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Competitization: the proliferation of competition as a multidimensional process 竞争:竞争的扩散是一个多维的过程
3区 社会学 Q1 CULTURAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2023-10-18 DOI: 10.1080/17530350.2023.2261475
Georg Wolfmayr
Various scholars have noticed the increase of competition in the last decades and its essential role in contemporary social life. Their studies show the great variety of fields affected and are valuable contributions to understanding this process. However, they also represent a wide range of different conceptualizations and understandings of what exactly the increase of competition is and which aspects of social life it affects. Thus, to allow for a better understanding of this process and the commonalities and differences between the approaches that examine it, this paper presents a framework to grasp different dimensions of competitization, that is, the increase of competition in different social fields. Drawing on the basic elements of competition and the literature on the increase of competition, it discusses four dimensions of competitization: competitization by scarcity, by mechanism, by imaginary and by agency. Three main examples are used to demonstrate these dimensions: competitization in academia, market competitization and competitization in the form of rankings.
许多学者都注意到,在过去的几十年里,竞争的加剧及其在当代社会生活中的重要作用。他们的研究表明,受影响的领域多种多样,对理解这一过程做出了宝贵的贡献。然而,它们也代表了对竞争加剧究竟是什么以及它影响了社会生活的哪些方面的广泛不同的概念和理解。因此,为了更好地理解这一过程以及检验这一过程的方法之间的共性和差异,本文提出了一个框架来把握竞争的不同维度,即不同社会领域竞争的增加。根据竞争的基本要素和有关增加竞争的文献,本文讨论了竞争的四个维度:稀缺竞争、机制竞争、想象竞争和代理竞争。三个主要的例子用来展示这些维度:学术竞争、市场竞争和排名形式的竞争。
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引用次数: 0
Computing trust: on writing ‘good’ code in computer science education 计算机信任:在计算机科学教育中编写“好的”代码
3区 社会学 Q1 CULTURAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2023-10-14 DOI: 10.1080/17530350.2023.2258887
Samantha Breslin
ABSTRACTWhat does it mean to produce trustworthy code for computer scientists? Based primarily on ethnographic fieldwork in an undergraduate computer science program in Singapore, this article explores what it means for computer science students to write ‘good code.’ In doing so, it explores the values that underlie ideas of trust in the computer science discipline. Drawing on the work of Rebecca Bryant, this article shows how, as students learn to become ‘good at’ writing code that is technically functional, aesthetically un-individuated, and decontextually efficient, they also learn to become ‘good’ computer scientists. These standards of good code are distributed across human and nonhuman actors and provide a framework for ‘trustless trust’ in code. That is, while computer science often assumes an omnipresence of mistrust, this article argues that the production of ‘good’ code and ‘good’ computer scientists works to build a system of distrust for computer scientists. At the same time, becoming a good computer scientist is intimately intertwined with students’ selfhoods, undermining the foundation of trustless trust even as the ideal of objectively ‘good’ and trustworthy code cuts this contradiction from view.KEYWORDS: Computer scienceeducationtrustpersonhoodcode AcknowledgementsThank you to students, professors, and administrators who contributed to this research. Thank you also to James Maguire, Kristoffer Albris, the two anonymous reviewers, Benjamin Staple, and the Code Ethnography Collective (CECO) for their valuable comments and suggestions for improving this article, and to Robin Whitaker for her support and guidance throughout my MA and PhD.