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Comment on "A stepwise approach to fine needle aspiration cytology of lymph nodes". 就 "淋巴结细针穿刺细胞学的分步法 "发表评论。
IF 2.4 Q2 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-01-01 Epub Date: 2024-01-10 DOI: 10.4132/jptm.2023.11.05
Elisabetta Maffei, Valeria Ciliberti, Pio Zeppa, Alessandro Caputo
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引用次数: 0
Immunohistochemical expression of anaplastic lymphoma kinase in neuroblastoma and its relations with some clinical and histopathological features. 神经母细胞瘤中无性淋巴瘤激酶的免疫组化表达及其与一些临床和组织病理学特征的关系
IF 2.4 Q2 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-01-01 Epub Date: 2024-01-10 DOI: 10.4132/jptm.2023.12.07
Thu Dang Anh Phan, Thao Quyen Nguyen, Nhi Thuy To, Thien Ly Thanh, Dat Quoc Ngo

Background: Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) mutations have been identified as a prominent cause of some familial and sporadic neuroblastoma (NB). ALK expression in NB and its relationship with clinical and histopathological features remains controversial. This study investigated ALK expression and its potential relations with these features in NB.

Methods: Ninety cases of NB at the Department of Pathology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam from 01/01/2018 to 12/31/2021, were immunohistochemically stained with ALK (D5F3) antibody. The ALK expression and its relations with some clinical and histopathological features were investigated.

Results: The rate of ALK expression in NB was 91.1%. High ALK expression (over 50% of tumor cells were positive with moderate-strong intensity) accounted for 65.6%, and low ALK expression accounted for 34.4%. All the MYCN-amplified NB patients had ALK immunohistochemistry positivity, most cases had high ALK protein expression. The undifferentiated subtype of NB had a lower ALK-positive rate than the poorly differentiated and differentiated subtype. The percentages of ALK positivity were significantly higher in more differentiated histological types of NB (p = .024). There was no relation between ALK expression and: age group, sex, primary tumor location, tumor stage, MYCN status, clinical risk, Mitotic-Karyorrhectic Index, prognostic group, necrosis, and calcification.

Conclusions: ALK was highly expressed in NB. ALK expression was not related to several clinical and histopathological features. More studies are needed to elucidate the association between ALK expression and ALK gene status and to investigate disease progression, especially the oncogenesis of ALK-positive NB.

背景:无细胞淋巴瘤激酶(ALK)突变已被确定为一些家族性和散发性神经母细胞瘤(NB)的主要病因。ALK在NB中的表达及其与临床和组织病理学特征的关系仍存在争议。本研究调查了ALK在NB中的表达及其与这些特征的潜在关系:方法:用ALK(D5F3)抗体对越南胡志明市医药大学病理系2018年1月1日至2021年12月31日的90例NB病例进行免疫组化染色。研究了ALK的表达及其与一些临床和组织病理学特征的关系:结果:ALK在NB中的表达率为91.1%。结果:ALK在NB中的表达率为91.1%,ALK高表达(超过50%的肿瘤细胞呈中强阳性)占65.6%,ALK低表达占34.4%。所有MYCN扩增的NB患者均有ALK免疫组化阳性,大多数病例有ALK蛋白高表达。未分化亚型NB的ALK阳性率低于分化差和分化亚型。在分化程度较高的组织学类型的NB中,ALK阳性率明显更高(p = .024)。ALK表达与年龄组、性别、原发肿瘤位置、肿瘤分期、MYCN状态、临床风险、有丝分裂-核分裂指数、预后组、坏死和钙化之间没有关系:结论:ALK在NB中高表达。结论:ALK在NB中高表达,ALK的表达与一些临床和组织病理学特征无关。需要开展更多研究,以阐明ALK表达与ALK基因状态之间的关联,并研究疾病进展,尤其是ALK阳性NB的肿瘤发生。
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引用次数: 0
What's new in dermatopathology 2023: WHO 5th edition updates. 2023年皮肤病理学的新进展:世界卫生组织第5版更新。
IF 2.4 Q2 Medicine Pub Date : 2023-11-01 Epub Date: 2023-10-17 DOI: 10.4132/jptm.2023.09.22
Jonathan Ho, Chico J Collie

The 5th edition WHO Classification of Skin Tumors (2022) has introduced changes to nomenclature and diagnostics. Important differences are discussed below. Changes in each category of skin tumor have been detailed, with particular emphasis on meaningful advances in our understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of the skin's diverse tumor landscape.

