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Foundations of Preemptive Compassion: A Behavioral Concept Analysis of Compulsion, Consent, and Assent 先发同情的基础:强迫、同意和同意的行为概念分析
IF 2.2 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL Pub Date : 2023-12-15 DOI: 10.1007/s40617-023-00890-1
Anna M. Linnehan, Awab Abdel-Jalil, Sheila Klick, Jonathan Amey, Richele Yeich, Kyle Hetzel

The recent changes to the Behavior Analysis Certification Board Ethics Code for Behavior Analysts along with the calls to action for compassionate care have highlighted the need for a reevaluation of behavior research and clinical programs. We propose a behavior analytic definition of compassion where the relieving or prevention of distress is the reinforcer for the professional. One way of minimizing distress may be to require that assent be provided by a participant in an intervention. The definition of assent typically includes reference to willingness to participate in an intervention or activity. We provide a framework that goes beyond simple willingness to participate and distinguishes between apparent/implicit coercion and genuine assent by considering the alternatives described as degrees of freedom available to the participant. We distinguish between compulsion/explicit coercion, consent, and assent. Additionally, we will differentiate genuine consent and assent from apparent consent and assent in the design of compassionate behavioral programs.

最近,行为分析认证委员会对《行为分析师职业道德规范》进行了修改,并呼吁人们采取行动,提供富有同情心的关怀,这凸显了对行为研究和临床项目进行重新评估的必要性。我们提出了 "同情 "的行为分析定义,即缓解或预防痛苦是专业人员的强化因素。最小化痛苦的方法之一可能是要求参与者在干预中表示同意。同意的定义通常包括参与干预或活动的意愿。我们提供了一个框架,它超越了简单的参与意愿,通过考虑作为参与者可用自由度的备选方案,将明显/隐含的强迫与真正的同意区分开来。我们将强迫/明示强迫、同意和同意区分开来。此外,在设计同情行为计划时,我们还将区分真正的同意和默许与表面的同意和默许。
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引用次数: 0
The Need for Greater Training in Consultation for Behavior Analysts 加强行为分析师咨询培训的必要性
IF 2.2 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL Pub Date : 2023-12-08 DOI: 10.1007/s40617-023-00872-3
Angela Mann, L. Michelle Grimes, Erin Leichman

Behavior analysts can be found in a variety of settings including homes, schools, hospitals, workplaces, residential group homes, nursing homes, and universities (Association for Professional Behavior Analysts [APBA], 2019). As the field expands, behavior analysts find themselves performing a variety of tasks outside of traditional service delivery. A role of significant importance is that of the consultant. This article examines the status of training for behavior analysts. Our work finds that relatively few (11% of board certified behavior analyst programs and 3% of board certified associate behavior analyst programs) verified course sequences (VCSs) in behavior analysis include courses devoted specifically to consultation. Compared to other allied professions, there appears to be a disconnect between training and practice, especially when considering that behavior analysts are increasingly engaged in indirect service delivery through consultees. Finally, we discuss the benefits of consultation and why further devotion to and consistent requirements for training in consultation are needed. Several models of consultation appropriate for training behavior analysts are suggested, as well as information regarding how we might examine the effectiveness of consultation training.

行为分析师的工作环境多种多样,包括家庭、学校、医院、工作场所、寄宿团体之家、养老院和大学(专业行为分析师协会 [APBA],2019 年)。随着这一领域的扩展,行为分析师发现自己在传统的服务提供之外还承担着各种任务。其中一个非常重要的角色就是顾问。本文探讨了行为分析师的培训现状。我们的研究发现,相对较少(11% 的委员会认证行为分析师项目和 3% 的委员会认证准行为分析师项目)的行为分析验证课程序列(VCSs)包含专门的咨询课程。与其他相关专业相比,培训与实践之间似乎存在脱节,尤其是考虑到行为分析师越来越多地通过咨询者间接提供服务。最后,我们讨论了咨询的益处,以及为什么需要进一步致力于咨询培训并对培训提出一致的要求。我们还提出了几种适合行为分析师培训的咨询模式,以及如何检验咨询培训效果的相关信息。
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引用次数: 0
Compassion: The Eighth Dimension of Applied Behavior Analysis 同情心:应用行为分析的第八个维度
IF 2.2 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL Pub Date : 2023-12-07 DOI: 10.1007/s40617-023-00888-9
Ashley M. Penney, Katherine J. Bateman, Yev Veverka, Adriana Luna, Ilene S. Schwartz