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 Research for this article was approved by Memorial University of Newfoundland's Interdisciplinary Committee on Ethics in Human Research (#20140328-AR). Consent for participant observation in classes was obtained from the professor(s) and all students in the class were provided information in writing about my research and provided the opportunity to withdraw. Consent was otherwise negotiated and obtained on an individual basis. Some examples above are also discussed in my dissertation (Breslin Citation2018).2 Pseudonyms are used throughout both for the name of the university where I conducted research and for research participants.3 I have also drawn methodological insight from this research, alongside literature from feminist technology studies, in considering the multiple facets of education and subject-formation that need to be explored (see also Forsythe Citation2001; Fife Citation2005; Mackenzie Citation2006; Suchman Citation2007; Kho Citation2013).4 The Thompson Hack is explained in detail by Allen (Citation2021), but briefly it introduces a backdoor and self-replicating piece of code (combined, making the ‘hack’) into the compiler via the machine-level code. The combination makes it next to impossible to
为计算机科学家编写值得信赖的代码意味着什么?本文主要基于新加坡一个计算机科学本科项目的人种学田野调查,探讨了计算机科学专业学生编写“好代码”的意义。在这样做的过程中,它探索了计算机科学学科中信任观念的基础价值观。这篇文章借鉴了Rebecca Bryant的作品,展示了学生们如何在学会“擅长”编写技术上功能性强、美学上不个性化、上下文高效的代码的同时,也学会了成为“优秀的”计算机科学家。这些优秀代码的标准分布在人类和非人类参与者之间,并为代码中的“不可信信任”提供了一个框架。也就是说,虽然计算机科学通常假定不信任无处不在,但本文认为,生产“好”代码和“好”计算机科学家的工作是为计算机科学家建立一个不信任系统。与此同时,成为一名优秀的计算机科学家与学生的自我意识密切相关,破坏了不可信信任的基础,即使客观上“好”和值得信赖的代码的理想消除了这种矛盾。感谢对本研究做出贡献的学生、教授和管理人员。还要感谢James Maguire、Kristoffer Albris、两位匿名审稿人Benjamin Staple和Code Ethnography Collective (CECO)对本文的改进提出的宝贵意见和建议,还要感谢Robin Whitaker在我的硕士和博士阶段给予的支持和指导。披露声明作者未报告潜在的利益冲突。注1本文的研究已获得纽芬兰纪念大学人类研究伦理跨学科委员会(#20140328-AR)的批准。在课堂上进行参与性观察获得了教授的同意,所有学生都获得了关于我的研究的书面信息,并提供了退出的机会。同意是在个别的基础上协商和获得的。上面的一些例子也在我的论文(Breslin Citation2018)中讨论过我进行研究的大学的名字和研究参与者的名字都使用了假名在考虑需要探索的教育和主题形成的多个方面时,我也从这项研究中获得了方法论上的见解,以及来自女权主义技术研究的文献(参见Forsythe Citation2001;横笛Citation2005;Mackenzie Citation2006;Suchman Citation2007;许思义Citation2013) 4。Allen (Citation2021)详细解释了汤普森黑客,但简要地介绍了一个后门和自我复制的代码片段(组合,使“黑客”)通过机器级代码进入编译器。这种组合使得它几乎不可能被检测到,并确保它在所有版本的代码和使用它的任何系统中都具有持久性if语句是一种基本的编程结构,它告诉计算机执行“语句”,“如果”满足某个条件,“else”(否则)执行其他“语句”。6我使用的是计算机科学中常用的算法:“算法是任何定义良好的计算过程,它以某个值或一组值作为输入,并产生某个值或一组值作为输出”,正如《算法导论》(Cormen et al.)一书中所定义的那样。Citation2009, 5).在考虑效率时,算法与“代码”的重点是代码的算法方面通常花费最长的时间,但通常这些算法也被抽象地考虑(例如用伪代码编写),而不是在特定编程语言或特定机器上的具体实现CPU是指中央处理器。看,例如https://www.cpubenchmark.net.8计算机科学知识通常也被当作非历史知识来教授。通常讨论特定定理或技术对象的作者或发明者。然而,形成某些知识和实践的社会、物质和历史环境被排除在视野之外(Breslin Citation2018;9 . Mayhew and Patitsas Citation2021)另见(Nespor Citation1994),他讨论了学生如何成为分布式网络的一部分,作为教育的一部分,在这种情况下,在物理学科中实际上,区块链可以被看作是这些值的结晶表示(或“形像”,Haraway引文1997,11)。本研究得到了加拿大社会科学与人文研究理事会和纽芬兰纪念大学的支持。
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引用次数: 0
Intimate valuation devices: Doing valuation while doing dating in Tinder texts 亲密评估工具:在Tinder文本约会时进行评估
3区 社会学 Q1 CULTURAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2023-10-06 DOI: 10.1080/17530350.2023.2246987
Thorsten Peetz
