Fortified sites, sanctuaries, deities, and community were interconnected in Mesoamerican warfare practices and theology. This article examines the archaeological patterning and Indigenous religious beliefs regarding fortifications, sanctuaries, and deity communication. Ethnohistoric and ethnographic information points to the importance of deities and ancestors for community well-being and success in war. Mesoamerican combatants protected deities, including their images and sanctuary homes, for they were often captured or destroyed during sieges. Site fortification was based not only on pragmatic military purposes, but on culturally practical decisions related to protecting deities and divine intercession that influenced human behavior and community practices. As in other areas, Mesoamerican people maintained covenants with spiritual forces in close proximity at sacred “communicating places” in wartime, such as temples in settlements and sanctuaries at hills and caves. Hence, fortifications protected people, their shrines, and their gods, as well as militarily strategic places. This study calls attention to additional religious behaviors in Mesoamerican war besides sacrifice to war gods and for cosmic renewal, which went hand-in-hand with political, military, and community concerns.
{"title":"Mesoamerican Warfare, Protecting Divinities, and Fortified Sanctuaries","authors":"J. Palka","doi":"10.1086/723080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/723080","url":null,"abstract":"Fortified sites, sanctuaries, deities, and community were interconnected in Mesoamerican warfare practices and theology. This article examines the archaeological patterning and Indigenous religious beliefs regarding fortifications, sanctuaries, and deity communication. Ethnohistoric and ethnographic information points to the importance of deities and ancestors for community well-being and success in war. Mesoamerican combatants protected deities, including their images and sanctuary homes, for they were often captured or destroyed during sieges. Site fortification was based not only on pragmatic military purposes, but on culturally practical decisions related to protecting deities and divine intercession that influenced human behavior and community practices. As in other areas, Mesoamerican people maintained covenants with spiritual forces in close proximity at sacred “communicating places” in wartime, such as temples in settlements and sanctuaries at hills and caves. Hence, fortifications protected people, their shrines, and their gods, as well as militarily strategic places. This study calls attention to additional religious behaviors in Mesoamerican war besides sacrifice to war gods and for cosmic renewal, which went hand-in-hand with political, military, and community concerns.","PeriodicalId":47258,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Anthropological Research","volume":"79 1","pages":"51 - 101"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48675540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper exposes extant but obscured treasure-hunting activities in Morocco which consist of unlawful, risky, and unproductive digging operations. The paper focuses on a community of kanaza (treasure hunters) which shies away from the normal practices of money-making to capitalize on an “echo economy” (echonomy) that relies on orality and hearing (success stories/information about hidden treasure from past civilizations). It is a community of socially underprivileged individuals who often end up mistaking the economy for its echo, speaking less the language of economy, more the lingo of its shadow. Echonomists, far from designating a new economic model, push the existing definition of economy to the extreme landscapes of signification, denoting careful management not of available but of unavailable resources.
{"title":"Treasure Hunting in Morocco and the Rise of the Echonomy","authors":"Farouk El Maarouf, Moulay Driss El Maarouf","doi":"10.1086/723072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/723072","url":null,"abstract":"This paper exposes extant but obscured treasure-hunting activities in Morocco which consist of unlawful, risky, and unproductive digging operations. The paper focuses on a community of kanaza (treasure hunters) which shies away from the normal practices of money-making to capitalize on an “echo economy” (echonomy) that relies on orality and hearing (success stories/information about hidden treasure from past civilizations). It is a community of socially underprivileged individuals who often end up mistaking the economy for its echo, speaking less the language of economy, more the lingo of its shadow. Echonomists, far from designating a new economic model, push the existing definition of economy to the extreme landscapes of signification, denoting careful management not of available but of unavailable resources.","PeriodicalId":47258,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Anthropological Research","volume":"79 1","pages":"31 - 50"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47679675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
