch size, and positively with the condylar size. These findings suggest that there are multi-directional strategies in adaptation to heavy anterior teeth loading, such as increasing anterior teeth loading efficiency, increasing facial height, increasing facial breath and facial orthognathy, or decreasing anterior facial length. Furthermore, populations or individuals with a smaller dental arch and high biting efficiency could more easily injure the TMJ during unilateral loadings, which may explain the higher prevalence of TMJ disorders in modern humans, especially in women. These findings further reflect the impact of diachronic changes of the masticatory apparatus and lifestyle and their impact on oral health during recent human history.","PeriodicalId":46714,"journal":{"name":"Homo-Journal of Comparative Human Biology","volume":"105 -108 1","pages":"15-30"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72550930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Editorial.","authors":"Maciej Henneberg","doi":"10.1127/homo/2019/1127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1127/homo/2019/1127","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46714,"journal":{"name":"Homo-Journal of Comparative Human Biology","volume":"18 1","pages":"1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74393742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Growing problem of overweight and obesity in Polish society needs corrective measures to limit its negative consequences. The purpose of the study is to assess the levels of nutritional status and physical activity of people with university education, professors of Poznań universities. The study included 288 Polish university professors. Their socioeconomic status and lifestyle were determined. Based on the BMI and waist circumference people with normal body proportions and proportions above normal were identified. The effect of biological and environmental variables on normal body proportions was assessed with the regression equation. Results: 1) The group is at the top of the social stratification ladder. 2) A high physical activity level, determined by leisure activities in the past, age, sex, and smoking, characterises 13% of women and 24% of men. 3) Obesity and overweight are more frequent in men compared to women, and in people aged over 49 years. 4) In models of logistic regression, where age was a controlled variable, sex was the only variable significantly determining body proportions in the younger group. In the older group, self-assessment of income and savings, physical activity level, smoking and the number of meals per day significantly affected body proportions. The significance of environmental factors for maintaining normal body proportions becomes visible for the studied group at the end of adult life, without showing significant effect in earlier life. This indicates that actions promoting benefits of physical activity and healthy behaviour should be implemented also for people with university education.
{"title":"Is it worth following the example of a scientist? - or a few words about nutritional status and physical activity of Polish professors.","authors":"A. Demuth, U. Czerniak","doi":"10.1127/HOMO/2019/1024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1127/HOMO/2019/1024","url":null,"abstract":"Growing problem of overweight and obesity in Polish society needs corrective measures to limit its negative consequences. The purpose of the study is to assess the levels of nutritional status and physical activity of people with university education, professors of Poznań universities. The study included 288 Polish university professors. Their socioeconomic status and lifestyle were determined. Based on the BMI and waist circumference people with normal body proportions and proportions above normal were identified. The effect of biological and environmental variables on normal body proportions was assessed with the regression equation. Results: 1) The group is at the top of the social stratification ladder. 2) A high physical activity level, determined by leisure activities in the past, age, sex, and smoking, characterises 13% of women and 24% of men. 3) Obesity and overweight are more frequent in men compared to women, and in people aged over 49 years. 4) In models of logistic regression, where age was a controlled variable, sex was the only variable significantly determining body proportions in the younger group. In the older group, self-assessment of income and savings, physical activity level, smoking and the number of meals per day significantly affected body proportions. The significance of environmental factors for maintaining normal body proportions becomes visible for the studied group at the end of adult life, without showing significant effect in earlier life. This indicates that actions promoting benefits of physical activity and healthy behaviour should be implemented also for people with university education.","PeriodicalId":46714,"journal":{"name":"Homo-Journal of Comparative Human Biology","volume":"92 1","pages":"85-91"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80483601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aims of this study were to reconstruct and analyze dental occlusion and skeletal jaw relationship in samples from Mesolithic-Neolithic, Bronze Age, Roman and Medieval times in Serbia, to compare results and to determine possible direction of the occlusal changes. Anatomically preserved skulls with mandibles and most of the posterior teeth were included in the investigation. Dental occlusion was reconstructed using the position of centric occlusion and centric relation and analyzed according to Angle's classification. Lateral cephalometric radiographs were traced manually. Site differences were tested by one-way ANOVA, while sex, age and site impacts were analyzed by UNIANOVA. Most of the individuals in all groups had Class I occlusion. Half-cusp distal occlusion was also present in all groups, but there were no significant differences between the groups. Cephalometric analysis showed no differences in the sagittal measurements, almost all individuals had skeletal Class I jaw relationship. Vertical traits analysis revealed markedly decreased basal plane angle and also decreased posterior facial height and sum of the posterior angles in the oldest group in comparison to the later groups. These results indicate that in the Serbian skeletal sample from the Mesolithic-Neolithic to the Medieval times, malocclusions were present in the form of dentoalveolar Class II occlusion. Skeletal deep bite was found in the oldest group, while horizontal growth pattern decreased from prehistoric to the Medieval times. Samples were too small to confirm environmental impact on the vertical skeletal discrepancies.