ABSTRACTDating apps are valuation devices that people use to set up and valuate digital identities. Building a profile is a first move in a valuation game that contributes to intimate valorization of persons and elicits valuations by other members of a dating platform. This article contributes to the analysis of valuation in intimate life by analyzing profile texts as documents of dating practice. Using data from 1004 profiles collected in Berlin, Germany, it shows that profile texts formally resemble personal ads and identifies three rules of doing digital dating: Users identify the dating self by describing who they are, what they do and what they like; they valorize the self by references to valuation criteria that indicate what counts as valuable or worthy; and they do so by using the list as a medium.KEYWORDS: Valuationvaluation gamesonline datingdating appsdocumentary method Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 Vatin (Citation2013, 31) suggested to distinguish two dimensions of ‘valuation’ as ‘valorizing’ – the ‘production of value’ – and ‘evaluating’ – the ‘assessment of value’ – , a distinction that was taken up by Michèle Lamont (Citation2012) in her influential article on the sociology of ‘valuation and evaluation’ (see also Krüger Citation2022). While I agree with critics of this distinction like Callon (Citation2013, 267f.) and Heinich (Citation2020, 77) that measurement always implies the attribution of value – Heinich (Citation2017, 26ff) identifies measurement as one form of attributing worth among others –, it is helpful in this particular case for distinguishing two aspects of the dating process: setting up a profile with the focus on attributing value to an identity and assessing the value signals implemented in the profile.2 As an exception to this common practice of abstaining from the presentation of quantified values, OkCupid presents users with a number signifying the percentage of compatibility with the other user – and notably not a global estimate of a profile’s intimate value.3 Contrary to this literature, I hold that the concept of ‘game’ is helpful for analyzing social life in more general terms: discussions about ‘gamification’ refer to one historical version of how dating games are played.4 On compensated dating and the boundary work that distinguishes it from sex work, see Nayar (Citation2017).5 For an example of different cultures of dating in an ‘analogue’ setting, see Krause and Kowalski (Citation2013) on dating in Berlin and New York.Additional informationNotes on contributorsThorsten PeetzThorsten Peetz is Privatdozent of sociology at the University of Bremen and currently Interim Professor of Sociological Theory at the University of Bamberg. He studies processes of valuation in intimate and religious games as well as processes of digitalization.
摘要约会软件是人们用来建立和评估数字身份的评估工具。建立个人资料是估值游戏的第一步,它有助于个人的亲密估值,并引发约会平台上其他成员的估值。本文通过分析作为约会实践文件的个人资料文本,有助于分析亲密生活中的价值。利用从德国柏林收集的1004份个人资料的数据,该研究表明,个人资料文本在形式上类似于个人广告,并确定了进行数字约会的三个规则:用户通过描述他们是谁、他们做什么、他们喜欢什么来确定约会自我;他们通过参考价值标准来评价自我,这些标准表明什么是有价值的或有价值的;他们通过使用列表作为媒介来做到这一点。关键词:估价估价游戏在线约会约会应用文件法披露声明作者未报告潜在的利益冲突。注1 Vatin (Citation2013, 31)建议将“估值”的两个维度区分为“价值增值”——“价值的生产”——和“评估”——“价值的评估”——mich勒·拉蒙特(Citation2012)在她关于“估值和评估”社会学的有影响力的文章中采用了这种区分(另见kr ger Citation2022)。虽然我同意像Callon (Citation2013, 267f.)和Heinich (Citation2020, 77)这样对这种区别的批评,即测量总是意味着价值的归属——Heinich (Citation2017, 26ff)将测量确定为其他价值的一种形式——在这种特殊情况下,区分约会过程的两个方面是有帮助的:建立一个专注于将价值归因于身份的配置文件,并评估配置文件中实现的价值信号作为一个例外,OkCupid向用户提供了一个数字,表示与另一个用户的兼容性百分比——值得注意的是,它不是对个人资料亲密度的总体估计与这些文献相反,我认为“游戏”的概念有助于从更一般的角度分析社交生活:关于“游戏化”的讨论指的是约会游戏的历史版本关于有偿约会和区分其与性工作的边界工作,见Nayar (Citation2017)关于在“模拟”环境中约会的不同文化的例子,请参见Krause和Kowalski (Citation2013)关于柏林和纽约约会的研究。作者简介:托尔斯滕·皮茨托尔斯滕·皮茨是不来梅大学社会学副教授,现任班贝格大学社会学理论临时教授。他研究亲密和宗教游戏中的价值评估过程以及数字化过程。
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引用次数: 0
The moral economies of natural disasters insurance: solidarity or individual responsibility? 自然灾害保险的道德经济:团结还是个人责任?
