Purpose: Numerous approaches have been used or proposed for assessing groundwater vulnerability occurring in the vadose zone and groundwater regime, to models that weight critical factors affecting vulnerability through either statistical methods or expert judgment. Methodology: This study used responses from the personnel handling pesticides in farms around Lake Naivasha basin on pesticide management practices to calculate the value of aquifer vulnerability in the area. This paper did not include hydrogeological and hydrodynamic characteristics of the subsoil, which is the common method. Findings: The results showed that the contribution of pesticide management practices to aquifer vulnerable in the area was 45.5%. It was concluded that this contribution is quite high, needing the intervention of farm owners, managers and policy makers in order to protect the quality of groundwater in this area. Unique Contributions to Theory, Policy and Practice: This Study only used pesticide management practices in order to assess their independent contribution to aquifer vulnerability in the study area. This contribution has often been overlooked. It was clear from this study that pesticide management practices accounted for a higher magnitude of aquifer vulnerability.
{"title":"The Contribution of Pesticide Management Practices to Aquifer Vulnerability around Lake Naivasha, Kenya","authors":"S. Njoroge","doi":"10.47941/je.1228","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47941/je.1228","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: Numerous approaches have been used or proposed for assessing groundwater vulnerability occurring in the vadose zone and groundwater regime, to models that weight critical factors affecting vulnerability through either statistical methods or expert judgment. \u0000Methodology: This study used responses from the personnel handling pesticides in farms around Lake Naivasha basin on pesticide management practices to calculate the value of aquifer vulnerability in the area. This paper did not include hydrogeological and hydrodynamic characteristics of the subsoil, which is the common method. \u0000Findings: The results showed that the contribution of pesticide management practices to aquifer vulnerable in the area was 45.5%. It was concluded that this contribution is quite high, needing the intervention of farm owners, managers and policy makers in order to protect the quality of groundwater in this area. \u0000Unique Contributions to Theory, Policy and Practice: This Study only used pesticide management practices in order to assess their independent contribution to aquifer vulnerability in the study area. This contribution has often been overlooked. It was clear from this study that pesticide management practices accounted for a higher magnitude of aquifer vulnerability.","PeriodicalId":47090,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environment & Development","volume":"221 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87022802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Purpose: The formulation of Environment Policy 2018 of Turkana County is based on the requirement by the (Constitution of Kenya; 2010 and the County Governments Act, 2013) which gives powers to the county government to formulate policies and enact laws. It is this provision that Turkana County sort to formulate policy to address the management of waste in Lodwar municipality and its environment. The purpose of this article was to determine the influence of the Environmental Policy on Solid waste management in a case of Lodwar Municipality, Turkana County, Kenya. The objectives of the study were; To establish impact of private-public partnership on sustainable waste management in Lodwar Municipality, Turkana County; To assess the impact of political good will on solid waste management in Lodwar Municipality, Turkana County; To determine adoption of emission-reducing technologies on solid management in Lodwar municipality, Turkana county and to assess the level of integration of environmental policy with socio-economic policies to boost solid waste management in Lodwar Municipality, Turkana County, Kenya. Methodology: A cross-sectional descriptive study design was adopted to target residents of Lodwar town, management and municipal workers, traders, fisherfolks, county National Environment Management Authority officers and public health department officers at the county level. Furthermore, the descriptive research design was employed and utilized structured and semi structure questionnaires. Out of the population of 110 target groups the sample size used for the study was 33 as stated by Mugenda and Mugenda 2008 that when a population is below 10000 the sample size should be 10% or 30% of the target population hence 30% was ideal for the study. The quantitative and qualitative data were analyzed using frequencies, percentages, mean scores, and content thematic respectively. Findings: The findings of the study indicated that, there were no monitoring framework in place to determine the effectiveness of the policy, lack of awareness of existence of the policy amongst the municipality employees, lack of political good will and lack of waste regulating system. Unique Contribution to Theory, Policy and Practice: In this regard, the study recommends the need for municipality to establish monitoring system to measure the effectiveness of the environmental policy in addressing the solid waste management issues; there was need of the county government to provide enough resources to support the strategies lied by the policies for environmental sustainability; The community members , municipality and county government staff need to be sensitized on the existence of the environmental policy; a legal framework ought to be developed to provide the regulatory and fiscal instruments needed to achieve Turkana environment policy objectives.