Applied behavior analysis (ABA) is rooted in the conviction that behavior change can lead to improved quality of life. The goal of ABA has always been to help our consumers achieve outcomes and milestones that are important to them and improve their lives in ways that they choose. For more than half a century, this approach has proven successful. But we are now hearing increasing concerns about problematic application of behavioral principles, suggesting that as our field has grown, we may have lost sight of client-centered interventions and outcomes. In this article, we propose a reconceptualization of the practice of ABA, adding compassion to the current dimensions that have represented our field since 1968. Adding compassion as a definitional dimension of ABA will help behavior analysts find their way back to implementing interventions in a responsive, collaborative, and humble manner that includes working with our consumers and our critics, and listening to perspectives that can help us improve our practice.

应用行为分析(ABA)植根于这样一个信念:行为改变可以提高生活质量。应用行为分析的目标始终是帮助我们的消费者实现对他们来说重要的成果和里程碑,并以他们自己选择的方式改善生活。半个多世纪以来,事实证明这种方法是成功的。但是,我们现在听到越来越多关于行为原则应用问题的担忧,这表明随着我们领域的发展,我们可能已经忽略了以客户为中心的干预和结果。在这篇文章中,我们建议重新认识 ABA 的实践,在自 1968 年以来一直代表我们领域的现有维度中加入同情心。将 "同情 "作为 ABA 的一个定义维度,将有助于行为分析师重新找到以积极响应、协作和谦逊的方式实施干预的方法,包括与我们的消费者和批评者合作,倾听有助于我们改进实践的观点。
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引用次数: 0
The State of Teaching Philosophy in Behavior Analysis Training Programs 行为分析培训项目的教学理念现状
IF 2.2 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL Pub Date : 2023-12-07 DOI: 10.1007/s40617-023-00889-8
Bethany P. Contreras, Matthew Lewon, Caitlyn Peal, Nicholas L. Vitale

Professional organizations that oversee the accreditation of graduate training programs in behavior analysis have increased didactic training requirements for programs in various domains across the years. One of the areas in which this has occurred concerns training in philosophy within behavior science. Although content-hour requirements for didactic philosophical training have increased, the contents of this training are not prescribed and are left to the discretion of individual programs. We conducted a survey of verified course sequence programs to assess the current state of training in philosophy in behavior analysis graduate training programs. The results provided a list of common topics and readings in philosophy courses, and indicated an emphasis on radical behaviorism and the works of B. F. Skinner. The list of topics and readings obtained provides a resource for course design, and we suggest that exposing students to a broader range of behavioristic and nonbehavioristic topics and readings may enhance students’ orientation to philosophical issues in behavior analysis.

多年来,负责监督行为分析研究生培训项目认证的专业组织提高了对不同领域项目的教学培训要求。其中一个领域涉及行为科学中的哲学培训。虽然哲学说教培训的学时要求有所提高,但培训内容并没有规定,而是由各个项目自行决定。我们对经过验证的课程序列项目进行了调查,以评估行为分析研究生培训项目中哲学培训的现状。调查结果提供了一份哲学课程中常见主题和读物的清单,并显示了对激进行为主义和 B. F. Skinner 作品的重视。我们建议,让学生接触更广泛的行为主义和非行为主义主题和读物,可以提高学生对行为分析哲学问题的认识。
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引用次数: 0
An Organizational Model for Increasing Access to the Scholarly Literature 增加学术文献获取的组织模式
IF 2.2 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.1007/s40617-023-00887-w
Amber L. Valentino, Jessica F. Juanico, Ashley M. Fuhrman, Aakshan Kaur Lidhar

Incorporating literature into practice can help behavior analysts provide better services and achieve better outcomes. In addition, behavior analysts have an ethical obligation to remain current with the scholarly literature and to use it to inform services. Despite the merits of maintaining regular contact with the published literature, barriers exist to doing so. In this tutorial, we present a system that was created for a human service agency to increase practitioner access to the scholarly literature. The system consisted of an electronic search request form, a literature team, and a liaison. We present 7 years of data including the frequency of use, topics of interest, and other noteworthy patterns of submitter responding. We discuss the value of this type of system, limitations of its design, and considerations for practitioners who may wish to implement a similar system in their agency. We discuss modifications that could be made to fit organizations of diverse sizes and with different resources, while presenting ideas for improvement and expansion of the system.

