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Facilitating Greater Understanding of Trauma-Informed Care in Applied Behavior Analysis: An Introduction to the Special Issue. 促进更深入地了解应用行为分析中的创伤知情护理:特刊简介。
IF 2.1 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL Pub Date : 2024-09-20 eCollection Date: 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.1007/s40617-024-00988-0
Jennifer L Austin, Adithyan Rajaraman, Lauren Beaulieu

Trauma-informed care (TIC) refers to the guiding principles that inform how organizations or individuals arrange services with respect to acknowledging both the prevalence and impact of trauma. Given the elevated risks of trauma in the populations with which many behavior analysts work, clarifying why, how, and if TIC should be incorporated into behavior analytic work seems prudent. Although the core commitments of TIC are inherently aligned with ethical and effective applied behavior analytic practice, there are few exemplars of how TIC can be intentionally incorporated into behavioral assessment and treatment. This special issue is intended to begin to fill that gap, as well as to promote further discussion of the benefits and limitations of TIC in ABA. In this introduction, we review both the prevalence and potential outcomes of trauma, as well as attempting to dispel misconceptions about TIC that appear common among the behavior analytic community. We highlight how the articles in the special issue are important in developing an evidence base for TIC in ABA, as well as suggesting areas for future research.

创伤知情护理(TIC)是指指导组织或个人如何安排服务的原则,即承认创伤的普遍性和影响。鉴于许多行为分析师所服务的人群中心理创伤的风险较高,澄清为什么、如何以及是否应将 TIC 纳入行为分析工作似乎是明智之举。虽然 TIC 的核心承诺本质上与道德和有效的应用行为分析实践相一致,但如何将 TIC 有意识地融入行为评估和治疗中,却鲜有范例。本特刊旨在填补这一空白,并促进对 TIC 在 ABA 中的益处和局限性的进一步讨论。在这篇导言中,我们回顾了创伤的普遍性和潜在后果,并试图消除行为分析界对 TIC 的误解。我们强调了本特刊中的文章在为 ABA 中的 TIC 建立证据基础方面的重要性,并提出了未来研究的领域。
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引用次数: 0
The Effectiveness of Khan Academy in Teaching Elementary Math 可汗学院在小学数学教学中的有效性
IF 2.2 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL Pub Date : 2024-09-18 DOI: 10.1007/s40617-024-00982-6
Poonam A. Patil, Jessica F. Juanico

Evaluating online educational platforms requires studying the design, development, and implementation of the learning environment as well as the learning materials, learners, and learning process to facilitate improvements in teaching and skill acquisition. The accelerated growth of online educational tools has prompted a need for systematic evaluation of online educational platforms. Khan Academy has experienced immense popularity and is used by students worldwide. However, little research has been conducted on the effects of Khan Academy at the individual level. Thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of Khan Academy in teaching elementary math to three participants using objective methods. Participants completed worksheets prior to and following Khan Academy to determine its effectiveness in teaching targeted math skills. Results indicated that Khan Academy was effective for all three participants. Thus, Khan Academy may be an effective tool for acquisition of elementary math.

评估在线教育平台需要研究学习环境的设计、开发和实施,以及学习材料、学习者和学习过程,以促进教学和技能学习的改进。在线教育工具的加速发展促使人们需要对在线教育平台进行系统评估。可汗学院(Khan Academy)广受欢迎,世界各地的学生都在使用。然而,对可汗学院在个人层面上的效果却鲜有研究。因此,本研究的目的是采用客观方法,评估可汗学院在向三名参与者教授小学数学方面的效果。学员们在学习可汗学院之前和之后都填写了工作表,以确定可汗学院在教授目标数学技能方面的效果。结果表明,可汗学院对所有三名学员都很有效。因此,可汗学院可能是学习小学数学的有效工具。
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引用次数: 0
Procedural Integrity in Applied Settings: A Survey of Training, Practices, and Barriers 应用环境中的程序完整性:培训、实践和障碍调查
IF 2.2 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL Pub Date : 2024-09-17 DOI: 10.1007/s40617-024-00974-6
Candice L. Colón, Abigail L. Blackman, Santino LoVullo