{"title":"Environmental Policy and Solid waste management. A case of Lodwar Municipality, Turkana County, Kenya.","authors":"Logiel Lokwawi Samson, Wilson Muna Muna","doi":"10.47941/je.1231","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47941/je.1231","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: The formulation of Environment Policy 2018 of Turkana County is based on the requirement by the (Constitution of Kenya; 2010 and the County Governments Act, 2013) which gives powers to the county government to formulate policies and enact laws. It is this provision that Turkana County sort to formulate policy to address the management of waste in Lodwar municipality and its environment. The purpose of this article was to determine the influence of the Environmental Policy on Solid waste management in a case of Lodwar Municipality, Turkana County, Kenya. The objectives of the study were; To establish impact of private-public partnership on sustainable waste management in Lodwar Municipality, Turkana County; To assess the impact of political good will on solid waste management in Lodwar Municipality, Turkana County; To determine adoption of emission-reducing technologies on solid management in Lodwar municipality, Turkana county and to assess the level of integration of environmental policy with socio-economic policies to boost solid waste management in Lodwar Municipality, Turkana County, Kenya. \u0000Methodology: A cross-sectional descriptive study design was adopted to target residents of Lodwar town, management and municipal workers, traders, fisherfolks, county National Environment Management Authority officers and public health department officers at the county level. Furthermore, the descriptive research design was employed and utilized structured and semi structure questionnaires. Out of the population of 110 target groups the sample size used for the study was 33 as stated by Mugenda and Mugenda 2008 that when a population is below 10000 the sample size should be 10% or 30% of the target population hence 30% was ideal for the study. The quantitative and qualitative data were analyzed using frequencies, percentages, mean scores, and content thematic respectively. \u0000Findings: The findings of the study indicated that, there were no monitoring framework in place to determine the effectiveness of the policy, lack of awareness of existence of the policy amongst the municipality employees, lack of political good will and lack of waste regulating system. \u0000Unique Contribution to Theory, Policy and Practice: In this regard, the study recommends the need for municipality to establish monitoring system to measure the effectiveness of the environmental policy in addressing the solid waste management issues; there was need of the county government to provide enough resources to support the strategies lied by the policies for environmental sustainability; The community members , municipality and county government staff need to be sensitized on the existence of the environmental policy; a legal framework ought to be developed to provide the regulatory and fiscal instruments needed to achieve Turkana environment policy objectives.","PeriodicalId":47090,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environment & Development","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76038218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Purpose: The goal of this study, which was conducted in Nigeria's Sakponba Forest Reserve, was to gather baseline data on the prevalence of bird species and the richness of the state's flora in order to guide future ecotourism planning and management in the area Methodology: The study area was divided into three compartments, Untouched forest (UDF), Mangrove forest (MGF), and Degraded forest (DGF) made up the study area. The range and richness of bird species in the research area were studied using a line transect approach. 20 transects were distributed at random among the 200 m blocks that made up each of the 60 transect lines, each of which measured 1000 m. The diversity of plant species was calculated using the square approach. Each sampling compartment's 25 by 25 m2 quadrant sample plot is randomly selected, and all trees with a basal area of at least 10 cm and a height of at least one meter are tallied using the algorithm starts count (TEC). 