Pub Date : 2023-04-13DOI: 10.1080/00038628.2023.2199705
I. M. Budaiwi, M. Mohammed
In high-occupancy buildings with intermittent and short-occupancy events, occupants and their activities are the primary sources of contaminants, rendering continuous ventilation unnecessary for achieving acceptable indoor air quality (IAQ). Because the recommended ventilation rate constitutes a substantial percentage of the supply air, reducing or discontinuing ventilation during unoccupied periods saves significant energy. This study aims to assess the IAQ of high-occupancy buildings with different ventilation strategies and occupancy schemes to conserve energy using CONTAM (IAQ and ventilation analysis program) and Visual-DOE (energy analysis program). The results show that intermittently operating the ventilation 1 hour before occupancy saves 25% in the auditorium and 33% in the mosque compared to the continuous ventilation strategy. The intermittently operated strategy with ventilation 1 hour before occupancy also revealed an acceptable CO2 level (<1000ppm), while the Formaldehyde (HCHO) levels decreased with increasing ventilation rates, as humans’ contribution to the HCHO concentration indoors was insignificant.
{"title":"Acceptable indoor air quality at reduced energy consumption for high-occupancy buildings with intermittent operation","authors":"I. M. Budaiwi, M. Mohammed","doi":"10.1080/00038628.2023.2199705","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00038628.2023.2199705","url":null,"abstract":"In high-occupancy buildings with intermittent and short-occupancy events, occupants and their activities are the primary sources of contaminants, rendering continuous ventilation unnecessary for achieving acceptable indoor air quality (IAQ). Because the recommended ventilation rate constitutes a substantial percentage of the supply air, reducing or discontinuing ventilation during unoccupied periods saves significant energy. This study aims to assess the IAQ of high-occupancy buildings with different ventilation strategies and occupancy schemes to conserve energy using CONTAM (IAQ and ventilation analysis program) and Visual-DOE (energy analysis program). The results show that intermittently operating the ventilation 1 hour before occupancy saves 25% in the auditorium and 33% in the mosque compared to the continuous ventilation strategy. The intermittently operated strategy with ventilation 1 hour before occupancy also revealed an acceptable CO2 level (<1000ppm), while the Formaldehyde (HCHO) levels decreased with increasing ventilation rates, as humans’ contribution to the HCHO concentration indoors was insignificant.","PeriodicalId":47295,"journal":{"name":"Architectural Science Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46824066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-31DOI: 10.1080/00038628.2023.2193164
A. Doma, M. Ouf
At least 65% of existing residential buildings will still be in use by 2050, thus retrofitting existing buildings is critical to reducing energy consumption. However, prioritizing building retrofits typically requires a thorough evaluation of their thermal performance, which can be cost-prohibitive, especially on a large scale. To this end, this study presents a data-driven framework to target buildings for retrofits using smart thermostat data. To validate the framework, it was applied to 60,000 homes across North America using four years of real-time measurements. First, grey-box modelling approaches were used to estimate the thermal time constant for each home. Homes were then clustered according to their estimated values and for each cluster, the priority of retrofit was ranked. Finally, a classification model was developed to predict the priority of retrofit. Using a large sample size, the results can be used to prioritize buildings for retrofits when limited information is available. HIGHLIGHTS Thermostat data from over 60,000 houses were used to estimate their thermal performance. Two grey-box methods to estimate a building's thermal time constant (RC value) were compared. The estimated time constant values were used to cluster houses based on thermal performance. A classification model was developed to prioritize retrofits for each house based on its attributes.