After 27 years as editor-in-chief of the Journal of Anthropological Research (and 47 as a professor of anthropology at the University of NewMexico), I am stepping down. This is my last issue (number 108) of JAR; my colleague, Professor Suzanne Oakdale (deputy editor for the past year) is now editor-in-chief. The Spring 2023 issue will be her first, and I hope she will receive the support and help that I have been privileged to receive from all those involved and interested in the Journal for so long. Dr. Oakdale is a sociocultural anthropologist who has done research in Brazilian Amazonia and, like me, was educated and trained at the University of Chicago. She will be the first female editor of this venerable publication. It is about time. The late Phil Bock handed JAR over to me after the Journal had reached its half-century milestone; three years ago, it achieved 75 years of continuous quarterly publication (for its first 28 years as the Southwestern Journal of Anthropology—a title that had always obscured its truly international contents and readership). Never did I imagine that I would be doing this job for more than a quarter-century—40% of the Journal ’s long history as one of the oldest anthropology serial publications in the United States. I first became aware of SWJA/JAR in graduate school, notably because of an article by UNM’s Jim Judge on the Folsom/ Midland question. Little did I know that I would spend my entire professional career at UNM—more than half of it as editor of the institution’s flagship international journal. The responsibility has been to maintain and improve on JAR’s long tradition of publishing substantive articles on widely interesting, topically diverse original research that are thoroughly contextualized, clearly argued, empirically substantiated, and relevant to broad readerships in various anthropological subdisciplines. It is independent of any professional associations and the possible academic politics thereof. Although by tradition the Editorial Board is made up of distinguished present and past UNM faculty members, JAR’s editorship is also independent of the UNMDepartment of Anthropology and university administration. TheUniversity of Chicago Press’s JournalsDivision is also uninvolved in editorial decisions. It has been a lot of work—in fact, pretty much daily and relentlessly, including evenings, weekends, a few half-year “sabbaticals,” academic “vacations”—even after long days excavating in El Mirón Cave between 1996 and 2013 at 65 km frommy summer base in Santander, Spain. A serious, active journal “knows” no breaks, and once everything
{"title":"The Editor’s Thanks and Farewell","authors":"L. Straus","doi":"10.1086/721963","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/721963","url":null,"abstract":"After 27 years as editor-in-chief of the Journal of Anthropological Research (and 47 as a professor of anthropology at the University of NewMexico), I am stepping down. This is my last issue (number 108) of JAR; my colleague, Professor Suzanne Oakdale (deputy editor for the past year) is now editor-in-chief. The Spring 2023 issue will be her first, and I hope she will receive the support and help that I have been privileged to receive from all those involved and interested in the Journal for so long. Dr. Oakdale is a sociocultural anthropologist who has done research in Brazilian Amazonia and, like me, was educated and trained at the University of Chicago. She will be the first female editor of this venerable publication. It is about time. The late Phil Bock handed JAR over to me after the Journal had reached its half-century milestone; three years ago, it achieved 75 years of continuous quarterly publication (for its first 28 years as the Southwestern Journal of Anthropology—a title that had always obscured its truly international contents and readership). Never did I imagine that I would be doing this job for more than a quarter-century—40% of the Journal ’s long history as one of the oldest anthropology serial publications in the United States. I first became aware of SWJA/JAR in graduate school, notably because of an article by UNM’s Jim Judge on the Folsom/ Midland question. Little did I know that I would spend my entire professional career at UNM—more than half of it as editor of the institution’s flagship international journal. The responsibility has been to maintain and improve on JAR’s long tradition of publishing substantive articles on widely interesting, topically diverse original research that are thoroughly contextualized, clearly argued, empirically substantiated, and relevant to broad readerships in various anthropological subdisciplines. It is independent of any professional associations and the possible academic politics thereof. Although by tradition the Editorial Board is made up of distinguished present and past UNM faculty members, JAR’s editorship is also independent of the UNMDepartment of Anthropology and university administration. TheUniversity of Chicago Press’s JournalsDivision is also uninvolved in editorial decisions. It has been a lot of work—in fact, pretty much daily and relentlessly, including evenings, weekends, a few half-year “sabbaticals,” academic “vacations”—even after long days excavating in El Mirón Cave between 1996 and 2013 at 65 km frommy summer base in Santander, Spain. A serious, active journal “knows” no breaks, and once everything","PeriodicalId":47258,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Anthropological Research","volume":"78 1","pages":"548 - 553"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47949726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article deals with bride abduction among the Oromo in Oromia National Regional State (Oromia), central Ethiopia. The data collection was done through key informant interviews, focus group discussions, and case studies in January and February 2020. Both consensual and nonconsensual bride abductions are documented. Girls consent to their abduction to evade parental decisions on their marriage and subvert the patriarchal values of marriage. Young men use bride abduction to lower the cost of marriage and gain access to girls of their choice, with or without the girls’ consent. Once abducted and raped, girls marry their abductors to restore their sexual integrity by observing the patriarchal value of premarital virginity. Older women also reproduce patriarchal values by putting pressure on the abducted girls to accept the marriage. Both consensual and nonconsensual bride abductions function within the patriarchal system, one to challenge and the other to perpetuate it.