15 plots, each measuring 25 by 25 m2, were created by choosing a random 16 quadrants in each of the five sample containers. Results: The result of the research study revealed that the area is home to a large range of plants and birds species. In total, the research area contained fifty-five (55) plant species from thirty-seven (37) families and one hundred and seventy-seven (177) bird species from forty-two (42) families. Pycnonotideae has the most species (12), followed by Estrildideae with 11 species, in terms of the family breakdown of the bird species. According to the distribution of bird species, the research area's UDF compartment has a 47% overall proportion, followed by the MGF compartment at 35%, and the DGF compartment with 18%.Pyto-sociological specifications of the tree species in the study area, Ceiba pentandra, a member of the family Bombacaceae, has the highest mean height MT (23) and diameter at breast height DBH (129), while Rhizophora harrisonii, a member of the family Rhizophoraceae, has the highest frequency of occurrence of (15). Family makeup of the plant species in the research region, Fabaceae has the most species with 5, followed by Poaceae with (4). Unique contribution to Theory, Policy and Practice: Studying bird species in mangrove forests can provide valuable insights into the ecology and conservation of these important ecosystems, and contribute to our knowledge of biodiversity and ecological relationships in general. The research location is predominantly a transitional zone between rain forest and mangrove forest. This serves as a point of entry for other investigators and promotes bird species preservation
{"title":"An Analytical Study of Flora Diversity and Avifauana Distribution and Sustainable Ecotourism Potential Ofsakponba Forest Reserve Edo State Nigeria","authors":"P. Sarada, E. F. Okosodo","doi":"10.47941/je.1229","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47941/je.1229","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: The goal of this study, which was conducted in Nigeria's Sakponba Forest Reserve, was to gather baseline data on the prevalence of bird species and the richness of the state's flora in order to guide future ecotourism planning and management in the area \u0000Methodology: The study area was divided into three compartments, Untouched forest (UDF), Mangrove forest (MGF), and Degraded forest (DGF) made up the study area. The range and richness of bird species in the research area were studied using a line transect approach. 20 transects were distributed at random among the 200 m blocks that made up each of the 60 transect lines, each of which measured 1000 m. The diversity of plant species was calculated using the square approach. Each sampling compartment's 25 by 25 m2 quadrant sample plot is randomly selected, and all trees with a basal area of at least 10 cm and a height of at least one meter are tallied using the algorithm starts count (TEC). 15 plots, each measuring 25 by 25 m2, were created by choosing a random 16 quadrants in each of the five sample containers. \u0000Results: The result of the research study revealed that the area is home to a large range of plants and birds species. In total, the research area contained fifty-five (55) plant species from thirty-seven (37) families and one hundred and seventy-seven (177) bird species from forty-two (42) families. Pycnonotideae has the most species (12), followed by Estrildideae with 11 species, in terms of the family breakdown of the bird species. According to the distribution of bird species, the research area's UDF compartment has a 47% overall proportion, followed by the MGF compartment at 35%, and the DGF compartment with 18%.Pyto-sociological specifications of the tree species in the study area, Ceiba pentandra, a member of the family Bombacaceae, has the highest mean height MT (23) and diameter at breast height DBH (129), while Rhizophora harrisonii, a member of the family Rhizophoraceae, has the highest frequency of occurrence of (15). Family makeup of the plant species in the research region, Fabaceae has the most species with 5, followed by Poaceae with (4). \u0000Unique contribution to Theory, Policy and Practice: Studying bird species in mangrove forests can provide valuable insights into the ecology and conservation of these important ecosystems, and contribute to our knowledge of biodiversity and ecological relationships in general. The research location is predominantly a transitional zone between rain forest and mangrove forest. This serves as a point of entry for other investigators and promotes bird species preservation","PeriodicalId":47090,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environment & Development","volume":"95 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90628645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-22DOI: 10.1177/10704965231163908
R. Clémençon
30 years of international climate talks have not prevented the globe from heating up more than 1 degree Celsius over post-industrial times, nor have they kept the year 2022 from breaking new temperature and extreme weather records around the world. Although the international process has been indispensable for building the foundation to move out of the carbon age, it is now time to shift attention away from the acrimonious climate talks and treat them as a sideshow, rather than the solution to the problem. An analysis of 30 years of international climate negotiations shows that multilateral climate diplomacy years ago stopped driving countries’ action. National political opportunity structures, normative shifts, economic factors, and external events are what shape countries’ climate policies largely independent of international climate negotiations.