{"title":"Data-driven approach to prioritize residential buildings’ retrofits in cold climates using smart thermostat data","authors":"A. Doma, M. Ouf","doi":"10.1080/00038628.2023.2193164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00038628.2023.2193164","url":null,"abstract":"At least 65% of existing residential buildings will still be in use by 2050, thus retrofitting existing buildings is critical to reducing energy consumption. However, prioritizing building retrofits typically requires a thorough evaluation of their thermal performance, which can be cost-prohibitive, especially on a large scale. To this end, this study presents a data-driven framework to target buildings for retrofits using smart thermostat data. To validate the framework, it was applied to 60,000 homes across North America using four years of real-time measurements. First, grey-box modelling approaches were used to estimate the thermal time constant for each home. Homes were then clustered according to their estimated values and for each cluster, the priority of retrofit was ranked. Finally, a classification model was developed to predict the priority of retrofit. Using a large sample size, the results can be used to prioritize buildings for retrofits when limited information is available. HIGHLIGHTS Thermostat data from over 60,000 houses were used to estimate their thermal performance. Two grey-box methods to estimate a building's thermal time constant (RC value) were compared. The estimated time constant values were used to cluster houses based on thermal performance. A classification model was developed to prioritize retrofits for each house based on its attributes.","PeriodicalId":47295,"journal":{"name":"Architectural Science Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45143894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-28DOI: 10.1080/00038628.2023.2193167
Bibhu Kalyan Nayak, S. K. Sansaniwal, Jyotirmay Mathur, T. Chandra, V. Garg, Rajat Gupta
In developing economies, residential energy consumption patterns have rapidly transformed with better energy access and service quality. Unlike other building types, residential buildings are more complex due to wide variations in their consumption patterns influenced by various factors. Researchers have characterised residential building stock based on distinct building archetypes. This paper presents a comprehensive review of relevant published research focusing on the classification of residential buildings based on their energy consumption. This review also focuses on residential archetype studies in the context of building science. The methodologies adopted by different researchers to characterise the energy use of residential building stock using an archetypal approach at different spatial scales (building to city scale and local to national scale) have been critically reviewed in this study. The paper will provide the researchers with a holistic understanding of the current directions and magnitude of ongoing research in this domain.
{"title":"A review of residential building archetypes and their applications to study building energy consumption","authors":"Bibhu Kalyan Nayak, S. K. Sansaniwal, Jyotirmay Mathur, T. Chandra, V. Garg, Rajat Gupta","doi":"10.1080/00038628.2023.2193167","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00038628.2023.2193167","url":null,"abstract":"In developing economies, residential energy consumption patterns have rapidly transformed with better energy access and service quality. Unlike other building types, residential buildings are more complex due to wide variations in their consumption patterns influenced by various factors. Researchers have characterised residential building stock based on distinct building archetypes. This paper presents a comprehensive review of relevant published research focusing on the classification of residential buildings based on their energy consumption. This review also focuses on residential archetype studies in the context of building science. The methodologies adopted by different researchers to characterise the energy use of residential building stock using an archetypal approach at different spatial scales (building to city scale and local to national scale) have been critically reviewed in this study. The paper will provide the researchers with a holistic understanding of the current directions and magnitude of ongoing research in this domain.","PeriodicalId":47295,"journal":{"name":"Architectural Science Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48788822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-24DOI: 10.1080/00038628.2023.2192192
Huiying Zhang, Zheming Liu
The indoor thermal environment impacts people’s health, while it can be adjusted by natural ventilation. However, studies on the effects of winter natural ventilation on the thermal environment in severe cold regions are minimal. Through field measurements in university dormitories in winter in Shenyang, China, this study explored, under the central heating mode, the thermal environment differences in different orientations of the dormitory and its different indoor positions under natural ventilation and the influence of window opening area and duration on the thermal environment. The results show that under winter natural ventilation, the air temperature, mean radiation temperature, and adaptive predicted mean vote (APMV) of dormitories facing different orientations were mainly affected by the direct solar radiation reception. When the ventilation duration reached 15mins, with the ratio of window opening area to a ground area of 0.05, 0.11, and 0.16, the APMV decreased by about 0.35, 0.5, and 1, respectively.