3区 社会学 Q1 CULTURAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2023-10-06 DOI: 10.1080/17530350.2023.2258909
Laurence Barry
ABSTRACTOver the second half of the twentieth century, the moral economy of insurance has shifted from solidarity and mutual support to individual responsibility. In this context, the French regime for the protection against natural catastrophes that took shape in the 1980s exemplifies a strong and almost anachronical political will to foster solidarity at the national level, thus questioning the moral economy of responsibility. This paper offers a textual analysis of the official debates that led to the launch of the regime. It shows how the representatives chose to separate compensation, financed by equal individual participation, from state prevention. This contrasts with other schemes worldwide that rely on rational decision theory to situate the responsibility for prevention at the individual level. In this alternative, risk-based premiums play a theoretically crucial role in risk signals. In practice, however, they lead to affordability issues while failing to govern prevention as theoretically expected. With the climate crisis exacerbating this phenomenon, the examination of the French regime thus allows to fruitfully revive other moral economies of insurance.KEYWORDS: Natural disasterssolidarityresponsibilitypreventioninsurance AknowledgementI wish to thank Andy Rosenhek, Thierry Cohignac, Antoine Quantin and four anonymous reviewers for their insights and comments on previous versions of this paper.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author.Notes1 For a conceptual and historical analysis, see Baker 1996.2 Respectively: Fonds de secours aux victimes de sinistres et calamités and Fonds National de Garantie des Calamités Agricoles. The latter still operates on non-insurable damages to specifically agricultural properties.3 The process of finalizing a law in France has several stages: once an initial text has been proposed, it is discussed and amended by both parliamentary chambers (National Assembly and Senate) separately. For this purpose, each chamber nominates a commission in charge of studying the proposal of the other chamber and formulating amendments to the text of law. The Assembly or the Senate then discuss the former report, and the amended text goes back to the other chamber for further discussion and approval. This can imply a series of back and forth between the two chambers. If the two chambers cannot agree on a formulation after two readings of each, they nominate a mixed commission with members of both parliaments in order to reach an agreement. This happened in the case of the CatNat regime law.4 All the translations of official texts are mine.5 Other than national schemes relying on traditional insurance products, other mechanisms for climate risk mitigation are emerging such as index or parametric insurance, and cat bonds (Johnson Citation2020; Booth Citation2020), which are out of the scope of this paper.6 Symptomatically, I want to argue, Christophers (Citation2019) quotes a passage
