Pub Date : 2023-05-01DOI: 10.1017/S0020743823000764
A. Gorman
{"title":"The Greeks and the Making of Modern Egypt Alexander Kitroeff (Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press, 2019). Pp. 256. £39.95 cloth. ISBN: 9789774168581","authors":"A. Gorman","doi":"10.1017/S0020743823000764","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020743823000764","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47340,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Middle East Studies","volume":"55 1","pages":"394 - 396"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47654842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-01DOI: 10.1017/s0020743823000892
Ana Vinea
{"title":"Possessed or Insane? Diagnostic Puzzles in Contemporary Egypt – ERRATUM","authors":"Ana Vinea","doi":"10.1017/s0020743823000892","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0020743823000892","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47340,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Middle East Studies","volume":"55 1","pages":"417 - 417"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47029511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-01DOI: 10.1017/S002074382300082X
Michael Brill
On August 31, 2020, a US military plane returned the archive of the Baʿth Party Regional Command, more commonly known as the Baʿth Party Archive, to Iraq from California, where it had been held by Stanford University's Hoover Institution Library and Archives since 2008. A leftover issue from the 2003 Iraq War, it had been static as a policy matter for years, but appeared on the agenda of the US–Iraq Strategic Dialogue in summer 2020. Mustafa al-Kadhimi's emergence as the compromise choice for prime minister by Iraq's competing factions that May facilitated this development. Kadhimi, a journalist and human rights activist by background, was one of the cofounders with Kanan Makiya of the Iraq Memory Foundation (IMF), a nongovernmental organization that followed in the wake of the US-led invasion in 2003 as a US Department of Defense contractor. The origins of this relationship dated to the aftermath of the 1990–91 Gulf War. Shortly after arriving in Iraq in 2003, and responding to the rumor that looters were headed toward the mausoleum and museum of Baʿth Party founder Michel ʿAflaq, Kadhimi and Makiya by chance discovered the Baʿth Party Archive underneath the structure, which was adjacent to the Baʿth Party's headquarters in Baghdad.
{"title":"The Archives of Saddam Hussein's Baʿth Party and the Politics of Remembering and Forgetting the Baʿthist Era in Iraq","authors":"Michael Brill","doi":"10.1017/S002074382300082X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S002074382300082X","url":null,"abstract":"On August 31, 2020, a US military plane returned the archive of the Baʿth Party Regional Command, more commonly known as the Baʿth Party Archive, to Iraq from California, where it had been held by Stanford University's Hoover Institution Library and Archives since 2008. A leftover issue from the 2003 Iraq War, it had been static as a policy matter for years, but appeared on the agenda of the US–Iraq Strategic Dialogue in summer 2020. Mustafa al-Kadhimi's emergence as the compromise choice for prime minister by Iraq's competing factions that May facilitated this development. Kadhimi, a journalist and human rights activist by background, was one of the cofounders with Kanan Makiya of the Iraq Memory Foundation (IMF), a nongovernmental organization that followed in the wake of the US-led invasion in 2003 as a US Department of Defense contractor. The origins of this relationship dated to the aftermath of the 1990–91 Gulf War. Shortly after arriving in Iraq in 2003, and responding to the rumor that looters were headed toward the mausoleum and museum of Baʿth Party founder Michel ʿAflaq, Kadhimi and Makiya by chance discovered the Baʿth Party Archive underneath the structure, which was adjacent to the Baʿth Party's headquarters in Baghdad.","PeriodicalId":47340,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Middle East Studies","volume":"55 1","pages":"336 - 343"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48973436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-01DOI: 10.1017/S0020743823000636
A. Ansari
{"title":"Hidden Liberalism: Burdened Visions of Progress in Modern Iran Hussein Banai (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2021). Pp. 230. $99.99 cloth, $44.99 paper. ISBN: 9781108817509","authors":"A. Ansari","doi":"10.1017/S0020743823000636","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020743823000636","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47340,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Middle East Studies","volume":"55 1","pages":"401 - 403"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42574505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-01DOI: 10.1017/S0020743823000831
A. Rohde, E. Woertz
The history of modern Iraq has been marked by violence, oppression, and foreign interventions to a degree that stands out even among other war-torn countries. On the occasion of the 20th anniversary of the US-led invasion of Iraq, many retrospectives were still dominated by a US-centric navel gazing of the chattering classes inside the beltway, but more Iraqi voices and alternative viewpoints were present in op-eds and articles than a decade earlier. In this spirit this roundtable section reflects on recent Iraqi history and contemporary developments with an eye toward memory politics in the context of transforming governance mechanisms and evolving civil society actors. It builds on a conference held at the German Institute for Global and Area Studies (GIGA) in Hamburg in March 2023 and portrays emerging avenues for research as well as new perspectives on long running debates.