{"title":"Influence of winter natural ventilation on thermal environment of university dormitories under central heating mode in severe cold regions of China","authors":"Huiying Zhang, Zheming Liu","doi":"10.1080/00038628.2023.2192192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00038628.2023.2192192","url":null,"abstract":"The indoor thermal environment impacts people’s health, while it can be adjusted by natural ventilation. However, studies on the effects of winter natural ventilation on the thermal environment in severe cold regions are minimal. Through field measurements in university dormitories in winter in Shenyang, China, this study explored, under the central heating mode, the thermal environment differences in different orientations of the dormitory and its different indoor positions under natural ventilation and the influence of window opening area and duration on the thermal environment. The results show that under winter natural ventilation, the air temperature, mean radiation temperature, and adaptive predicted mean vote (APMV) of dormitories facing different orientations were mainly affected by the direct solar radiation reception. When the ventilation duration reached 15mins, with the ratio of window opening area to a ground area of 0.05, 0.11, and 0.16, the APMV decreased by about 0.35, 0.5, and 1, respectively.","PeriodicalId":47295,"journal":{"name":"Architectural Science Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46698116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-02DOI: 10.1080/00038628.2023.2182269
Gülnur Ballice, Ç. Çetin, Eda Paykoç Özçelik, Zeynep Tuna Ultav
As two of the most stressful professions, doctors and nurses work intensively in direct contact with patients. However, there has been little research into their perception of and satisfaction with healthcare interiors. To fill this gap in the literature, this study evaluated the working, resting, and dining spaces of healthcare staff in terms of control. Specifically, privacy, boundary and territory, and environmental control were analyzed in four state hospitals as case studies. Following a literature review, observations, semi-structured interviews, and surveys were conducted with doctors and nurses from the four hospitals in 2017. The findings showed that controlling privacy, boundaries, and environmental control elements like natural and artificial lighting, noise and odour were important for the participants. This indicates a need to ensure privacy and boundaries more effectively through separate spaces and furniture while noise and odour should also be given more attention.
{"title":"Control in healthcare interiors: the staff’s perspective","authors":"Gülnur Ballice, Ç. Çetin, Eda Paykoç Özçelik, Zeynep Tuna Ultav","doi":"10.1080/00038628.2023.2182269","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00038628.2023.2182269","url":null,"abstract":"As two of the most stressful professions, doctors and nurses work intensively in direct contact with patients. However, there has been little research into their perception of and satisfaction with healthcare interiors. To fill this gap in the literature, this study evaluated the working, resting, and dining spaces of healthcare staff in terms of control. Specifically, privacy, boundary and territory, and environmental control were analyzed in four state hospitals as case studies. Following a literature review, observations, semi-structured interviews, and surveys were conducted with doctors and nurses from the four hospitals in 2017. The findings showed that controlling privacy, boundaries, and environmental control elements like natural and artificial lighting, noise and odour were important for the participants. This indicates a need to ensure privacy and boundaries more effectively through separate spaces and furniture while noise and odour should also be given more attention.","PeriodicalId":47295,"journal":{"name":"Architectural Science Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49221028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-28DOI: 10.1080/00038628.2023.2182271
Beste Fakıoğlu Gedik, B. Ay
Optimizing the building core is a fundamental goal in tall building design The area dedicated to elevators, which are among the most area-consuming elements in the core, might be considerably reduced with recent technological advancements. This study investigates the trade-offs of core reduction resulting from the elevator footprint decrease in supertall buildings since the core usually serves as a significant member of the structural system. An analytical model with an outriggered frame system representative of supertall office buildings is generated, and then a second model is reproduced by reducing its core. Structurally modified reduced core models satisfying lateral drift limits are produced and evaluated in terms of architectural, economic, and environmental aspects. The results showed that a gain in the leasable area is possible but at the expense of higher cumulative embodied carbon and material consumption. These outcomes provide a comprehensive perspective for structural design considerations, particularly core optimization for tall buildings with outriggers.