{"title":"Patriarchal Values and Their Subversion: Consensual and Nonconsensual Bride Abduction in Central Ethiopia","authors":"D. Chala, Zerihun Tesfaye","doi":"10.1086/721972","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/721972","url":null,"abstract":"This article deals with bride abduction among the Oromo in Oromia National Regional State (Oromia), central Ethiopia. The data collection was done through key informant interviews, focus group discussions, and case studies in January and February 2020. Both consensual and nonconsensual bride abductions are documented. Girls consent to their abduction to evade parental decisions on their marriage and subvert the patriarchal values of marriage. Young men use bride abduction to lower the cost of marriage and gain access to girls of their choice, with or without the girls’ consent. Once abducted and raped, girls marry their abductors to restore their sexual integrity by observing the patriarchal value of premarital virginity. Older women also reproduce patriarchal values by putting pressure on the abducted girls to accept the marriage. Both consensual and nonconsensual bride abductions function within the patriarchal system, one to challenge and the other to perpetuate it.","PeriodicalId":47258,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Anthropological Research","volume":"78 1","pages":"511 - 530"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41792803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Based on an ethnographic study of the Plataforma de Afectados por la Hipoteca (PAH; Platform of People Affected by Mortgages) social movement in Lleida (Spain), this article analyzes the role of activist capital within the movement. Detecting the forms that capital takes among the agents makes it possible to delimit the internal power positions occupied by the participants. Depending on who occupies these positions of power, different internal and external formats and strategies are adopted by the movement, which modifies its trajectory. Thus, depending on this variable, we can determine what position the social movement has occupied in each historical moment in the space of social movements. The article applies the theoretical tools of activist capital and the space of social movements to understand how movements function internally and what power relations are produced between activists, and in this way it analyzes and breaks down the formats that this activist capital adopts.
基于PAH (platform aforma de Afectados por la Hipoteca)的人种志研究在西班牙莱伊达(Lleida)的“受抵押贷款影响的人的平台”社会运动中，本文分析了激进资本在运动中的作用。发现资本在代理人之间的形式，就有可能划定参与者所占据的内部权力位置。根据谁占据了这些权力位置，运动采用了不同的内部和外部形式和策略，从而改变了运动的轨迹。因此，根据这个变量，我们可以确定社会运动在社会运动空间的每个历史时刻所占据的位置。本文运用行动者资本和社会运动空间的理论工具，理解运动如何在内部运作，行动者之间产生了怎样的权力关系，并以此分析和分解这种行动者资本所采用的形式。
{"title":"Relating Activist Capital and Power Relations within Social Movements: Ethnography of Current Social Movements in Lleida (Spain)","authors":"Eduard Ballesté Isern","doi":"10.1086/721977","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/721977","url":null,"abstract":"Based on an ethnographic study of the Plataforma de Afectados por la Hipoteca (PAH; Platform of People Affected by Mortgages) social movement in Lleida (Spain), this article analyzes the role of activist capital within the movement. Detecting the forms that capital takes among the agents makes it possible to delimit the internal power positions occupied by the participants. Depending on who occupies these positions of power, different internal and external formats and strategies are adopted by the movement, which modifies its trajectory. Thus, depending on this variable, we can determine what position the social movement has occupied in each historical moment in the space of social movements. The article applies the theoretical tools of activist capital and the space of social movements to understand how movements function internally and what power relations are produced between activists, and in this way it analyzes and breaks down the formats that this activist capital adopts.","PeriodicalId":47258,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Anthropological Research","volume":"78 1","pages":"459 - 482"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48311766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Language transmission, and language survivance, are bound up with social organization, territoriality, and the movement of people through social space, through marriage, fosterage, or productive economy. Critical among these are the relationships that speakers have to their lands, which vary considerably across regions. Contact among Indigenous languages in the Central Andes and the Western Amazon is often invisible to linguists and anthropologists but it is a living reality, one which will shape the future of the languages, and with it the future of Indigenous South Americans.