第5版世界卫生组织皮肤肿瘤分类(2022)对命名和诊断进行了修改。以下讨论了重要差异。每一类皮肤肿瘤的变化都有详细的描述,特别强调我们对皮肤不同肿瘤景观的分子发病机制的理解取得了有意义的进展。
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引用次数: 0
Elevated expression of Axin2 in intestinal metaplasia and gastric cancers. Axin2在肠化生和胃癌中的高表达。
IF 2.4 Q2 Medicine Pub Date : 2023-11-01 Epub Date: 2023-11-07 DOI: 10.4132/jptm.2023.10.12
Dong Hui Lee, In Ho Jeong, Bogun Jang
Background The Wnt signaling pathway regulates crucial cellular processes, including stem cell development and tissue repair. Dysregulation of this pathway, particularly β-catenin stabilization, is linked to colorectal carcinoma and other tumors. Axin2, a critical component in the pathway, plays a role in β-catenin regulation. This study examines Axin2 expression in normal gastric mucosa and various gastric pathologies. Methods Formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue samples from normal stomach, gastritis, intestinal metaplasia (IM), and gastric carcinoma were collected. Axin2 and β-catenin expression were evaluated using RNA in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, respectively. Histo-scores (H-scores) were calculated to quantify expression levels of Axin2. Associations between Axin2 expression and clinicopathological variables were examined. Results Axin2 expression was examined in normal stomach, gastritis, and IM tissues. Axin2 expression was mainly observed in the surface and isthmus areas in the normal stomach and gastritis, whereas Axin2 expression was markedly higher at the bases of IM. Axin2 H-scores were significantly elevated in IM (mean ± standard deviation [SD], 87.0 ± 38.9) compared to normal (mean ± SD, 18.0 ± 4.5) and gastritis tissues (mean ± SD, 33.0 ± 18.6). In total, 30% of gastric carcinomas showed higher Axin2 expression. Axin2 expression did not have significant associations with age, sex, Lauren classification, histological differentiation, invasion depth, and lymph node metastasis. However, a strong positive correlation was observed between Axin2 and nuclear β-catenin in gastric carcinomas (p < .001). Conclusions Axin2 expression was significantly increased in IM compared to normal and gastritis cases. In addition, Axin2 showed a strong positive association with nuclear β-catenin expression in gastric carcinomas, demonstrating a close relationship with abnormal Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.
背景:Wnt信号通路调节关键的细胞过程,包括干细胞发育和组织修复。这种途径的失调,特别是β-连环蛋白的稳定,与结直肠癌和其他肿瘤有关。Axin2是该通路的关键成分,在β-连环蛋白的调节中发挥作用。本研究检测了Axin2在正常胃粘膜和各种胃病理中的表达。方法:收集正常胃、胃炎、肠化生(IM)和胃癌的福尔马林固定和石蜡包埋组织样本。Axin2和β-catenin的表达分别用RNA原位杂交和免疫组织化学进行评估。计算Histo评分(H-评分)以量化Axin2的表达水平。Axin2表达与临床病理变量之间的相关性进行了研究。结果:Axin2在正常胃、胃炎和IM组织中均有表达。Axin2表达主要在正常胃和胃炎的表面和峡部区域,而Axin2表达在IM基底部显著较高。与正常组织(平均值±标准差18.0±4.5)和胃炎组织(平均数±标准差33.0±18.6)相比,IM中Axin2 H核显著升高(平均值?标准差87.0±38.9)。总的来说,30%的胃癌显示出更高的Axin2表达。Axin2的表达与年龄、性别、Lauren分类、组织学分化、侵袭深度和淋巴结转移没有显著相关性。然而,在胃癌中Axin2和核β-连环蛋白之间存在强烈的正相关性(p<0.001)。结论:与正常和胃炎病例相比,Axin2在IM中的表达显著增加。此外,Axin2在胃癌中与核β-连环蛋白的表达呈正相关,表明其与异常的Wnt/β-连环素信号通路密切相关。
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引用次数: 0
The Asian Thyroid Working Group, from 2017 to 2023. 亚洲甲状腺工作组,2017年至2023年。
IF 2.4 Q2 Medicine Pub Date : 2023-11-01 Epub Date: 2023-11-14 DOI: 10.4132/jptm.2023.10.04
Kennichi Kakudo, Chan Kwon Jung, Zhiyan Liu, Mitsuyoshi Hirokawa, Andrey Bychkov, Huy Gia Vuong, Somboon Keelawat, Radhika Srinivasan, Jen-Fan Hang, Chiung-Ru Lai