将文献与实践相结合可以帮助行为分析师提供更好的服务并取得更好的结果。此外,行为分析师在道德上有义务与学术文献保持同步,并利用它来为服务提供信息。尽管与已发表的文献保持定期联系是有好处的,但这样做存在障碍。在本教程中,我们介绍了一个为人类服务机构创建的系统,以增加从业者对学术文献的访问。该系统由一个电子搜索请求表、一个文献小组和一个联络员组成。我们提供了7年的数据,包括使用频率、感兴趣的主题和其他值得注意的提交者响应模式。我们讨论了这种类型的系统的价值,其设计的局限性,以及可能希望在其机构中实施类似系统的从业人员的考虑。我们讨论了可以做出的修改,以适应不同规模和不同资源的组织,同时提出了改进和扩展系统的想法。
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引用次数: 0
Collaborative Practices of Behavior Analysts in School Settings: Evidence from the Field 行为分析师在学校环境中的合作实践:来自实地的证据
IF 2.2 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL Pub Date : 2023-11-30 DOI: 10.1007/s40617-023-00883-0
Cheryl Light-Shriner, Dani Pizzella, James B. Schreiber, Charis L. Wahman

Based on the most recent Ethics Code for Behavior Analysts Behavior Analyst Certification Board, (2020), board certified behavior analysts (BCBAs) are required to engage in collaborative practices with other related service professionals. However, the extent to which BCBAs are trained in collaborative practices and have opportunities to implement such practices is unknown. We examined training experiences in collaborative practice, and the frequency of collaborative practices for behavior analysts who have been associated with school environments. Using latent class analysis (LCA), three profile models emerged within our results that describe the frequency of collaborative practices. Participating BCBAs reported little to no training in collaborative practices. It should be noted that BCBAs employed by public school districts report engaging in high-level collaborative practices. Future research is needed to determine the quality of training in collaborative practices for behavior analysts and ways to support implementation efforts in accordance with the Ethics Code.

根据最新的行为分析师道德准则行为分析师认证委员会(2020年),委员会认证的行为分析师(bcba)需要与其他相关服务专业人员进行协作实践。然而,bcba在协作实践中接受培训的程度以及有机会实施这种实践的程度是未知的。我们检查了合作实践的培训经验,以及与学校环境相关的行为分析师的合作实践的频率。使用潜在类分析(LCA),在我们的结果中出现了三个描述协作实践频率的轮廓模型。参与的bcba报告说,在协作实践方面几乎没有培训。应该指出的是,公立学区雇用的bcba报告参与了高水平的合作实践。未来的研究需要确定行为分析师协作实践培训的质量,以及根据道德准则支持实施工作的方法。
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引用次数: 0
Self-Control Training: A Scoping Review 自我控制训练:范围审查
IF 2.2 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL Pub Date : 2023-11-30 DOI: 10.1007/s40617-023-00885-y
Kacey R. Finch, Rebecca L. Chalmé, Kathryn M. Kestner, Brianna G. Sarno