{"title":"The Past is Never Dead. It's Not Even Past: History and Memory in Iraq Studies","authors":"A. Rohde, E. Woertz","doi":"10.1017/S0020743823000831","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020743823000831","url":null,"abstract":"The history of modern Iraq has been marked by violence, oppression, and foreign interventions to a degree that stands out even among other war-torn countries. On the occasion of the 20th anniversary of the US-led invasion of Iraq, many retrospectives were still dominated by a US-centric navel gazing of the chattering classes inside the beltway, but more Iraqi voices and alternative viewpoints were present in op-eds and articles than a decade earlier. In this spirit this roundtable section reflects on recent Iraqi history and contemporary developments with an eye toward memory politics in the context of transforming governance mechanisms and evolving civil society actors. It builds on a conference held at the German Institute for Global and Area Studies (GIGA) in Hamburg in March 2023 and portrays emerging avenues for research as well as new perspectives on long running debates.","PeriodicalId":47340,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Middle East Studies","volume":"55 1","pages":"321 - 327"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43892994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-01DOI: 10.1017/s0020743823000995
{"title":"MES volume 55 issue 2 Cover and Front matter","authors":"","doi":"10.1017/s0020743823000995","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0020743823000995","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47340,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Middle East Studies","volume":"55 1","pages":"f1 - f2"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41454271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-01DOI: 10.1017/S0020743823000582
Sophie Frankford
{"title":"Media of the Masses: Cassette Culture in Modern Egypt Andrew Simon (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2022). Pp. 304. $90.00 cloth, $30.00 paper. ISBN: 9781503631441","authors":"Sophie Frankford","doi":"10.1017/S0020743823000582","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020743823000582","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47340,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Middle East Studies","volume":"55 1","pages":"397 - 399"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46099475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-01DOI: 10.1017/s0020743823000107
Luke Treadwell, J. Bacharach
One of the legacies of Patricia Crone was the creation of the series Makers of the Muslim World, published by Oneworld Academic. Thanks to the work of Khaled El-Rouayheb and Sabine Schmidtke, the series continues, with over forty volumes published so far. A major attraction of the series is the breadth of coverage, from well-known individuals such as Abd al-Malik b. Marwan to lesser-known ones such as Nazira Zeineddine. In each case, the editors seek an appropriate, highly qualified scholar to write the volume. The author of this biography of Ahmad ibn Tulun, Matthew S. Gordon, established his scholarly reputation with his mastery of the complex history of the relations between the Abbasid caliphs and their Turkish troops in the 9th century CE in his book The Breaking of a Thousand Swords: A History of the Turkish Military of Samarra (A.H. 200–275/815–889 C.E.) (Albany, NY: SUNY Press, 2001). Gordon’s current title, Ahmad ibn Tulun: Governor of Abbasid Egypt, 868–884, is a political history of one of the most important figures to come to prominence after the “decade of anarchy” (c. 866–74) in Samarra had triggered the dissolution of the unitary caliphal state and heralded the rise of regional powers throughout the Islamic