{"title":"30 Years of International Climate Negotiations: Are They Still our Best Hope?","authors":"R. Clémençon","doi":"10.1177/10704965231163908","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10704965231163908","url":null,"abstract":"30 years of international climate talks have not prevented the globe from heating up more than 1 degree Celsius over post-industrial times, nor have they kept the year 2022 from breaking new temperature and extreme weather records around the world. Although the international process has been indispensable for building the foundation to move out of the carbon age, it is now time to shift attention away from the acrimonious climate talks and treat them as a sideshow, rather than the solution to the problem. An analysis of 30 years of international climate negotiations shows that multilateral climate diplomacy years ago stopped driving countries’ action. National political opportunity structures, normative shifts, economic factors, and external events are what shape countries’ climate policies largely independent of international climate negotiations.","PeriodicalId":47090,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environment & Development","volume":"32 1","pages":"114 - 146"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43265969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-19DOI: 10.1177/10704965231158568
M. F. Karim, Jassinda Almira
This article examines the role of non-governmental organisation in supporting the implementation of global voluntary certification. This article investigates how World Wildlife Fund (WWF) helps implement the Aquaculture Stewardship Council (ASC) ecolabel standard in Indonesia. As the world’s second-largest aquaculture fish-producing country, many Indonesian seafood products are rejected in the international market due to quality problems. This makes Indonesia an ideal country for implementing sustainable aquaculture practices. Using transition theory as a framework, we find that WWF has played a key role in three areas: (1) harmonisation of national regulations with ASC principles, (2) establishment of a campaign program to advocate for the public on sustainable seafood consumption behaviour, and (3) creating a special agency to assist to fishery industry players in obtaining ASC certificates. Our finding sheds lights on the importance of strong collaboration between business actors, states, and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) to implement global voluntary standards.
{"title":"NGO and Global Voluntary Standards in Sustainable Seafood: The Case of Aquaculture Stewardship Council (ASC) in Indonesia","authors":"M. F. Karim, Jassinda Almira","doi":"10.1177/10704965231158568","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10704965231158568","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines the role of non-governmental organisation in supporting the implementation of global voluntary certification. This article investigates how World Wildlife Fund (WWF) helps implement the Aquaculture Stewardship Council (ASC) ecolabel standard in Indonesia. As the world’s second-largest aquaculture fish-producing country, many Indonesian seafood products are rejected in the international market due to quality problems. This makes Indonesia an ideal country for implementing sustainable aquaculture practices. Using transition theory as a framework, we find that WWF has played a key role in three areas: (1) harmonisation of national regulations with ASC principles, (2) establishment of a campaign program to advocate for the public on sustainable seafood consumption behaviour, and (3) creating a special agency to assist to fishery industry players in obtaining ASC certificates. Our finding sheds lights on the importance of strong collaboration between business actors, states, and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) to implement global voluntary standards.","PeriodicalId":47090,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environment & Development","volume":"32 1","pages":"165 - 191"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44429190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-13DOI: 10.1177/10704965231157318
Casey Stevens
Can the tone of scientific reports shape the ensuing political debates? This question is of utmost importance as global science bodies like the IPCC and IPBES release increasingly fervent calls to action. This article seeks an initial study about whether global science bodies can influence the negotiations by state parties by performing a multifaceted sentiment analysis of scientific inputs into the debates of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). The article articulates two social learning pathways in which science can influence the tone of debates: pushing and participation. It then finds these pathways lacking in the incorporation of science into the CBD negotiations, and empirical work demonstrates limited effect on the sentiment or tone of debates as a result of scientific inputs. The conclusion reflects on the role that multifaceted sentiment analysis can play in understanding the increasingly complex politics of science on global governance institutions and particularly in the case of biodiversity governance.