The Asian Thyroid Working Group was founded in 2017 at the 12th Asia Oceania Thyroid Association (AOTA) Congress in Busan, Korea. This group activity aims to characterize Asian thyroid nodule practice and establish strict diagnostic criteria for thyroid carcinomas, a reporting system for thyroid fine needle aspiration cytology without the aid of gene panel tests, and new clinical guidelines appropriate to conservative Asian thyroid nodule practice based on scientific evidence obtained from Asian patient cohorts. Asian thyroid nodule practice is usually designed for patient-centered clinical practice, which is based on the Hippocratic Oath, "First do not harm patients," and an oriental filial piety "Do not harm one's own body because it is a precious gift from parents," which is remote from defensive medical practice in the West where physicians, including pathologists, suffer from severe malpractice climate. Furthermore, Asian practice emphasizes the importance of resource management in navigating the overdiagnosis of low-risk thyroid carcinomas. This article summarizes the Asian Thyroid Working Group activities in the past 7 years, from 2017 to 2023, highlighting the diversity of thyroid nodule practice between Asia and the West and the background reasons why Asian clinicians and pathologists modified Western systems significantly.

亚洲甲状腺工作组于2017年在韩国釜山举行的第12届亚洲大洋洲甲状腺协会(AOTA)大会上成立。本小组活动旨在描述亚洲甲状腺结节的特点,建立严格的甲状腺癌诊断标准,建立一个无需基因小组检测的甲状腺细针穿刺细胞学报告系统,以及基于从亚洲患者队列中获得的科学证据的适用于保守的亚洲甲状腺结节的新临床指南。亚洲的甲状腺结节治疗通常是以病人为中心的临床实践,这是基于希波克拉底的誓言“首先不要伤害病人”和东方的孝道“不要伤害自己的身体,因为它是父母的珍贵礼物”,这与西方的防御性医疗实践有很大的不同,西方的医生,包括病理学家,都遭受严重的医疗事故气候。此外,亚洲的实践强调资源管理在低风险甲状腺癌过度诊断中的重要性。本文总结了亚洲甲状腺工作组从2017年到2023年过去7年的活动,强调了亚洲和西方甲状腺结节实践的多样性,以及亚洲临床医生和病理学家对西方系统进行重大修改的背景原因。
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引用次数: 0
BRCA-mutated gastric adenocarcinomas are associated with chromosomal instability and responsiveness to platinum-based chemotherapy. brca突变的胃腺癌与染色体不稳定性和对铂基化疗的反应有关。
IF 2.4 Q2 Medicine Pub Date : 2023-11-01 Epub Date: 2023-11-14 DOI: 10.4132/jptm.2023.10.22
Ji Hyun Oh, Chang Ohk Sung, Hyung-Don Kim, Sung-Min Chun, Jihun Kim

Background: Homologous recombination defect is an important biomarker of chemotherapy in certain tumor types, and the presence of pathogenic or likely pathogenic mutations involving BRCA1 or BRCA2 (p-BRCA) mutations is the most well-established marker for the homologous recombination defect. Gastric cancer, one of the most prevalent tumor types in Asia, also harbors p-BRCA mutations.

Methods: To investigate the clinical significance of p-BRCA mutations, we analyzed 366 gastric cancer cases through next-generation sequencing. We determined the zygosity of p-BRCA mutations based on the calculated tumor purity through variant allelic fraction patterns and investigated whether the presence of p-BRCA mutations is associated with platinum-based chemotherapy and a certain molecular subtype.

Results: Biallelic p-BRCA mutation was associated with better response to platinum-based chemotherapy than heterozygous p-BRCA mutation or wild type BRCA genes. The biallelic p-BRCA mutations was observed only in the chromosomal instability subtype, while all p-BRCA mutations were heterozygous in microsatellite instability subtype.