Although applied behavior analysis (ABA) practice guidelines exist (Behavior Analyst Certification Board® [BACB®], 2020; Council of Autism Service Providers [CASP], 2020), research has shown that barriers to their implementation can be present in everyday clinical practice across a variety of areas (e.g., Blackman et al., 2023; DiGennaro Reed et al., 2015; Oliver et al., 2015; Roscoe et al., 2015; Sellers et al., 2019). To date there are no published studies that have assessed the status of procedural-integrity training, practices, and barriers experienced by Board Certified Behavior Analysts® (BCBAs®) providing ABA services. Therefore, the purpose of the current study was to determine the extent to which BCBAs engaged in the procedural-integrity monitoring process and what barriers they encounter in clinical practice. To gather this information, we surveyed BCBA practitioners. The findings reveal that BCBAs often observe providers implementing clinical services and provide feedback; however, they reported that a lack of training, time, and established systems, along with competing contingencies were barriers to engaging in data related procedural-integrity responsibilites (data collection, tracking, and analysis). Based on these findings, implications for BCBA training and support in addition to potential solutions and future research directions are discussed.

尽管已有应用行为分析(ABA)实践指南(行为分析师认证委员会® [BACB®],2020 年;自闭症服务提供者理事会 [CASP],2020 年),但研究表明,在不同领域的日常临床实践中,可能存在实施指南的障碍(例如,Blackman 等人,2023 年;DiGennaro Reed 等人,2015 年;Oliver 等人,2015 年;Roscoe 等人,2015 年;Sellers 等人,2019 年)。迄今为止,还没有公开发表的研究对程序完整性培训的现状、实践以及提供 ABA 服务的注册行为分析师 (BCBA®) 所遇到的障碍进行评估。因此,本研究的目的是确定行为分析师参与程序完整性监控过程的程度,以及他们在临床实践中遇到的障碍。为了收集这些信息,我们对心理咨询从业人员进行了调查。调查结果显示,心理咨询师经常观察医疗服务提供者实施临床服务的情况,并提供反馈意见;然而,他们报告说,缺乏培训、时间和既有系统,再加上相互竞争的突发事件,这些都是他们参与数据相关的程序完整性责任(数据收集、跟踪和分析)的障碍。基于这些发现,除了潜在的解决方案和未来的研究方向外,我们还讨论了对巴塞尔公约心理咨询师培训和支持的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Introducing "In Their Own Words" Special Series. 介绍 "用他们自己的话说 "特别系列。
IF 2.1 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL Pub Date : 2024-09-13 eCollection Date: 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.1007/s40617-024-00993-3
Stephanie M Peterson
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引用次数: 0
Parent- Guided Communication Training with Neurotypical Toddlers of Three Latin American Families 针对三个拉美家庭神经异常学步儿童的家长指导式沟通培训
IF 2.2 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL Pub Date : 2024-09-03 DOI: 10.1007/s40617-024-00983-5
Natasha Raghunauth-Zaman, Joshua Jessel, Veronica Chou

Many toddlers are likely to exhibit challenging behavior that caregivers may find stressful or difficult to manage. However, intensive behavioral intervention addressing challenging behavior may be costly and unnecessary if the parents can be taught how to assess and treat everyday challenging behavior in a practical manner. We conducted this study with caregiver implementers of five neurotypical toddlers who exhibited some level of challenging behavior. In addition, the caregivers and the families all identified as Latin Americans. The functional analyses identified a context in need of treatment in around 15 min and the treatment taught the toddlers increasingly complex communication responses that eliminated challenging behavior. In addition, caregivers completed a social validity questionnaire supporting the practical use of the assessment and treatment procedures in their home setting. We discuss the importance of these findings in terms of culturally relevant care.

许多学步儿童可能会表现出挑战性行为,这让看护人感到压力或难以管理。然而,如果能教会家长如何以实用的方式评估和处理日常挑战行为,那么针对挑战行为的强化行为干预可能既昂贵又不必要。我们对五名神经畸形幼儿的看护者进行了这项研究,这些幼儿都表现出一定程度的挑战行为。此外,这些照顾者和家庭都被认定为拉丁美洲人。功能分析在大约 15 分钟内确定了需要治疗的情境,治疗教会了幼儿越来越复杂的交流反应,从而消除了挑战行为。此外,照顾者还填写了一份社会有效性问卷,支持在家庭环境中实际使用评估和治疗程序。我们讨论了这些研究结果在文化相关护理方面的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
Barriers to Careers in Behavior Analysis among Hispanic and Latinx Undergraduate Students: A Preliminary Analysis 西班牙裔和拉丁裔本科生从事行为分析职业的障碍:初步分析
IF 2.2 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL Pub Date : 2024-09-03 DOI: 10.1007/s40617-024-00981-7
Nathalie Fernandez, Tracy Argueta, Iser G. DeLeon, Paige Talhelm, Yanerys Leon, Nicole Gravina, Janelle K. Bacotti

