: The Screw Driving Sounding (SDS) test is an improvised and modified version of the Swedish Weight sounding (SWS) test. It is an emerging technique for in-situ field characterization used to estimate strength parameters from field tests directly, rather than by obtaining samples from the field and performing laboratory tests. For this research, several boreholes with standard penetration tests (SPTs) were conducted in the central region of Bangkok. SDS tests and field vane shear tests were performed in the vicinity of these boreholes. The undrained shear strengths from these tests were correlated separately to the SDS torque for marine and intertidal clay deposits. These equations differed slightly due to the difference in the shearing during failure of soil. These empirical equations are supported by an analytical equation that is derived based on the shearing mechanism of soil when the SDS screw head is penetrated into the soil. The correlation to estimate the SPT N was developed for stiff and hard alluvium clay, and compared with the equation from past research. Plots of SDS penetration energy with the consistency index showed that the clays could be clustered as two distinct groups based on their state and consistency. The SDS penetration resistance parameters were extremely affected by differences in the state of clay, which depended on the soil’s depositional history and depositional environment. The past researches were mainly empirical and dealt with sand or Japanese clay, formed in different depositional environment. Those equations do not give reliable results when applied directly to Bangkok clay. Hence, from this research, the undrained shear strength of soft clay and SPT N of stiff clay of the Bangkok deposit can be estimated directly from the equations.
{"title":"SOIL STRENGTH ESTIMATION USING SCREW DRIVING SOUNDING TECHNIQUE FOR BANGKOK CLAY LAYERS","authors":"Suttisak Soralump","doi":"10.21660/2023.111.3368","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21660/2023.111.3368","url":null,"abstract":": The Screw Driving Sounding (SDS) test is an improvised and modified version of the Swedish Weight sounding (SWS) test. It is an emerging technique for in-situ field characterization used to estimate strength parameters from field tests directly, rather than by obtaining samples from the field and performing laboratory tests. For this research, several boreholes with standard penetration tests (SPTs) were conducted in the central region of Bangkok. SDS tests and field vane shear tests were performed in the vicinity of these boreholes. The undrained shear strengths from these tests were correlated separately to the SDS torque for marine and intertidal clay deposits. These equations differed slightly due to the difference in the shearing during failure of soil. These empirical equations are supported by an analytical equation that is derived based on the shearing mechanism of soil when the SDS screw head is penetrated into the soil. The correlation to estimate the SPT N was developed for stiff and hard alluvium clay, and compared with the equation from past research. Plots of SDS penetration energy with the consistency index showed that the clays could be clustered as two distinct groups based on their state and consistency. The SDS penetration resistance parameters were extremely affected by differences in the state of clay, which depended on the soil’s depositional history and depositional environment. The past researches were mainly empirical and dealt with sand or Japanese clay, formed in different depositional environment. Those equations do not give reliable results when applied directly to Bangkok clay. Hence, from this research, the undrained shear strength of soft clay and SPT N of stiff clay of the Bangkok deposit can be estimated directly from the equations.","PeriodicalId":47135,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of GEOMATE","volume":"260 9","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135273511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
: Coir waste randomly mixed into soil is an alternative material for strengthening expansive clay. However, these materials cannot reduce swelling due to water, requiring chemical stabilization. This study combined coir fibers with a mixture of coir-wood ash, the waste from the tofu home industry. No studies have utilized such a combination of structural materials. This study aims to examine the soaked and unsoaked California Bearing Ratio (CBR), swelling, unconfined compressive strength (UCS), and tensile strength of soil mixed with 0.75% fibers, and ash with varying content: 0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10% of the mixture’s total weight. The curing time was seven days, 14 days, and 28 days. Testing refers to ASTM. The test results unveiled that the unsoaked CBR, soaked CBR, UCS, and tensile strength increased with rising ash content and curing time. A 6%–8% ash content produced the highest CBR, UCS, and tensile strength. On the other hand, by including a 6%–10% ash content, the swelling was decreased to 0%. Combining coir fiber and coir-wood ash has proven very effective for stabilizing expansive clays. In comparison to soils merely reinforced with fiber, the addition of coir-wood ash can eliminate swelling and increase the value of soaked CBR, UCS, tensile strength, and secant modulus up to 534%, 349%, 105%, and 824 %, respectively.