{"title":"Does Science Shape Sentiment? Scientific Inputs and the Deliberations in the Convention on Biological Diversity","authors":"Casey Stevens","doi":"10.1177/10704965231157318","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10704965231157318","url":null,"abstract":"Can the tone of scientific reports shape the ensuing political debates? This question is of utmost importance as global science bodies like the IPCC and IPBES release increasingly fervent calls to action. This article seeks an initial study about whether global science bodies can influence the negotiations by state parties by performing a multifaceted sentiment analysis of scientific inputs into the debates of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). The article articulates two social learning pathways in which science can influence the tone of debates: pushing and participation. It then finds these pathways lacking in the incorporation of science into the CBD negotiations, and empirical work demonstrates limited effect on the sentiment or tone of debates as a result of scientific inputs. The conclusion reflects on the role that multifaceted sentiment analysis can play in understanding the increasingly complex politics of science on global governance institutions and particularly in the case of biodiversity governance.","PeriodicalId":47090,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environment & Development","volume":"32 1","pages":"147 - 164"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43905529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Purpose: Water is life and majority of the sicknesses in the world today is either contracted through water or air. There is need to reduce the spread of these diseases that spread by lack of drinkable water available to people. Some areas in Nigeria experiences scarcity of water fit for domestic use, such areas as Igala-Mella area of Kogi State and extended to environs in Nnsuka Enugu State faces this challenge of access to safe water. Most people in the study area obtain drinking water from storm water which is polluted by dust and animal droppings. In view of this, this study is geared to harvesting the storm water, fabricate mini pilot plant, and use locally available material and extract of neem tree which serves as antibacterial to kill the bacterial present in the water. Methodology: The pilot plant was fabricated to allow the flow of water under gravity. It has the storage, aeration, chemical inject, stirrer formulated and the filter bed. All the material used were sourced locally. The raw water was fed into the storage, opened to allow to flow through the stages as arranged in the mini pilot plant with the neem extract added. At the end, the treated water was collected. The raw water was tested before treatment to determine the level of contamination. After treatment, the pure water was subjected to quality test. Findings: The result shows that there is an improvement in the water quality characteristics as there is reduction in the color, taste, PH, other chemicals such as; Zn, Fe, Nitrate, Nitrite, Potassium, Nitrogen, Phosphate, Cadmium, Lead were reduced after test. Bacteriological test such as oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand, shegella, salmonella sp shows reduction in the treated water. Unique Contribution to Theory, Policy and Practice: This shows that with mini pilot plant and the extract can be used to treat raw water at household level using this mini plant and the neem tree extract.
{"title":"Treatment of Surface Water Runoff in Igala-Mela, Kogi State Nigeria Using Local Materials","authors":"M. Kadiri, O. Ndububa, A. Abdullahi","doi":"10.47941/je.1189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47941/je.1189","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: Water is life and majority of the sicknesses in the world today is either contracted through water or air. There is need to reduce the spread of these diseases that spread by lack of drinkable water available to people. Some areas in Nigeria experiences scarcity of water fit for domestic use, such areas as Igala-Mella area of Kogi State and extended to environs in Nnsuka Enugu State faces this challenge of access to safe water. Most people in the study area obtain drinking water from storm water which is polluted by dust and animal droppings. In view of this, this study is geared to harvesting the storm water, fabricate mini pilot plant, and use locally available material and extract of neem tree which serves as antibacterial to kill the bacterial present in the water. \u0000Methodology: The pilot plant was fabricated to allow the flow of water under gravity. It has the storage, aeration, chemical inject, stirrer formulated and the filter bed. All the material used were sourced locally. The raw water was fed into the storage, opened to allow to flow through the stages as arranged in the mini pilot plant with the neem extract added. At the end, the treated water was collected. The raw water was tested before treatment to determine the level of contamination. After treatment, the pure water was subjected to quality test. \u0000Findings: The result shows that there is an improvement in the water quality characteristics as there is reduction in the color, taste, PH, other chemicals such as; Zn, Fe, Nitrate, Nitrite, Potassium, Nitrogen, Phosphate, Cadmium, Lead were reduced after test. Bacteriological test such as oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand, shegella, salmonella sp shows reduction in the treated water. \u0000Unique Contribution to Theory, Policy and Practice: This shows that with mini pilot plant and the extract can be used to treat raw water at household level using this mini plant and the neem tree extract.","PeriodicalId":47090,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environment & Development","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85522227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-20DOI: 10.1177/10704965231152827
Giovanni Occhiali
Virtually no attention has been directed towards how tax policies shape fisheries development in Sub-Saharan Africa and to their contribution to government revenue. This is despite abundant evidence of fish stock depletion in the continent, and a longstanding interest by economists and marine scientists in the role of government regulation of fisheries. To help starting this discussion, the article provides an overview of the theoretical underpinning of fisheries taxation and of selected experiences of high-income countries. Following a presentation of fisheries economic contribution in Sub-Saharan Africa, the main debates on the fiscal treatment of fisheries are covered: Prioritising their welfare or wealth contribution; their co-management between local and central government; fishing agreements with distant water fishing nations; and the role of subsidies. The review shows that while fisheries revenue contribution is likely limited in the short run, fiscal policies can be central in promoting the sector sustainable development.