Hispanic/Latiné individuals are not well-represented among master's and doctoral level board certified behavior analysts despite being well-represented at certificant levels with fewer educational requirements (i.e., registered behavior technicians and board certified assistant behavior analysts). To increase Hispanic/Latiné representation among master's and doctoral level behavior analysts, the field must first identify barriers that may be preventing individuals from this population from pursuing careers in behavior analysis. We surveyed undergraduate students who were currently enrolled in or had previously completed at least one behavior analytic course about their experiences with sociocultural barriers (e.g., lack of mentorship, white-centered pedagogy) previously suggested in the literature. Results indicated that, relative to white students, mentorship and diverse classroom examples are more likely to increase Hispanic/Latiné students’ plans to pursue behavior analysis. Implications and future directions for creating supportive environments for Hispanic/Latiné students are discussed.

尽管在教育要求较低的认证级别(即注册行为技术员和委员会认证的助理行为分析师)中,西班牙裔/拉丁裔人士的比例较高,但在硕士和博士级别的委员会认证行为分析师中,西班牙裔/拉丁裔人士的比例并不高。为了提高西班牙裔/拉丁裔在硕士和博士级别行为分析师中的代表性,该领域必须首先找出可能阻碍该人群从事行为分析职业的障碍。我们对目前正在学习或以前至少完成过一门行为分析课程的本科生进行了调查,了解他们在文献中提到的社会文化障碍(如缺乏导师指导、以白人为中心的教学法)方面的经历。结果表明,与白人学生相比,导师指导和多样化的课堂范例更有可能增加西班牙裔/拉丁裔学生学习行为分析的计划。本文讨论了为西班牙裔/拉丁裔学生创造支持性环境的意义和未来方向。
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引用次数: 0
Using Programmed Schedules of Reinforcement to Increase the Variability of Reinforcer Delivery in Classroom Assistant-Implemented Variable-Ratio Schedules 在课堂助教实施的可变比例计划中,使用程序化强化计划来增加强化剂发放的可变性
IF 2.2 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL Pub Date : 2024-08-26 DOI: 10.1007/s40617-024-00963-9
Stacy Lauderdale Littin, Robert W. Isenhower, Kimberly N. Sloman, Erica Dashow

Variable-ratio (VR) schedules of reinforcement can lead to steady response rates and make behavior less resistant to extinction but can be difficult to implement with fidelity. Utilizing a concurrent multiple baseline design across participants, we sought to determine how classroom assistant (CA) delivery of VR schedules followed mean and variability requirements and evaluated the effects of programmed schedules of reinforcement on the implementation of VR schedules. Results suggest that the use of programmed schedules of reinforcement led CAs to increase the variability of reinforcer delivery and remain closer to the desired mean. Programmed schedules of reinforcement increase the variability in classroom assistant-implemented VR schedules. Programmed schedules of reinforcement assist classroom assistants in remaining close to the intended mean of the VR schedule. Programmed schedules of reinforcement are cost-effective and easy to provide for classroom assistants in the classroom. The descriptive statistic range can be used to characterize the variability of reinforcement schedules.

可变比率(VR)强化计划能带来稳定的反应率,并使行为对消退的抵抗力降低,但很难忠实地实施。通过对参与者进行多基线同时设计,我们试图确定课堂助理(CA)如何按照平均值和变异性要求执行 VR 计划,并评估程序化强化计划对执行 VR 计划的影响。结果表明,使用程序化强化计划表可使 CA 增加强化物传递的变异性,并更接近所需的平均值。程序化强化表增加了课堂助理实施自愿回归表的可变性。程序化强化表有助于课堂助理保持接近自愿回归表的预期平均值。程序化强化表具有成本效益,易于在课堂上提供给课堂助理。描述性统计量程可用于描述强化计划的变异性。
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引用次数: 0
Ogden R. Lindsley: I Followed the Idea of the Missoula Smokejumpers 奥格登-R-林斯利:我追随米苏拉跳烟火队的理念
IF 2.2 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL Pub Date : 2024-08-20 DOI: 10.1007/s40617-024-00987-1
William L. Heward, John W. Eshleman, Jonathan W. Kimball

In 1990, Ogden R. Lindsley served as guest faculty for Ohio State University’s Teleconference on applied behavior analysis. He captivated students and faculty with tales of his personal journey from experiences during World War II to studying under B. F. Skinner, and his development of precision teaching (PT) to preserve rate of response measurement in educational applications. Derived from an audio cassette recording of that seminar session, this article captures highlights of those stories and Dr. Lindsley’s discussion of topics ranging from his opinion of the open classroom movement to critiques of Sesame Street and errorless learning.