world. Ahmad b. Tulun, the son of an Uighur slave soldier who served in Muʿtasim’s new model army, was raised in Samarra and spent time as a pious mujtahid in Tarsus before being dispatched by his Turkish patron to govern Egypt in 868 A.D. In the first years of his governorship, Ibn Tulun established himself as the power in the land: he brought an end to the recurring rural revolts against tax abuses, seized control of the fiscal apparatus, recruited a huge army that he deployed internally and in Syria, and boosted the Egyptian economy. He eventually made a name for himself as a ruthlessly successful ruler who managed to hand over the reins of power to his son before his death. Gordon’s aim is to explain the contradictions of his tenure as governor. Although committed to maintaining the Abbasid order, he nevertheless recalibrated the relationship between governor and caliph to achieve his goal of establishing and maintaining the right to run his own affairs as the first de facto autonomous ruler of Egypt of the caliphal era. As the first “Samarran Turk” to defy the centripetal pull of the capital and stake out a claim in the provinces, his career offers a comparative lens through which to view the other regional powers that emerged after caliphal authority had entered a period of steep decline. The book begins with a helpful introduction which sets out its themes clearly, followed by two chapters that cover the details of Ibn Tulun’s early life as well as the chronology of his governorship. The heavy burden of names and dates is lightened by Gordon’s concise style and apposite choice of illustrative anecdotes. The next two chapters offer a thematic approach, first, to the practicalities of governing Egypt in the second half of t
帕特丽夏·克罗内的遗产之一是创建了由一家世界学术出版的《穆斯林世界的制造者》系列丛书。多亏了Khaled El-Rouayheb和Sabine Schmidtke的努力，这个系列还在继续，到目前为止已经出版了四十多册。该系列的一个主要吸引人之处是报道的广度，从Abd al-Malik b. Marwan等知名人物到Nazira Zeineddine等不太知名的人物。在每一种情况下，编辑都要找一个合适的、高素质的学者来写这本书。这本艾哈迈德·伊本·图伦传记的作者马修·s·戈登(Matthew S. Gordon)在他的著作《千剑断》(公元200-275/815-889年)中掌握了公元9世纪阿拔斯王朝哈里发与土耳其军队之间复杂的历史关系，从而奠定了他的学术声誉。戈登现在的头衔，艾哈迈德·伊本·图伦:阿巴斯埃及总督，868-884，是萨迈拉“无政府状态十年”(约866-74)之后最重要的政治人物之一，引发了统一的哈里发国家的解体，预示着整个伊斯兰世界地区大国的崛起。艾哈迈德·b·图伦是一名维吾尔族奴隶士兵的儿子，他曾在穆塔西姆的新模范军队中服役。他在萨迈拉长大，在公元868年被他的土耳其庇护者派往统治埃及之前，他在塔尔苏斯做了一段时间的虔诚的圣战者。他结束了反复出现的反对税收滥用的农村起义，控制了财政机构，招募了一支庞大的军队，部署在国内和叙利亚，并促进了埃及的经济。他最终以冷酷无情的成功统治者而闻名，并在去世前将权力交给了他的儿子。戈登的目的是解释他担任州长期间的矛盾之处。尽管他致力于维护阿拔斯王朝的秩序，但他还是重新调整了总督和哈里发之间的关系，以实现他作为哈里发时代埃及第一个事实上的自治统治者建立和维护自己事务的权利的目标。作为第一个不顾首都向心力的吸引力，在各省建立主权的“撒马尔罕土耳其人”，他的职业生涯提供了一个比较的视角，通过这个视角，我们可以看到哈里发政权进入急剧衰落时期后出现的其他地区大国。这本书以一个有用的介绍开始，它清楚地阐述了它的主题，然后是两章，涵盖了伊本·图伦的早期生活的细节，以及他的执政年表。戈登简洁的风格和恰当的轶事说明减轻了名字和日期的沉重负担。接下来的两章提供了一个主题方法，首先，在9世纪下半叶管理埃及的实用性(与阿巴斯政府的关系，家庭和家庭，军队和警察，经济和行政);第二，公共表现在图尼德首都的政治经济中的作用(al-Qata，城市建筑，游行和
{"title":"Ahmad ibn Tulun: Governor of Abbasid Egypt, 868–884. Matthew S. Gordon. Makers of the Muslim World series (London: Oneworld Academic, 2021). Pp. 159. $30.00 cloth. ISBN: 9781851688098","authors":"Luke Treadwell, J. Bacharach","doi":"10.1017/s0020743823000107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0020743823000107","url":null,"abstract":"One of the legacies of Patricia Crone was the creation of the series Makers of the Muslim World, published by Oneworld Academic. Thanks to the work of Khaled El-Rouayheb and Sabine Schmidtke, the series continues, with over forty volumes published so far. A major attraction of the series is the breadth of coverage, from well-known individuals such as Abd al-Malik b. Marwan to lesser-known ones such as Nazira Zeineddine. In each case, the editors seek an appropriate, highly qualified scholar to write the volume. The author of this biography of Ahmad ibn Tulun, Matthew S. Gordon, established his scholarly reputation with his mastery of the complex history of the relations between the Abbasid caliphs and their