{"title":"COMBINATION OF COIR FIBER WASTE AND COIR-WOOD ASH FOR EXPANSIVE CLAY STABILIZATION","authors":"Anita Widianti","doi":"10.21660/2023.111.3976","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21660/2023.111.3976","url":null,"abstract":": Coir waste randomly mixed into soil is an alternative material for strengthening expansive clay. However, these materials cannot reduce swelling due to water, requiring chemical stabilization. This study combined coir fibers with a mixture of coir-wood ash, the waste from the tofu home industry. No studies have utilized such a combination of structural materials. This study aims to examine the soaked and unsoaked California Bearing Ratio (CBR), swelling, unconfined compressive strength (UCS), and tensile strength of soil mixed with 0.75% fibers, and ash with varying content: 0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10% of the mixture’s total weight. The curing time was seven days, 14 days, and 28 days. Testing refers to ASTM. The test results unveiled that the unsoaked CBR, soaked CBR, UCS, and tensile strength increased with rising ash content and curing time. A 6%–8% ash content produced the highest CBR, UCS, and tensile strength. On the other hand, by including a 6%–10% ash content, the swelling was decreased to 0%. Combining coir fiber and coir-wood ash has proven very effective for stabilizing expansive clays. In comparison to soils merely reinforced with fiber, the addition of coir-wood ash can eliminate swelling and increase the value of soaked CBR, UCS, tensile strength, and secant modulus up to 534%, 349%, 105%, and 824 %, respectively.","PeriodicalId":47135,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of GEOMATE","volume":"260 8","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135273512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"EDGE DETECTION TECHNIQUE FOR SIMULTANEOUS MEASUREMENT OF TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLIDS AND TURBIDITY","authors":"Rijal Hakiki","doi":"10.21660/2023.111.4003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21660/2023.111.4003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47135,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of GEOMATE","volume":"250 7","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135320397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
: Interlocking Compressed Earth Bricks (ICEB) is one of the alternative low carbon building materials replacing conventional brick. This study evaluates the embodied environmental impact of ICEB production in terms of embodied environmental implications for global warming potential (GWP). The life cycle assessment (LCA) analysis methodology was performed to identify and quantify the environmental performance of brick production from cradle-to-gate. Additionally, the emission in terms of GWP is analyzed using GaBi software. The system investigated includes raw materials and machinery used for brick production and transportation. Energy use and emissions are quantified, and the potential environmental effects are assessed. Sensitivity analyses were calculated on the percentage of cement content of 15% and 10% of the soil weight. The results show that the embodied carbon for 1 kg clay bricks in Sabah is 0.202 kgCO 2 -eq. Cement usage in brick production contributes the most significant environmental impact with carbon emissions of 0.172 kgCO 2 . The carbon emission of ICEB found a slight improvement compared to the conventional fired clay bricks (FCB). The result on sensitivity analyses found that the GWP reduced to 27-51% as the percentage of cement content was reduced at 10 and 15%. The findings proved that carbon emissions could be reduced with a lower cement usage in the mix design of ICEB.