1990 年,奥格登-R-林斯利担任俄亥俄州立大学应用行为分析远程会议的客座教师。他讲述了自己从二战期间的经历到师从 B. F. 斯金纳(B. F. Skinner)的个人历程,以及在教育应用中开发精确教学(PT)以保持反应测量率的故事,深深吸引了学生和教师。本文摘录自该研讨会的录音带,记录了这些故事的精彩片段,以及林斯里博士对开放课堂运动的看法、对芝麻街和无差错学习的批评等话题的讨论。
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引用次数: 0
Assessment of the Social Validity of Physical Restraint in Behavioral Interventions for Autism with Brazilian Professionals 与巴西专业人员一起评估自闭症行为干预中物理约束的社会有效性
IF 2.2 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL Pub Date : 2024-08-19 DOI: 10.1007/s40617-024-00978-2
Rafael Augusto Silva, Juliana Lobato, Beatriz dos Santos Nascimento, Victoria Melo Alves Veduatto, Rafael Diego Modenesi

The use of physical restraint (PR) in behavioral interventions to ensure safety in response to severe aggressive behaviors in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a controversial subject. Its use should be planned and limited to behavioral emergencies, carried out by trained and supervised professionals. The present study evaluated the social validity of PR in the treatment of ASD with professionals from a Brazilian organization that follows the best practices for safety and implementation of PR, replicating the study by Luiselli et al. (2015). The results show that, overall, participants assessed this procedure as acceptable, effective, and safe, and they agree that it should only be used when all deescalation procedures fail and exclusively to ensure safety. Factors that may influence participants' evaluations are discussed, such as access to information, the need for use, supervision, training, and previous professional experience implementing PR, highlighting the importance of conducting further studies that evaluate the social validity of PR use with different populations.

在自闭症谱系障碍 (ASD) 严重攻击行为的行为干预中使用物理约束 (PR) 以确保安全是一个有争议的话题。物理约束的使用应该是有计划的,并且仅限于行为紧急情况,由受过培训和监督的专业人员执行。本研究评估了 PR 在自闭症谱系障碍治疗中的社会有效性,研究对象是来自巴西一家机构的专业人员,该机构遵循 PR 安全和实施的最佳实践,并复制了 Luiselli 等人(2015 年)的研究。结果显示,总体而言,参与者对该程序的评价是可接受的、有效的和安全的,他们同意只有在所有降级程序都失败时才应使用该程序,而且只能用于确保安全。研究还讨论了可能影响参与者评价的因素,如信息获取、使用需求、监督、培训和之前实施 PR 的专业经验,这突出了开展进一步研究的重要性,这些研究将评估 PR 在不同人群中使用的社会有效性。
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引用次数: 0
On the Use and Benefits of Electronic Data Collection Systems: A Tutorial on Countee 电子数据收集系统的使用和益处:计数器教程
IF 2.2 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL Pub Date : 2024-08-06 DOI: 10.1007/s40617-024-00964-8
Crystal M. Slanzi, Jonathan K. Fernand

Objectivity in behavior measurement is a defining feature of behavior analysis. With the increased accessibility of technology, there has been an increase in electronic data collection methods, which carry several advantages, such as ease of data transformation and transfer from electronic outputs (e.g., Microsoft Excel files). Countee is an electronic data collection application that has been named in over 30 articles in behavior-analytic journals. It is available for free on both iOS- and Android-based smartphones in multiple countries. The application allows for the programming of both frequency and duration keys, which can be used to derive additional measures. Despite its use in behavior analytic research and practice, a tutorial has not yet been published on the application. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to outline its features, provide instructions on its use, data transformations and calculations, and describe its benefits to ease replication and disseminate its use.

行为测量的客观性是行为分析的一个显著特点。随着技术的日益普及,电子数据收集方法也越来越多,这些方法有很多优点,例如便于数据转换和从电子输出(如 Microsoft Excel 文件)中传输。Countee 是一款电子数据收集应用程序,已在 30 多篇行为分析期刊论文中使用。它可在多个国家的 iOS 和 Android 智能手机上免费使用。该应用程序允许对频率和持续时间键进行编程,从而得出额外的测量结果。尽管该应用程序在行为分析研究和实践中得到了广泛应用,但尚未出版过相关教程。因此,本文旨在概述其特点,提供使用说明、数据转换和计算方法,并介绍其优点,以便于复制和推广使用。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Behavior Analysis in Practice
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