Conclusions: In conclusion, patients with gastric cancer harboring biallelic p-BRCA mutations were associated with a good initial response to platinum-based chemotherapy and those tumors were exclusively chromosomal instability subtype. Further investigation for potential association with homologous recombination defect is warranted.

背景:同源重组缺陷是某些肿瘤类型化疗的重要生物标志物,而涉及BRCA1或BRCA2 (p-BRCA)突变的致病性或可能致病性突变的存在是同源重组缺陷最完善的标志物。胃癌是亚洲最常见的肿瘤类型之一,也含有p-BRCA突变。方法:对366例胃癌患者进行新一代测序,探讨p-BRCA突变的临床意义。我们通过变异等位基因分数模式,根据计算出的肿瘤纯度来确定p-BRCA突变的合子性,并研究p-BRCA突变的存在是否与铂基化疗和某一分子亚型相关。结果:双等位基因p-BRCA突变比杂合p-BRCA突变或野生型BRCA基因对铂基化疗的反应更好。双等位基因p-BRCA突变仅在染色体不稳定亚型中存在,而微卫星不稳定亚型中p-BRCA突变均为杂合突变。结论:总之,携带双等位基因p-BRCA突变的胃癌患者对铂类化疗具有良好的初始反应,并且这些肿瘤完全是染色体不稳定亚型。进一步研究其与同源重组缺陷的潜在关联是必要的。
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引用次数: 0
Senescent tumor cells in colorectal cancer are characterized by elevated enzymatic activity of complexes 1 and 2 in oxidative phosphorylation. 结直肠癌癌症中的衰老肿瘤细胞的特征是复合物1和2在氧化磷酸化中的酶活性升高。
IF 2.4 Q2 Medicine Pub Date : 2023-11-01 Epub Date: 2023-11-07 DOI: 10.4132/jptm.2023.10.09
Jun Sang Shin, Tae-Gyu Kim, Young Hwa Kim, So Yeong Eom, So Hyun Park, Dong Hyun Lee, Tae Jun Park, Soon Sang Park, Jang-Hee Kim

Background: Cellular senescence is defined as an irreversible cell cycle arrest caused by various internal and external insults. While the metabolic dysfunction of senescent cells in normal tissue is relatively well-established, there is a lack of information regarding the metabolic features of senescent tumor cells.

Methods: Publicly available single-cell RNA-sequencing data from the GSE166555 and GSE178341 datasets were utilized to investigate the metabolic features of senescent tumor cells. To validate the single-cell RNA-sequencing data, we performed senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-Gal) staining to identify senescent tumor cells in fresh frozen colorectal cancer tissue. We also evaluated nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase-tetrazolium reductase (NADH-TR) and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity using enzyme histochemical methods and compared the staining with SA-β-Gal staining. MTT assay was performed to reveal the complex 1 activity of the respiratory chain in in-vitro senescence model.

Results: Single-cell RNA-sequencing data revealed an upregulation in the activity of complexes 1 and 2 in oxidative phosphorylation, despite overall mitochondrial dysfunction in senescent tumor cells. Both SA-β-Gal and enzyme histochemical staining using fresh frozen colorectal cancer tissues indicated a high correlation between SA-β-Gal positivity and NADH-TR/SDH staining positivity. MTT assay showed that senescent colorectal cancer cells exhibit higher absorbance in 600 nm wavelength.

Conclusions: Senescent tumor cells exhibit distinct metabolic features, characterized by upregulation of complexes 1 and 2 in the oxidative phosphorylation pathway. NADH-TR and SDH staining represent efficient methods for detecting senescent tumor cells in colorectal cancer.