{"title":"What’s the Catch? A Review of the Fiscal Treatments of Fisheries in Sub-Saharan Africa","authors":"Giovanni Occhiali","doi":"10.1177/10704965231152827","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10704965231152827","url":null,"abstract":"Virtually no attention has been directed towards how tax policies shape fisheries development in Sub-Saharan Africa and to their contribution to government revenue. This is despite abundant evidence of fish stock depletion in the continent, and a longstanding interest by economists and marine scientists in the role of government regulation of fisheries. To help starting this discussion, the article provides an overview of the theoretical underpinning of fisheries taxation and of selected experiences of high-income countries. Following a presentation of fisheries economic contribution in Sub-Saharan Africa, the main debates on the fiscal treatment of fisheries are covered: Prioritising their welfare or wealth contribution; their co-management between local and central government; fishing agreements with distant water fishing nations; and the role of subsidies. The review shows that while fisheries revenue contribution is likely limited in the short run, fiscal policies can be central in promoting the sector sustainable development.","PeriodicalId":47090,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environment & Development","volume":"32 1","pages":"192 - 217"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49621487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-28eCollection Date: 2024-02-01DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1759874
Edoardo Agosti, Natália Cerqueira Rezende, Luciano C P C Leonel, A Yohan Alexander, Carlos D Pinheiro-Neto, Maria Peris-Celda
Introduction The endoscopic endonasal transpterygoid approach (EETPA) with or without the addition of the endoscopic-assisted sublabial anterior transmaxillary approach (ESTA) has become increasingly utilized for lesions posterior to the pterygopalatine fossa (PPF), including infratemporal fossa (ITF), lateral recess of the sphenoid sinus, Meckel's cave, petrous apex, and parapharyngeal space. The main goal of this study is to develop an educational resource to learn the steps of the EETPA for trainees. Methods EETPA and ESTA were performed in 12 specimens by neurosurgery trainees, under supervision from the senior authors. One EETPA and one ESTA were performed on each specimen on opposite sides. Dissections were supplemented with representative cases. Results After a wide unilateral sphenoidotomy, ethmoidectomy, and partial medial maxillectomy, the anteromedial bone limits of the PPF were identified and drilled out. The pterygoid progress was modularly removed. By enlarging the opening of the posterior and lateral walls of the maxillary sinus through EETPA and ESTA, respectively, the neurovascular and muscular compartments of the PPF and ITF were better identified. The EETPA opens direct corridors to the PPF, medial ITF, middle cranial fossa, cavernous sinus, Meckel's cave, petrous apex, and internal carotid artery. If a more lateral exposure of the ITF is needed, the ESTA is an appropriate addition. Conclusion Despite the steep learning curve of the EETPA, granular knowledge of its surgical anatomy and basic surgical steps are vital for those advancing their learning in complex endoscopic approaches to the ventral skull base when expanding the approach laterally in the coronal plane.