{"title":"The impact of service core reduction in supertall buildings: a study on structural design, embodied carbon, and leasable floor area","authors":"Beste Fakıoğlu Gedik, B. Ay","doi":"10.1080/00038628.2023.2182271","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00038628.2023.2182271","url":null,"abstract":"Optimizing the building core is a fundamental goal in tall building design The area dedicated to elevators, which are among the most area-consuming elements in the core, might be considerably reduced with recent technological advancements. This study investigates the trade-offs of core reduction resulting from the elevator footprint decrease in supertall buildings since the core usually serves as a significant member of the structural system. An analytical model with an outriggered frame system representative of supertall office buildings is generated, and then a second model is reproduced by reducing its core. Structurally modified reduced core models satisfying lateral drift limits are produced and evaluated in terms of architectural, economic, and environmental aspects. The results showed that a gain in the leasable area is possible but at the expense of higher cumulative embodied carbon and material consumption. These outcomes provide a comprehensive perspective for structural design considerations, particularly core optimization for tall buildings with outriggers.","PeriodicalId":47295,"journal":{"name":"Architectural Science Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46155697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-10DOI: 10.1080/00038628.2023.2174067
M. Pourebrahimi, Amir Reza Karimi Azeri, Mojtaba Pour Ahmadi
The paper seeks to outline a framework to prioritize existing buildings for adaptive reuse. Twenty-nine schools were selected and investigated to determine their priority for adaptive reuse. By evaluating obsolescence and calculating the useful life of the buildings, their potential for reuse was identified using Adaptive Reuse Potential (ARP) model. According to the reuse potential and best time for reuse intervention, these projects were prioritized. By determining the most important obsolescence types and setting priorities among them according to their impact on reducing the buildings’ useful life, different strategies to mitigate/avoid each obsolescence have been discussed. The results show that functional, technological and physical obsolescence are the most important types of obsolescence respectively. Also, according to the results the average effective useful life of all case studies is 54%. Therefore, with the persistenceof the current conditions, only about half of the expected life of the cases will be utilized.
{"title":"A decision-making framework to prioritize existing buildings for adaptive reuse with a case study of school buildings in Guilan, Iran","authors":"M. Pourebrahimi, Amir Reza Karimi Azeri, Mojtaba Pour Ahmadi","doi":"10.1080/00038628.2023.2174067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00038628.2023.2174067","url":null,"abstract":"The paper seeks to outline a framework to prioritize existing buildings for adaptive reuse. Twenty-nine schools were selected and investigated to determine their priority for adaptive reuse. By evaluating obsolescence and calculating the useful life of the buildings, their potential for reuse was identified using Adaptive Reuse Potential (ARP) model. According to the reuse potential and best time for reuse intervention, these projects were prioritized. By determining the most important obsolescence types and setting priorities among them according to their impact on reducing the buildings’ useful life, different strategies to mitigate/avoid each obsolescence have been discussed. The results show that functional, technological and physical obsolescence are the most important types of obsolescence respectively. Also, according to the results the average effective useful life of all case studies is 54%. Therefore, with the persistenceof the current conditions, only about half of the expected life of the cases will be utilized.","PeriodicalId":47295,"journal":{"name":"Architectural Science Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41750581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-06DOI: 10.1080/00038628.2023.2174066
A. Aly, M. Thomas
This paper experimentally investigates how parapets with varying heights can alter the flow pattern around a large aspect-ratio low-sloped gable roof building. We examine the benefits and challenges of existing methods and utilize an open-jet wind test section, to accurately simulate real-world atmospheric boundary layer conditions. A model of a low-rise building was fitted with solid parapets of varying heights and tested in a comparative study to understand their impact on roof pressures. The study compares the standard approach to the experimental results and suggests improvements to wind zones and pressure coefficients. The parapet of fourteen percent of the building height is the most efficient at reducing mean, peak, and area-averaged wind loads compared to other sizes. However, the standard provisions underestimate roof pressures for components and cladding design.
{"title":"Wind induced pressures on a large low-sloped gable roof building with parapet","authors":"A. Aly, M. Thomas","doi":"10.1080/00038628.2023.2174066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00038628.2023.2174066","url":null,"abstract":"This paper experimentally investigates how parapets with varying heights can alter the flow pattern around a large aspect-ratio low-sloped gable roof building. We examine the benefits and challenges of existing methods and utilize an open-jet wind test section, to accurately simulate real-world atmospheric boundary layer conditions. A model of a low-rise building was fitted with solid parapets of varying heights and tested in a comparative study to understand their impact on roof pressures. The study compares the standard approach to the experimental results and suggests improvements to wind zones and pressure coefficients. The parapet of fourteen percent of the building height is the most efficient at reducing mean, peak, and area-averaged wind loads compared to other sizes. However, the standard provisions underestimate roof pressures for components and cladding design.","PeriodicalId":47295,"journal":{"name":"Architectural Science Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41767401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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