{"title":"ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT EVALUATION ON INTERLOCKING COMPRESSED EARTH BRICK USING LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT","authors":"Nurul Shahadahtul Afizah Asman","doi":"10.21660/2023.111.3525","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21660/2023.111.3525","url":null,"abstract":": Interlocking Compressed Earth Bricks (ICEB) is one of the alternative low carbon building materials replacing conventional brick. This study evaluates the embodied environmental impact of ICEB production in terms of embodied environmental implications for global warming potential (GWP). The life cycle assessment (LCA) analysis methodology was performed to identify and quantify the environmental performance of brick production from cradle-to-gate. Additionally, the emission in terms of GWP is analyzed using GaBi software. The system investigated includes raw materials and machinery used for brick production and transportation. Energy use and emissions are quantified, and the potential environmental effects are assessed. Sensitivity analyses were calculated on the percentage of cement content of 15% and 10% of the soil weight. The results show that the embodied carbon for 1 kg clay bricks in Sabah is 0.202 kgCO 2 -eq. Cement usage in brick production contributes the most significant environmental impact with carbon emissions of 0.172 kgCO 2 . The carbon emission of ICEB found a slight improvement compared to the conventional fired clay bricks (FCB). The result on sensitivity analyses found that the GWP reduced to 27-51% as the percentage of cement content was reduced at 10 and 15%. The findings proved that carbon emissions could be reduced with a lower cement usage in the mix design of ICEB.","PeriodicalId":47135,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of GEOMATE","volume":"47 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135320941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"PROPOSED FORMULATION FOR PREDICTING DEFLECTIONS OF CFRP-RC BEAMS","authors":"Zaiimatul Ummah","doi":"10.21660/2023.111.4050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21660/2023.111.4050","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47135,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of GEOMATE","volume":"260 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135273517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"GEOTECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF SUBLAKE SLOPES AND LIQUEFACTION HAZARD IN LAKE TOBA, INDONESIA","authors":"Listia Ariani","doi":"10.21660/2023.111.4077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21660/2023.111.4077","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47135,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of GEOMATE","volume":"261 7","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135273501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
: Studies on recycled gypsum as a geotechnical improvement material have been extensively conducted, as the increase in gypsum board waste has become an urgent issue. In this paper, to investigate a method to measure gypsum hemihydrate content in a shorter period, the test results of the density method obtained in previous studies are reviewed to confirm whether sufficient accuracy could be secured even in a shortened measurement period. The results obtained showed that the way of the density test for cement is effective in measuring the density of gypsum, gypsum hemihydrate content could be estimated from the density with some accuracy, even with an elapsed period of 1 d, and a difference of only approximately 5% was observed. In addition, the density method was validated through a full-scale experiment using a rotary kiln furnace. The gypsum hemihydrate content obtained from the density method was consistent with that obtained from the X-ray diffraction analysis.
{"title":"ESTIMATING GYPSUM HEMIHYDRATE CONTENT USING DENSITY OF GYPSUM RECYCLED FROM WASTE GYPSUM BOARD","authors":"Hiroaki Sano","doi":"10.21660/2023.111.3736","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21660/2023.111.3736","url":null,"abstract":": Studies on recycled gypsum as a geotechnical improvement material have been extensively conducted, as the increase in gypsum board waste has become an urgent issue. In this paper, to investigate a method to measure gypsum hemihydrate content in a shorter period, the test results of the density method obtained in previous studies are reviewed to confirm whether sufficient accuracy could be secured even in a shortened measurement period. The results obtained showed that the way of the density test for cement is effective in measuring the density of gypsum, gypsum hemihydrate content could be estimated from the density with some accuracy, even with an elapsed period of 1 d, and a difference of only approximately 5% was observed. In addition, the density method was validated through a full-scale experiment using a rotary kiln furnace. The gypsum hemihydrate content obtained from the density method was consistent with that obtained from the X-ray diffraction analysis.","PeriodicalId":47135,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of GEOMATE","volume":"260 5","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135273515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
: In this study, the previously proposed earthquake damage assessment method for reinforced concrete (RC) piers was verified through seismic response analysis of an entire bridge. The method measures the acceleration histories at the bottom and top of the pier during earthquakes to estimate the ratio of the initial natural frequency to the lowest natural frequency during earthquakes using time-frequency analysis since it is related to earthquake damage. The previous study verified the method through numerical analysis and shaking table test results of a single pier. However, since the actual pier is connected to the adjacent pier and abutment via the girder, it is important to consider the dynamics of the entire bridge. Therefore, this study verified the method through numerical analysis of the entire bridge. It was found that the method can detect damage to each pier when accelerations in the bridge axis direction are used because the natural frequency only changes for a damaged pier. On the other hand, the method cannot detect which pier is damaged and can only detect if any piers are damaged when accelerations in the direction perpendicular to the bridge axis are used since the natural frequency changed even for undamaged piers. It was verified that the difference between the two directions was caused due to the constraint conditions of the bearings.