{"title":"Anatomical Step-by-Step Dissection of Complex Skull Base Approaches for Trainees: Surgical Anatomy of the Endoscopic Endonasal and Endoscopic-Assisted Transmaxillary Transpterygoid Approaches.","authors":"Edoardo Agosti, Natália Cerqueira Rezende, Luciano C P C Leonel, A Yohan Alexander, Carlos D Pinheiro-Neto, Maria Peris-Celda","doi":"10.1055/s-0042-1759874","DOIUrl":"10.1055/s-0042-1759874","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Introduction</b> The endoscopic endonasal transpterygoid approach (EETPA) with or without the addition of the endoscopic-assisted sublabial anterior transmaxillary approach (ESTA) has become increasingly utilized for lesions posterior to the pterygopalatine fossa (PPF), including infratemporal fossa (ITF), lateral recess of the sphenoid sinus, Meckel's cave, petrous apex, and parapharyngeal space. The main goal of this study is to develop an educational resource to learn the steps of the EETPA for trainees. <b>Methods</b> EETPA and ESTA were performed in 12 specimens by neurosurgery trainees, under supervision from the senior authors. One EETPA and one ESTA were performed on each specimen on opposite sides. Dissections were supplemented with representative cases. <b>Results</b> After a wide unilateral sphenoidotomy, ethmoidectomy, and partial medial maxillectomy, the anteromedial bone limits of the PPF were identified and drilled out. The pterygoid progress was modularly removed. By enlarging the opening of the posterior and lateral walls of the maxillary sinus through EETPA and ESTA, respectively, the neurovascular and muscular compartments of the PPF and ITF were better identified. The EETPA opens direct corridors to the PPF, medial ITF, middle cranial fossa, cavernous sinus, Meckel's cave, petrous apex, and internal carotid artery. If a more lateral exposure of the ITF is needed, the ESTA is an appropriate addition. <b>Conclusion</b> Despite the steep learning curve of the EETPA, granular knowledge of its surgical anatomy and basic surgical steps are vital for those advancing their learning in complex endoscopic approaches to the ventral skull base when expanding the approach laterally in the coronal plane.</p>","PeriodicalId":47090,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environment & Development","volume":"11 1","pages":"81-94"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10807960/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88000176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-21DOI: 10.1177/10704965221134820
Jonas Gamso
The illegal wildlife trade has come to the forefront of global politics, driven by concerns about biodiversity loss, illicit markets, and animal-borne infectious diseases. Yet, poaching remains common in many countries. The persistence of illegal hunting is attributable to (among other factors) poverty and poor labor market opportunities, which leave individuals in some communities with few viable alternatives to wildlife crime. Foreign aid that alleviates poverty and unemployment may, therefore, lead to a reduction in illegal hunting. However, cross-national research on aid and economic development offers mixed findings, suggesting a conditional effect. Against this backdrop, I theorize that aid reduces the economic pressures that contribute to poaching, but only in countries with representative political institutions. I test a corresponding hypothesis using data on elephant poaching in African and Asian countries. My findings show that aid is accompanied by a reduction in elephant poaching in democracies, but not in authoritarian countries.
{"title":"Aiding Animals: Does Foreign Aid Reduce Wildlife Crime?","authors":"Jonas Gamso","doi":"10.1177/10704965221134820","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10704965221134820","url":null,"abstract":"The illegal wildlife trade has come to the forefront of global politics, driven by concerns about biodiversity loss, illicit markets, and animal-borne infectious diseases. Yet, poaching remains common in many countries. The persistence of illegal hunting is attributable to (among other factors) poverty and poor labor market opportunities, which leave individuals in some communities with few viable alternatives to wildlife crime. Foreign aid that alleviates poverty and unemployment may, therefore, lead to a reduction in illegal hunting. However, cross-national research on aid and economic development offers mixed findings, suggesting a conditional effect. Against this backdrop, I theorize that aid reduces the economic pressures that contribute to poaching, but only in countries with representative political institutions. I test a corresponding hypothesis using data on elephant poaching in African and Asian countries. My findings show that aid is accompanied by a reduction in elephant poaching in democracies, but not in authoritarian countries.","PeriodicalId":47090,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environment & Development","volume":"32 1","pages":"34 - 60"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2022-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45178700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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