Turkish troops in the 9th century CE in his book The Breaking of a Thousand Swords: A History of the Turkish Military of Samarra (A.H. 200–275/815–889 C.E.) (Albany, NY: SUNY Press, 2001). Gordon’s current title, Ahmad ibn Tulun: Governor of Abbasid Egypt, 868–884, is a political history of one of the most important figures to come to prominence after the “decade of anarchy” (c. 866–74) in Samarra had triggered the dissolution of the unitary caliphal state and heralded the rise of regional powers throughout the Islamic world. Ahmad b. Tulun, the son of an Uighur slave soldier who served in Muʿtasim’s new model army, was raised in Samarra and spent time as a pious mujtahid in Tarsus before being dispatched by his Turkish patron to govern Egypt in 868 A.D. In the first years of his governorship, Ibn Tulun established himself as the power in the land: he brought an end to the recurring rural revolts against tax abuses, seized control of the fiscal apparatus, recruited a huge army that he deployed internally and in Syria, and boosted the Egyptian economy. He eventually made a name for himself as a ruthlessly successful ruler who managed to hand over the reins of power to his son before his death. Gordon’s aim is to explain the contradictions of his tenure as governor. Although committed to maintaining the Abbasid order, he nevertheless recalibrated the relationship between governor and caliph to achieve his goal of establishing and maintaining the right to run his own affairs as the first de facto autonomous ruler of Egypt of the caliphal era. As the first “Samarran Turk” to defy the centripetal pull of the capital and stake out a claim in the provinces, his career offers a comparative lens through which to view the other regional powers that emerged after caliphal authority had entered a period of steep decline. The book begins with a helpful introduction which sets out its themes clearly, followed by two chapters that cover the details of Ibn Tulun’s early life as well as the chronology of his governorship. The heavy burden of names and dates is lightened by Gordon’s concise style and apposite choice of illustrative anecdotes. The next two chapters offer a thematic approach, first, to the practicalities of governing Egypt in the second half of t","PeriodicalId":47340,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Middle East Studies","volume":"55 1","pages":"386 - 387"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44592560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-01DOI: 10.1017/S0020743823000661
Ifdal Elsaket
Abstract In this article, I use the 1969 Egyptian film Abi fawq al-Shagara and the motif of the kiss as a launch pad to explore broader cinematic experiences and cultures in 1960s Egypt and beyond. I argue that the deployment and debates around screen kisses not only represented wider conflicting and shifting impulses around questions of audience tastes, sexuality, and the role of the cinema, but became central motifs through which audiences experienced the movies. Inspired by a historical approach to the study of cinema, one in which media texts and audiences are central, this article shifts the gaze away from the screen to consider the public lens through which films were appreciated, the broader global media landscape in which they existed, and the tensions between audiences and critics. I bring popular magazines, audience reactions and memories, and wider international cultural trends into the frames of analysis not only to nuance our understanding of Egyptian cinematic cultures, but to shed light on an often-neglected component of Egyptian history of the 1960s; the fun, the pleasures, and the anxieties of a quickly changing cultural and leisure landscape, and the wider cultural mood that helped shape a generation's experiences of the cinema.