20世纪下半叶,保险道德经济从团结互助转向个人责任。在这方面,20世纪80年代形成的法国自然灾害保护制度体现了一种强烈的、几乎不合时宜的政治意愿,即在国家一级促进团结,从而质疑责任的道德经济。本文对导致该政权成立的官方辩论进行了文本分析。它显示了代表们是如何选择将由个人平等参与资助的赔偿与国家预防分开的。这与世界上其他依靠理性决策理论将预防责任置于个人层面的方案形成对比。在这种替代方案中,基于风险的溢价理论上在风险信号中起着至关重要的作用。然而,在实践中,它们导致了可负担性问题,同时未能像理论上预期的那样管理预防工作。由于气候危机加剧了这一现象,因此,对法国政权的审视使其他道德保险经济得以富有成效地复苏。我要感谢Andy Rosenhek, Thierry Cohignac, Antoine Quantin和四位匿名审稿人对本文之前版本的见解和评论。披露声明作者未报告潜在的利益冲突。注1关于概念和历史分析,分别见Baker 1996年2月2日:寻求和受害者的档案和国家档案:农业的档案。后者仍然适用于对具体农业财产的不可保险损害在法国,法律定稿的过程有几个阶段:一旦提出初步案文,就由议会两院(国民议会和参议院)分别讨论和修改。为此目的,每一议院提名一个委员会,负责研究另一议院的提案和拟订对法律案文的修正案。随后,议会或参议院讨论前一份报告,修改后的文本再提交另一议院进一步讨论和批准。这可能意味着两个腔室之间的一系列来回。如果两院在各自阅读两遍后仍不能达成一致,他们将提名一个由两国议会成员组成的混合委员会,以达成协议。这发生在卡特政权法的案例中所有官方文本的翻译都是我的除了依靠传统保险产品的国家计划外,正在出现其他缓解气候风险的机制,如指数或参数保险以及cat债券(Johnson Citation2020;Booth Citation2020),这些都不在本文的研究范围之内从症状上讲,我想说,Christophers (Citation2019)引用了Crichton (Citation2005)的一段话,这段话似乎把责任归咎于补贴(“规划者和开发商(已经)将廉价洪水保险的持续可用性视为理所当然”),而Christon的主要论点是“非结构性措施,如规划控制和可持续排水”应该是首选的解决方案(Crichton citation2005,5,重点添加)从2022年4月开始,一项新的费率改革(仍在努力提高风险的准确性)正在实施中,其结果尚未公布(Horn Citation2022)此外,由于封面包含了一系列灾难,所有社区都面临着这样或那样的危险。因此,CCR最近宣布,在该政权存在的前40年里,99%的社区受益于该政权(' Citation40 Ans Du r gime #CatNat FR ' Citation2022)。本研究得到了欧洲金融基金会巴黎研究所主席项目“大数据风险与技术评估:结果与结果”的支持。劳伦斯·巴里(lawrence Barry)是巴黎理工学院(ENSAE/巴黎政治学院)的联合主席,耶路撒冷希伯来大学的副讲师和精算师。她感兴趣的主题是新自由主义、福柯式研究、特定理性与现代权力的交织以及它最近的数字化转变。她目前在PARI的研究项目涉及大数据对“保险协会”的影响。她的文章曾发表在《商业伦理》、《大数据与社会》和《理论、文化与社会》杂志上。她的书《福柯与后现代理性概念》于2020年出版。
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引用次数: 0
Trusting elections: complexities and risks of digital voting in Denmark 信任选举:丹麦数字投票的复杂性和风险
3区 社会学 Q1 CULTURAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2023-09-12 DOI: 10.1080/17530350.2023.2246991
Christopher Gad
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引用次数: 0
Fractured insurance families: securing care and navigating financialized social protections 破碎的保险家庭:确保护理和引导金融化的社会保护
3区 社会学 Q1 CULTURAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2023-09-12 DOI: 10.1080/17530350.2023.2246985
Jessica M. Mulligan
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引用次数: 0
Business of involution: self-study rooms and work culture in China 自习室与中国的工作文化
IF 1.9 3区 社会学 Q1 CULTURAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2023-09-07 DOI: 10.1080/17530350.2023.2246988
Chang-hong Chen, Renyi Hong
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引用次数: 0
‘A video or a flat fee?’ on the performances of concert fees “视频还是固定收费?”的演出费用
IF 1.9 3区 社会学 Q1 CULTURAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2023-09-04 DOI: 10.1080/17530350.2023.2225525
Riom Loïc
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引用次数: 2
From ‘take-ism’ to pursuit of newness and originality: design professionals and models of creativity in contemporary China 从“拿取主义”到追求新颖和原创性:当代中国的设计专业人士和创意模式
IF 1.9 3区 社会学 Q1 CULTURAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2023-09-04 DOI: 10.1080/17530350.2023.2246984
Grace Tang
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引用次数: 0
Culture or commerce? Craft as an ambiguous construction between culture and economy 文化还是商业?工艺作为一种文化与经济之间的模糊结构
IF 1.9 3区 社会学 Q1 CULTURAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2023-09-04 DOI: 10.1080/17530350.2023.2229335
Ola Gunhildrud Berta
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Journal of Cultural Economy
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