{"title":"Mother Tongue, Father Tongue, Place Tongue: Twenty-First-Century Language Transmission and Language Survival in the Andes and Western Amazonia","authors":"Bruce Mannheim","doi":"10.1086/721974","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/721974","url":null,"abstract":"Language transmission, and language survivance, are bound up with social organization, territoriality, and the movement of people through social space, through marriage, fosterage, or productive economy. Critical among these are the relationships that speakers have to their lands, which vary considerably across regions. Contact among Indigenous languages in the Central Andes and the Western Amazon is often invisible to linguists and anthropologists but it is a living reality, one which will shape the future of the languages, and with it the future of Indigenous South Americans.","PeriodicalId":47258,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Anthropological Research","volume":"78 1","pages":"407 - 419"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49545532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
How should we describe and conceptualize the simplest tools imaginable, especially in relation to distinctions between found, minimal, and repurposed objects? Most ethnographic accounts pay little attention to them, and neither does the organization of museums and the anthropological curriculum. Addressing the literature on the theory of tool use, this paper argues why rudimentary objects observed ethnographically, such as used as containers, scrapers, whetstones and strike-a-lights, should not be neglected. The argument is illustrated with reference to data on the Nuaulu people of Seram, eastern Indonesia. The main exception to this neglect has been archaeological, in the context of understanding the earliest possible human tools, and in animal behavior studies where the very idea of tool use is being interrogated. Holistic claims about tools require that we understand the scale and significance of minimal tools both for modern nonindustrial peoples and for ordinary people living and working in industrial societies.
{"title":"Describing and Conceptualizing Minimal Tools in an Ethnographic Setting: Implications for Understanding Technological Systems Holistically","authors":"R. Ellen","doi":"10.1086/721966","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/721966","url":null,"abstract":"How should we describe and conceptualize the simplest tools imaginable, especially in relation to distinctions between found, minimal, and repurposed objects? Most ethnographic accounts pay little attention to them, and neither does the organization of museums and the anthropological curriculum. Addressing the literature on the theory of tool use, this paper argues why rudimentary objects observed ethnographically, such as used as containers, scrapers, whetstones and strike-a-lights, should not be neglected. The argument is illustrated with reference to data on the Nuaulu people of Seram, eastern Indonesia. The main exception to this neglect has been archaeological, in the context of understanding the earliest possible human tools, and in animal behavior studies where the very idea of tool use is being interrogated. Holistic claims about tools require that we understand the scale and significance of minimal tools both for modern nonindustrial peoples and for ordinary people living and working in industrial societies.","PeriodicalId":47258,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Anthropological Research","volume":"78 1","pages":"483 - 510"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44650275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Humans have a deep and complex relationship with microbes. Beyond disease, microbes also profoundly shape human health and behavior through their activity in the microbiome and their diverse roles in food and cuisine. And yet we know very little about the origin, evolution, or ecology of the trillions of microorganisms that call us home. Recent advances in genomic and proteomic technologies are opening up dramatic new opportunities in the field of microbial archaeology, enabling us to investigate the complex and diverse microbial communities that have long inhabited our human bodies and our food systems—both in sickness and in health. From epidemic disease to alcoholic beverages, microbes are the invisible and often overlooked figures that have profoundly shaped human culture and influenced the course of human history. Emerging research on microbes is impacting how we investigate the human past and changing how we understand human and microbial cultures today. Here the developing field of microbial archaeology is discussed, including its current practice and future outlook.
{"title":"An Archaeology of Microbes","authors":"Christina G Warinner","doi":"10.1086/721976","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/721976","url":null,"abstract":"Humans have a deep and complex relationship with microbes. Beyond disease, microbes also profoundly shape human health and behavior through their activity in the microbiome and their diverse roles in food and cuisine. And yet we know very little about the origin, evolution, or ecology of the trillions of microorganisms that call us home. Recent advances in genomic and proteomic technologies are opening up dramatic new opportunities in the field of microbial archaeology, enabling us to investigate the complex and diverse microbial communities that have long inhabited our human bodies and our food systems—both in sickness and in health. From epidemic disease to alcoholic beverages, microbes are the invisible and often overlooked figures that have profoundly shaped human culture and influenced the course of human history. Emerging research on microbes is impacting how we investigate the human past and changing how we understand human and microbial cultures today. Here the developing field of microbial archaeology is discussed, including its current practice and future outlook.","PeriodicalId":47258,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Anthropological Research","volume":"78 1","pages":"420 - 458"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42069589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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