{"title":"Counting Kisses at the Movies: The Screen Kiss and the Cinematic Experience in Egypt","authors":"Ifdal Elsaket","doi":"10.1017/S0020743823000661","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020743823000661","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In this article, I use the 1969 Egyptian film Abi fawq al-Shagara and the motif of the kiss as a launch pad to explore broader cinematic experiences and cultures in 1960s Egypt and beyond. I argue that the deployment and debates around screen kisses not only represented wider conflicting and shifting impulses around questions of audience tastes, sexuality, and the role of the cinema, but became central motifs through which audiences experienced the movies. Inspired by a historical approach to the study of cinema, one in which media texts and audiences are central, this article shifts the gaze away from the screen to consider the public lens through which films were appreciated, the broader global media landscape in which they existed, and the tensions between audiences and critics. I bring popular magazines, audience reactions and memories, and wider international cultural trends into the frames of analysis not only to nuance our understanding of Egyptian cinematic cultures, but to shed light on an often-neglected component of Egyptian history of the 1960s; the fun, the pleasures, and the anxieties of a quickly changing cultural and leisure landscape, and the wider cultural mood that helped shape a generation's experiences of the cinema.","PeriodicalId":47340,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Middle East Studies","volume":"55 1","pages":"211 - 237"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46857009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-01DOI: 10.1017/S0020743823000806
Balsam Mustafa
Iraqi women's struggle for equal rights has been shaped by similar circumstances and factors in both past and present. Since the founding of the Iraqi nation–state, ruling elites have repeatedly traded women's rights for building alliances with tribal and religious conservative forces in the interest of sustaining power. There was some progress in the areas of personal status and family law as well as women's access to education and the labor market throughout the years from the revolution of 1958 to the 1980s. Women's status declined dramatically during the 1990s due to intermittent wars, economic sanctions, repressive policies of the Baʿthist regime, and eroding state structures. Similar developments are notable since the toppling of that regime in 2003 at the hands of a US-led invasion. The selling rhetoric of liberating Iraqi women was quickly debunked when women's rights were de-prioritized and sacrificed for the sake of maintaining order and security, giving way for tribal and Islamist powers to control and discipline women. Iraqi women have been grappling with a new reality marked by a lack of security, an ethno-sectarian muḥāṣaṣa (quota-based) system, conflict, terrorist groups and militias, rampant corruption, the fragile rule of law, and the erosion of Iraqi institutions. All of these have allowed for the (re)emergence of different forms of patriarchies and masculinities, compounded by the empowerment of tribal and religious authorities, contributing to an increase in various forms of gender-based violence.
{"title":"Post-Tishreen Online Feminism: Continuity, Rupture, Departure","authors":"Balsam Mustafa","doi":"10.1017/S0020743823000806","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020743823000806","url":null,"abstract":"Iraqi women's struggle for equal rights has been shaped by similar circumstances and factors in both past and present. Since the founding of the Iraqi nation–state, ruling elites have repeatedly traded women's rights for building alliances with tribal and religious conservative forces in the interest of sustaining power. There was some progress in the areas of personal status and family law as well as women's access to education and the labor market throughout the years from the revolution of 1958 to the 1980s. Women's status declined dramatically during the 1990s due to intermittent wars, economic sanctions, repressive policies of the Baʿthist regime, and eroding state structures. Similar developments are notable since the toppling of that regime in 2003 at the hands of a US-led invasion. The selling rhetoric of liberating Iraqi women was quickly debunked when women's rights were de-prioritized and sacrificed for the sake of maintaining order and security, giving way for tribal and Islamist powers to control and discipline women. Iraqi women have been grappling with a new reality marked by a lack of security, an ethno-sectarian muḥāṣaṣa (quota-based) system, conflict, terrorist groups and militias, rampant corruption, the fragile rule of law, and the erosion of Iraqi institutions. All of these have allowed for the (re)emergence of different forms of patriarchies and masculinities, compounded by the empowerment of tribal and religious authorities, contributing to an increase in various forms of gender-based violence.","PeriodicalId":47340,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Middle East Studies","volume":"55 1","pages":"328 - 335"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46282167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：