{"title":"EARTHQUAKE DAMAGE ASSESSMENT FOR RC PIERS BY TIME-FREQUENCY ANALYSIS CONSIDERING ENTIRE BRIDGE","authors":"Aiko Furukawa","doi":"10.21660/2023.111.4023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21660/2023.111.4023","url":null,"abstract":": In this study, the previously proposed earthquake damage assessment method for reinforced concrete (RC) piers was verified through seismic response analysis of an entire bridge. The method measures the acceleration histories at the bottom and top of the pier during earthquakes to estimate the ratio of the initial natural frequency to the lowest natural frequency during earthquakes using time-frequency analysis since it is related to earthquake damage. The previous study verified the method through numerical analysis and shaking table test results of a single pier. However, since the actual pier is connected to the adjacent pier and abutment via the girder, it is important to consider the dynamics of the entire bridge. Therefore, this study verified the method through numerical analysis of the entire bridge. It was found that the method can detect damage to each pier when accelerations in the bridge axis direction are used because the natural frequency only changes for a damaged pier. On the other hand, the method cannot detect which pier is damaged and can only detect if any piers are damaged when accelerations in the direction perpendicular to the bridge axis are used since the natural frequency changed even for undamaged piers. It was verified that the difference between the two directions was caused due to the constraint conditions of the bearings.","PeriodicalId":47135,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of GEOMATE","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135320948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
: Lake Toba has emerged as a captivating tourist destination in Indonesia, and the government is currently dedicated to enhancing the tourism experience through extensive infrastructure development initiatives. As progress continues, the hazard map for the region notably emphasizes its susceptibility to liquefaction. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate risk of soil settlement arising from potential liquefaction within the Tourism infrastructure of Lake Toba. According to the data collected, it was evident that the prevailing soil layer was dominated by sand and shallow groundwater, rendering it prone to earthquakes, increasing liquefaction potential. Soil settlement was also found in Lake Toba, which further magnified the possibility of liquefaction incidents. The analysis of liquefaction potential was carried out following the empirical method by Idriss-Boulanger (2014) in determining Liquefaction Potential Index (LPI) values. Furthermore, the assessment focused on soil settlement that was observed during instances of liquefaction, by employing methods outlined in Tokimatsu and Seed (1984), Ishihara and Yoshimine (1992), and Cetin (2009). The results showed that the areas exhibited a high liquefaction potential, as evidenced by significantly elevated LPI values. This study centered on settlement reaching up to 1.5 meters during liquefaction events, underscoring the imperative need to implement targeted measures for effective mitigation of this potential hazard.
{"title":"SOIL SETTLEMENT RISK FROM LIQUEFACTION AT LAKE TOBA TOURISM INFRASTRUCTURE, NORTH SUMATERA, INDONESIA","authors":"Rizal Hafidzsyah","doi":"10.21660/2023.111.4029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21660/2023.111.4029","url":null,"abstract":": Lake Toba has emerged as a captivating tourist destination in Indonesia, and the government is currently dedicated to enhancing the tourism experience through extensive infrastructure development initiatives. As progress continues, the hazard map for the region notably emphasizes its susceptibility to liquefaction. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate risk of soil settlement arising from potential liquefaction within the Tourism infrastructure of Lake Toba. According to the data collected, it was evident that the prevailing soil layer was dominated by sand and shallow groundwater, rendering it prone to earthquakes, increasing liquefaction potential. Soil settlement was also found in Lake Toba, which further magnified the possibility of liquefaction incidents. The analysis of liquefaction potential was carried out following the empirical method by Idriss-Boulanger (2014) in determining Liquefaction Potential Index (LPI) values. Furthermore, the assessment focused on soil settlement that was observed during instances of liquefaction, by employing methods outlined in Tokimatsu and Seed (1984), Ishihara and Yoshimine (1992), and Cetin (2009). The results showed that the areas exhibited a high liquefaction potential, as evidenced by significantly elevated LPI values. This study centered on settlement reaching up to 1.5 meters during liquefaction events, underscoring the imperative need to implement targeted measures for effective mitigation of this potential hazard.","PeriodicalId":47135,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of GEOMATE","volume":"258 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135273345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"EFFECT OF SEVERAL LIME MATERIALS ON SPLIT MASTIC ASPHALT PROPERTIES","authors":"Syahputra A Gani","doi":"10.21660/2023.111.3936","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21660/2023.111.3936","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47135,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of GEOMATE","volume":"75 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135321640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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