We conducted a scoping review of the behavior analytic self-control training (SCT) literature. To identify included articles, we searched key terms in six databases for articles published between 1988 and 2021. We included empirical articles that used a behavioral approach to self-control training with human participants for whom increasing self-control choice was a clinically significant goal and measured self-control and impulsive choice as dependent variables. Twenty-five experiments from 24 articles with a total of 79 participants were included in the review. This review aims to summarize the characteristics of SCT procedures and outcomes, provide recommendations for future research directions, and offer practical suggestions to clinicians incorporating SCT into practice. We examined similarities across studies regarding the independent variables manipulated in SCT, dependent variables measured, metrics of successful interventions, and assessment of generalization and maintenance of self-control choice. Twenty-one experiments arranged concurrent self-control- and impulsive-choice options with positive reinforcement, and four experiments arranged self-control training with negative-reinforcement contingencies. Variations of SCT included progressively increasing delays, intervening activities, signaled delays, antecedent rules, and commitment responses. Providing an intervening activity during the delay was largely successful at increasing self-control choice. Maintenance and generalization of increased self-control choice were assessed in two and three experiments, respectively. Future research should focus on improving the generality of SCT procedures in clinical settings by increasing terminal delays, fading out intervening activities, including probabilistic outcomes, and combining appetitive and aversive outcomes.

我们对行为分析自我控制训练(SCT)的文献进行了范围综述。为了确定纳入的文章,我们在六个数据库中搜索了1988年至2021年间发表的文章的关键术语。我们收录了一些实证文章,这些文章采用行为方法对人类参与者进行自我控制训练,对这些参与者来说,增加自我控制选择是一个具有临床意义的目标,并测量了自我控制和冲动选择作为因变量。本综述纳入了24篇文章的25个实验,共79名受试者。本文旨在总结SCT的操作和结果特点,对未来的研究方向提出建议,并为临床医生将SCT应用于临床提供实用建议。我们检查了SCT中操纵的自变量、测量的因变量、成功干预的度量以及自我控制选择的泛化和维持评估的相似性。21个实验设置了正强化的自我控制和冲动选择并行选项,4个实验设置了负强化随因的自我控制训练。SCT的变化包括逐渐增加的延迟、干预活动、信号延迟、先行规则和承诺反应。在延迟期间提供干预活动在很大程度上成功地增加了自我控制选择。在两个和三个实验中分别评估了增加的自我控制选择的维持和泛化。未来的研究应侧重于通过增加终末延迟、消除干预活动(包括概率结果)以及将食欲和厌恶结果结合起来,提高SCT手术在临床环境中的普遍性。
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引用次数: 0
Using Behavioral Economics to Inform Behavior Analyst Regulation Fees in Ontario 使用行为经济学通知安大略省的行为分析师监管费用
IF 2.2 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL Pub Date : 2023-11-29 DOI: 10.1007/s40617-023-00886-x
Albert Malkin, Karl F. Gunnarsson, Kendra Thomson, Promise O. Tewogbola, Eric A. Jacobs

This study applied behavioral economic methods to assess the effects of regulatory cost on demand for the opportunity to practice behavior analysis in Ontario using a hypothetical purchase task. The provincial government of Ontario recently passed legislation to expand the psychology regulatory body to include behavior analysts. Professional regulation has been a key longstanding priority for many professionals in the province and the Ontario Association for Behaviour Analysis (ONTABA, 2021) alike. This is an important step in public protection policy, the professionalization of the practice of applied behavior analysis (ABA), and standards of practice in the province. This study aimed to inform part of the process using an operant demand framework because fees are required to operate regulatory bodies, which implies that professionals interested in becoming regulated health professionals must pay initial and ongoing fees. Demand was analyzed using the exponentiated model of demand. Participants included 60 practitioners, who indicated they were board certified behavior analysts and Ontario residents. The findings indicated that participants’ mean Pmax value (the price at which consumption becomes elastic) was $624.65 at the aggregate level. These results may indicate Ontario behavior analysts’ perceptions of the acceptability of varying costs associated with regulation. Further, the study demonstrates the applied utility of behavioral economic methods to assess demand for commodities within behavior analysis.