{"title":"Malocclusion from the prehistoric to the medieval times in Serbian population: Dentoalveolar and skeletal relationship comparisons in samples.","authors":"Tina Pajević, J. Juloski, B. Glišić","doi":"10.1127/HOMO/2019/1009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1127/HOMO/2019/1009","url":null,"abstract":"The aims of this study were to reconstruct and analyze dental occlusion and skeletal jaw relationship in samples from Mesolithic-Neolithic, Bronze Age, Roman and Medieval times in Serbia, to compare results and to determine possible direction of the occlusal changes. Anatomically preserved skulls with mandibles and most of the posterior teeth were included in the investigation. Dental occlusion was reconstructed using the position of centric occlusion and centric relation and analyzed according to Angle's classification. Lateral cephalometric radiographs were traced manually. Site differences were tested by one-way ANOVA, while sex, age and site impacts were analyzed by UNIANOVA. Most of the individuals in all groups had Class I occlusion. Half-cusp distal occlusion was also present in all groups, but there were no significant differences between the groups. Cephalometric analysis showed no differences in the sagittal measurements, almost all individuals had skeletal Class I jaw relationship. Vertical traits analysis revealed markedly decreased basal plane angle and also decreased posterior facial height and sum of the posterior angles in the oldest group in comparison to the later groups. These results indicate that in the Serbian skeletal sample from the Mesolithic-Neolithic to the Medieval times, malocclusions were present in the form of dentoalveolar Class II occlusion. Skeletal deep bite was found in the oldest group, while horizontal growth pattern decreased from prehistoric to the Medieval times. Samples were too small to confirm environmental impact on the vertical skeletal discrepancies.","PeriodicalId":46714,"journal":{"name":"Homo-Journal of Comparative Human Biology","volume":"65 1","pages":"31-43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76509414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Book Review.","authors":"A. Saniotis","doi":"10.1127/homo/2020/1262","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1127/homo/2020/1262","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46714,"journal":{"name":"Homo-Journal of Comparative Human Biology","volume":"8 1","pages":"245-246"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72775978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jchb.2018.11.002
S. Karstens , J. Littleton , B. Frohlich , T. Amgaluntugs , K. Pearlstein , D. Hunt
Little is known about the lifeways of the people who inhabited the Mongolian steppe during the Bronze Age (c. 4450-2650 BP). Palaeopathological analysis allows us to draw inferences about the lifeways of past people from the indicators of health and lifestyle recorded in human remains. This paper presents results of analysis of the remains of 25 individuals excavated in northern Mongolia. Overall, the remains demonstrated very little pathology. In particular the lack of evidence for both infectious and non-communicable diseases, along with the patterns of dental pathology indicate a group of people who experienced few health insults and little stress. The types of trauma, Schmorl’s nodes and patterns of degenerative joint disease present in the sample are suggestive of interpersonal violence and horse riding. The findings are consistent with a traditional pastoral lifeway where people live in small groups, rely on a protein-rich diet and use animals for transportation.
{"title":"A palaeopathological analysis of skeletal remains from Bronze Age Mongolia","authors":"S. Karstens , J. Littleton , B. Frohlich , T. Amgaluntugs , K. Pearlstein , D. Hunt","doi":"10.1016/j.jchb.2018.11.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jchb.2018.11.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Little is known about the lifeways of the people who inhabited the Mongolian steppe during the Bronze Age<span> (c. 4450-2650 BP). Palaeopathological analysis allows us to draw inferences about the lifeways of past people from the indicators of health and lifestyle recorded in human remains. This paper presents results of analysis of the remains of 25 individuals excavated in northern Mongolia. Overall, the remains demonstrated very little pathology. In particular the lack of evidence for both infectious and non-communicable diseases, along with the patterns of dental pathology<span> indicate a group of people who experienced few health insults and little stress. The types of trauma, Schmorl’s nodes and patterns of degenerative joint disease<span> present in the sample are suggestive of interpersonal violence and horse riding. The findings are consistent with a traditional pastoral lifeway where people live in small groups, rely on a protein-rich diet and use animals for transportation.</span></span></span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":46714,"journal":{"name":"Homo-Journal of Comparative Human Biology","volume":"69 6","pages":"Pages 324-334"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2018-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.jchb.2018.11.002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36724722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jchb.2018.11.004
Jelena Čvorović
To determine possible variations in children’s health status and mortality associated with variations in maternal stature, an anthropometric and demographic study was conducted in a Roma population of poor socio-economic status in rural Serbia. Data were collected during several years of anthropological fieldwork. The sample consisted of 691 women, ranging from 16 to 80 years of age. In addition to stature, Roma women’s demographics, reproductive history, reproductive outcomes and health status of their children were collected. The results provide evidence of a significant association between mother's stature and their children’s health and mortality, with a shorter mother's stature predisposing children to poor health and survival outcomes. The findings could prompt development of a definition of short stature among Roma women to evaluate the risk based on height distribution among the general Roma population.
{"title":"Influence of maternal height on children’s health status and mortality: A cross-sectional study in poor Roma communities in rural Serbia","authors":"Jelena Čvorović","doi":"10.1016/j.jchb.2018.11.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jchb.2018.11.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><span><span>To determine possible variations in children’s health status and mortality associated with variations in maternal stature, an anthropometric and demographic study was conducted in a </span>Roma population of poor socio-economic status in rural Serbia. Data were collected during several years of anthropological </span>fieldwork. The sample consisted of 691 women, ranging from 16 to 80 years of age. In addition to stature, Roma women’s demographics, </span>reproductive history, reproductive outcomes and health status of their children were collected. The results provide evidence of a significant association between mother's stature and their children’s health and mortality, with a shorter mother's stature predisposing children to poor health and survival outcomes. The findings could prompt development of a definition of short stature among Roma women to evaluate the risk based on height distribution among the general Roma population.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46714,"journal":{"name":"Homo-Journal of Comparative Human Biology","volume":"69 6","pages":"Pages 357-363"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2018-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.jchb.2018.11.004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36795518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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