背景:细胞衰老被定义为由各种内部和外部损伤引起的不可逆的细胞周期停滞。虽然正常组织中衰老细胞的代谢功能障碍相对公认,但缺乏关于衰老肿瘤细胞代谢特征的信息。方法:利用来自GSE166555和GSE178341数据集的公开可用的单细胞RNA测序数据来研究衰老肿瘤细胞的代谢特征。为了验证单细胞RNA序列数据,我们进行了衰老相关β-半乳糖苷酶(SA-β-Gal)染色,以鉴定新鲜冷冻结直肠癌癌症组织中的衰老肿瘤细胞。我们还用酶组织化学方法评估了烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸脱氢酶四氮唑还原酶(NADH-TR)和琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)的活性,并将其与SA-β-Gal染色进行了比较。MTT法检测体外衰老模型中呼吸链复合体1的活性。结果:单细胞RNA测序数据显示,尽管衰老肿瘤细胞中存在线粒体功能障碍,但复合物1和2在氧化磷酸化中的活性上调。用新鲜冷冻癌症组织进行的SA-β-Gal和酶组织化学染色表明,SA-β-Gal阳性与NADH-TR/SDH染色阳性之间具有高度相关性。MTT检测显示衰老的癌症细胞在600nm波长下表现出较高的吸光度。结论:衰老的肿瘤细胞表现出不同的代谢特征,其特征是氧化磷酸化途径中复合物1和2的上调。NADH-TR和SDH染色是检测癌症衰老肿瘤细胞的有效方法。
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引用次数: 0
Intravascular NK/T-cell lymphoma: a case report and literature review. 血管内NK/ t细胞淋巴瘤1例报告及文献复习。
IF 2.4 Q2 Medicine Pub Date : 2023-11-01 Epub Date: 2023-11-14 DOI: 10.4132/jptm.2023.10.30
Ji Min Na, Wookjae Jung, Minhye Kim, Yun-Hong Cheon, Jong Sil Lee, Dae Hyun Song, Jung Wook Yang

Intravascular lymphoma is characterized by an exclusively intravascular distribution of tumor cells. Intravascular natural killer/T-cell lymphoma (IVNKTL) is extremely rare, highly aggressive, commonly Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-positive, and predominantly affects the skin and central nervous system. Here we report a case of IVNKTL diagnosed in a 67-year-old female, presenting with persistent intermittent fever and skin rashes throughout the body. Incisional biopsy of an erythematous lesion on the chest exhibited aggregation of medium to large-sized atypical lymphoid cells confined to the lumen of small vessels that were positive for CD3, granzyme B, and CD56 on immunohistochemistry and EBV-encoded RNA in situ hybridization. EBV DNA was also detected in serum after diagnosis. With a review of 26 cases of IVNKTL to date, we suggest that active biopsy based on EBV DNA detection may facilitate early diagnosis of IVNKTL.

血管内淋巴瘤的特点是肿瘤细胞仅在血管内分布。血管内自然杀伤/ t细胞淋巴瘤(IVNKTL)极为罕见,侵袭性强,通常为eb病毒阳性,主要影响皮肤和中枢神经系统。在这里,我们报告一例确诊为IVNKTL的67岁女性,表现为持续间歇性发热和全身皮疹。胸部红斑病变的切口活检显示,小血管腔内聚集了中至大的非典型淋巴样细胞,免疫组织化学和ebv编码RNA原位杂交显示CD3、颗粒酶B和CD56阳性。诊断后血清中也检测到EBV DNA。通过对26例IVNKTL病例的回顾,我们认为基于EBV DNA检测的主动活检可能有助于IVNKTL的早期诊断。
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引用次数: 0
EWSR1 rearranged primary renal myoepithelial carcinoma: a diagnostic conundrum. EWSR1重排原发性肾肌上皮癌:一个诊断难题。
IF 2.4 Q2 Medicine Pub Date : 2023-09-01 Epub Date: 2023-09-15 DOI: 10.4132/jptm.2023.08.08
Nilay Nishith, Zachariah Chowdhury

Primary renal myoepithelial carcinoma is an exceedingly rare neoplasm with an aggressive phenotype and Ewing sarcoma breakpoint region 1 (EWSR1) rearrangement in a small fraction of cases. In addition to its rarity, the diagnosis can be challenging for the pathologist due to morphologic heterogeneity, particularly on the biopsy specimen. At times, immunohistochemistry may be indecisive; therefore, molecular studies should be undertaken for clinching the diagnosis. We aim to illustrate a case of primary myoepithelial carcinoma of the kidney with EWSR1-rearrangement in a 67-year-old male patient who presented with right supraclavicular mass, which was clinically diagnosed as carcinoma of an unknown primary. An elaborate immunohistochemical work-up aided by fluorescent in-situ hybridization allowed us to reach a conclusive diagnosis. This unusual case report advocates that one should be aware of the histological mimickers and begin with broad differential diagnoses alongside sporadic ones and then narrow them down with appropriate ancillary studies.