本研究运用行为经济学的方法来评估监管成本对安大略省的机会需求的影响,并使用假设的购买任务来实践行为分析。安大略省政府最近通过立法,扩大心理监管机构,将行为分析师纳入其中。专业监管一直是安大略省和安大略省行为分析协会(ONTABA, 2021)的许多专业人士长期关注的重点。这是公共保护政策、应用行为分析(ABA)实践专业化和该省实践标准的重要一步。本研究旨在利用可操作性需求框架为部分流程提供信息,因为运营监管机构需要收费,这意味着有兴趣成为受监管的卫生专业人员的专业人员必须支付初始和持续的费用。采用需求指数模型对需求进行了分析。参与者包括60名从业人员,他们表示他们是董事会认证的行为分析师和安大略省居民。研究结果表明,参与者的平均Pmax值(消费变得有弹性的价格)在总水平上为624.65美元。这些结果可能表明安大略省行为分析师对与监管相关的各种成本的可接受性的看法。此外,该研究证明了行为经济学方法在行为分析中评估商品需求的应用效用。
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引用次数: 0
Public Policy, Legislation, and Licensure in Nevada: Lessons Learned 内华达州的公共政策、立法和执照:经验教训
IF 2.2 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL Pub Date : 2023-11-29 DOI: 10.1007/s40617-023-00884-z
Brighid Fronapfel, Ken MacAleese, Nina McCartney, Molly Halligan, Diana Wilson

In recent decades, behavior analysts have become involved in public policy and legislative efforts to protect the practice of the profession at state and national levels, as well as to support and protect the consumers of behavior analytic services. In the state of Nevada, these efforts have been ongoing since the introduction and passage of Nevada Assembly Bill (NAB) 162, establishing insurance coverage for autism spectrum disorder, in 2009. As a result, legislation establishing the regulation of the profession of behavior analysis was passed and subsequently amended over multiple legislative sessions. This article discusses various lessons learned throughout the ongoing licensing and regulatory process in Nevada, with hope of providing a resource for behavior analysts that are involved in public policy.

近几十年来,行为分析师已经参与到公共政策和立法工作中,以保护州和国家层面的职业实践,以及支持和保护行为分析服务的消费者。在内华达州,自2009年引入并通过内华达州议会法案(NAB) 162以来,这些努力一直在进行,该法案为自闭症谱系障碍建立了保险范围。因此,通过了对行为分析专业进行监管的立法,随后又经过多次立法会议进行了修订。本文讨论了内华达州正在进行的许可和监管过程中吸取的各种经验教训,希望为参与公共政策的行为分析人员提供参考。
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引用次数: 0
The Long and Winding Road to Professional Regulation in Ontario Canada 加拿大安大略省通往专业监管的漫长曲折之路
IF 2.2 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL Pub Date : 2023-11-28 DOI: 10.1007/s40617-023-00880-3
Kendra Thomson, Rosemary Condillac, Kim Trudeau-Craig, Louis Busch, Julie Koudys, Evangelo Boutsis, Joan Broto

This article describes the long and winding road to regulation of behavior analysts in Ontario, Canada over the past 25 years. It is written from the perspective of some of the many volunteers of the professional association (Ontario Association for Behaviour Analysis) who have contributed to this goal. The information has been corroborated by historical records and publicly available information. The need for public protection and oversight of behavior analysis was noted in our field more than 50 years ago and continues to be relevant. With changes to international certification and concerns raised by some constituents about ABA practices, many jurisdictions continue to seek support for regulatory oversight. The goal of this article is to inspire behavior analysts in other jurisdictions to advocate for protection of the public and for recognition and oversight of the profession through policy reform. To this end, we have documented our collective efforts and experiences and suggested strategies that worked in our context that may generalize to other jurisdictions. In the end, efforts to promote ethical, effective, and socially valid ABA services will advance our field and enhance the benefits for those we support.

本文描述了过去25年来加拿大安大略省对行为分析师进行监管的漫长而曲折的道路。它是从专业协会(安大略省行为分析协会)的一些志愿者的角度写的,他们为这一目标做出了贡献。这些资料已得到历史记录和公开资料的证实。公众保护和监督行为分析的必要性在50多年前就在我们的领域中被注意到,并且仍然具有相关性。随着国际认证的变化和一些成员对美国律师协会实践的关注,许多司法管辖区继续寻求监管监督的支持。本文的目标是激励其他司法管辖区的行为分析师通过政策改革倡导对公众的保护以及对该职业的认可和监督。为此,我们记录了我们的集体努力和经验,并提出了适用于我们的策略,这些策略可以推广到其他司法管辖区。最后,努力促进道德,有效和社会有效的ABA服务将推进我们的领域,并为我们所支持的人增加利益。
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引用次数: 0
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Behavior Analysis in Practice
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