原发性肾肌上皮癌是一种极为罕见的肿瘤,具有侵袭性表型和尤因肉瘤断点区1(EWSR1)重排的少数病例。除了罕见之外,由于形态学的异质性,尤其是活检标本,病理学家的诊断可能具有挑战性。有时,免疫组织化学可能是犹豫不决的;因此,应该进行分子研究来确定诊断。我们的目的是说明一例67岁男性患者的原发性肾肌上皮癌EWSR1重排,该患者表现为右锁骨上肿块,临床诊断为未知原发性癌。在荧光原位杂交的辅助下进行了精细的免疫组织化学检查,使我们能够得出结论性诊断。这篇不同寻常的病例报告主张,人们应该意识到组织学拟态者,从广泛的鉴别诊断和零星的鉴别诊断开始,然后通过适当的辅助研究缩小范围。
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引用次数: 0
Diagnostic proficiency test using digital cytopathology and comparative assessment of whole slide images of cytologic samples for quality assurance program in Korea. 使用数字细胞病理学进行诊断能力测试,并对韩国质量保证项目的细胞学样本的全玻片图像进行比较评估。
IF 2.4 Q2 Medicine Pub Date : 2023-09-01 Epub Date: 2023-08-24 DOI: 10.4132/jptm.2023.07.17
Yosep Chong, Soon Auck Hong, Hoon Kyu Oh, Soo Jin Jung, Bo-Sung Kim, Ji Yun Jeong, Ho-Chang Lee, Gyungyub Gong

Background: The Korean Society for Cytopathology introduced a digital proficiency test (PT) in 2021. However, many doubtful opinions remain on whether digitally scanned images can satisfactorily present subtle differences in the nuclear features and chromatin patterns of cytological samples.

Methods: We prepared 30 whole-slide images (WSIs) from the conventional PT archive by a selection process for digital PT. Digital and conventional PT were performed in parallel for volunteer institutes, and the results were compared using feedback. To assess the quality of cytological assessment WSIs, 12 slides were collected and scanned using five different scanners, with four cytopathologists evaluating image quality through a questionnaire.

Results: Among the 215 institutes, 108 and 107 participated in glass and digital PT, respectively. No significant difference was noted in category C (major discordance), although the number of discordant cases was slightly higher in the digital PT group. Leica, 3DHistech Pannoramic 250 Flash, and Hamamatsu NanoZoomer 360 systems showed comparable results in terms of image quality, feature presentation, and error rates for most cytological samples. Overall satisfaction was observed with the general convenience and image quality of digital PT.

Conclusions: As three-dimensional clusters are common and nuclear/chromatin features are critical for cytological interpretation, careful selection of scanners and optimal conditions are mandatory for the successful establishment of digital quality assurance programs in cytology.

背景:韩国细胞病理学会于2021年推出了数字能力测试(PT)。然而,对于数字扫描图像是否能令人满意地呈现细胞学样本的细胞核特征和染色质模式的细微差异,仍有许多疑问。方法:我们通过数字PT的选择过程,从传统PT档案中准备了30张完整的幻灯片图像。志愿者机构并行进行数字PT和传统PT,并使用反馈对结果进行比较。为了评估细胞学评估WSI的质量,收集了12张载玻片,并使用五种不同的扫描仪进行扫描,四名细胞病理学家通过问卷评估图像质量。结果:在215个研究所中,分别有108个和107个参加了玻璃PT和数字PT。尽管数字PT组的不一致病例数略高,但C类(主要不一致)没有显著差异。Leica、3DHistech Pannoramic 250 Flash和Hamamatsu NanoZoomer 360系统在大多数细胞学样本的图像质量、特征呈现和错误率方面显示出可比较的结果。对数字PT的总体便利性和图像质量表示总体满意。结论:由于三维聚类很常见,细胞核/染色质特征对细胞学解释至关重要,因此必须仔细选择扫描仪和最佳条件,才能成功建立细胞学数字质量保证计划。
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引用次数: 0
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