Journal of Black Studies最新文献

英文中文

Oxalate Nephropathy and the Mechanism of Oxalate-Induced Kidney Injury. 草酸盐肾病和草酸盐诱发肾损伤的机制。

IF 3.7 4区社会学 Q3 ETHNIC STUDIES

Journal of Black Studies

Pub Date : 2023-07-27 eCollection Date: 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.1159/000533295

Daorina Bao, Yu Wang, Ming-Hui Zhao

Background: Hyperoxaluria is a major cause of oxalate nephropathy, which can lead to impaired renal function presenting as acute kidney injury, acute on chronic kidney disease, or chronic kidney disease. The Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort study showed that higher urinary oxalate is associated with renal outcome in patients with chronic kidney disease, supporting the nephrotoxicity of oxalate. Therefore, a better understanding of the role of oxalate in kidney injury is needed. This review describes the metabolism of oxalate and the clinical and pathology presentation of oxalate nephropathy. It also summarizes the available evidence for the underlying pathogenic mechanism and the development of treatments for oxalate-induced kidney injury.

Summary: Disruption to any key step in the oxalate pathway including abnormal endogenous generation, ingestion of abnormally high dose of oxalate, increased absorption or attenuation of oxalate degradation in the gut, and reduced excretion through the kidney may lead to disrupted oxalate homeostasis. Oxalate nephropathy is mainly caused by hyperoxaluria. Oxalate crystal deposition in the kidney is usually accompanied with tubular toxicity, obstruction, interstitial fibrosis, and tubular atrophy. The mechanism of oxalate-induced renal injury has not been fully clarified. Evidence from both in vivo and in vitro studies shows that NLRP3 inflammasome activation and macrophage infiltration are involved in the processes of crystal adhesion, aggregation, and elimination and promote intrarenal inflammation and renal fibrosis. Novel treatment strategies have been developed and targeted therapies tested for oxalate nephropathy.

Key messages: Prompt diagnosis and management may help to reduce the deposition of calcium oxalate crystals in the kidney. Further studies are needed to clarify the underlying mechanisms to help develop more targeted therapies for oxalate nephropathy.

背景：高草酸尿症是草酸盐肾病的主要病因，可导致肾功能受损，表现为急性肾损伤、急性慢性肾病或慢性肾病。慢性肾功能不全队列研究表明，尿草酸盐的升高与慢性肾病患者的肾功能预后有关，支持了草酸盐的肾毒性。因此，需要更好地了解草酸盐在肾损伤中的作用。本综述介绍了草酸盐的代谢以及草酸盐肾病的临床和病理表现。摘要：草酸盐途径中任何关键步骤的破坏，包括异常的内源性生成、摄入异常高剂量的草酸盐、吸收增加或肠道中草酸盐降解的减弱，以及通过肾脏排泄的减少，都可能导致草酸盐稳态的破坏。草酸盐肾病主要由高草酸尿症引起。草酸盐晶体在肾脏沉积通常伴有肾小管毒性、阻塞、间质纤维化和肾小管萎缩。草酸盐诱发肾损伤的机制尚未完全阐明。体内和体外研究的证据表明，NLRP3 炎性体的激活和巨噬细胞的浸润参与了晶体的粘附、聚集和消除过程，并促进了肾内炎症和肾脏纤维化。目前已针对草酸盐肾病制定了新的治疗策略，并对靶向疗法进行了测试：关键信息：及时诊断和治疗有助于减少草酸钙晶体在肾脏的沉积。需要开展进一步研究，以阐明其潜在机制，从而帮助开发更多针对草酸盐肾病的疗法。

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引用次数: 0

Nnamdi Azikiwe Center: Historicizing the Immortalization of Zik’s Lodge in Nigeria—the Journey, the Project, and Tourism Potentials Nnamdi Azikiwe中心:尼日利亚Zik小屋的不朽历史——旅程、项目和旅游潜力

IF 1.1 4区社会学 Q3 ETHNIC STUDIES

Journal of Black Studies

Pub Date : 2023-07-19 DOI: 10.1177/00219347231184236

M. Onyejegbu, Ogbonna Onyebuchi Okemini, ThankGod Chukwuemeka Ikenegbu, Jeff Unaegbu, Chikodiri Onyegiri

This paper examined the recent immortalization project of Hon. Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe at Enugu. Historicizing his achievements and legacies, the paper studied the roles he played in ensuring that independent Africa is attained and why he continues to be remembered even after his death. The research method is qualitative and descriptive. Secondary data such as newspapers, books, journals and online materials are used to enrich the work. The result shows that the inauguration of the Nnamdi Azikiwe Centre and other previous projects that immortalized him were as a result of his outstanding and selfless services to Africa and Nigeria in particular. The paper discovered that the new Nnamdi Azikiwe Centre was his renovated residential lodge which richly embodies his political history and career years, thoughts, ideology, and philosophy. The findings of this research will help government officials, historians, tourists, and students in making decisions on good governance, consulting material in education, and tourism development.

本文考察了埃努古的Nnamdi Azikiwe博士最近的不朽项目。本文将他的成就和遗产历史化，研究了他在确保非洲独立方面所发挥的作用，以及为什么他在死后仍然被人们记住。研究方法是定性和描述性的。二手资料，如报纸、书籍、期刊和网上资料被用来丰富工作。结果表明，恩纳姆迪·阿齐基维中心的落成以及使他不朽的其他先前项目都是他对非洲，特别是尼日利亚作出杰出和无私服务的结果。本文发现，新的Nnamdi Azikiwe中心是他改造的住宅，丰富地体现了他的政治历史和职业生涯，思想，意识形态和哲学。这项研究的结果将有助于政府官员、历史学家、游客和学生就良好治理、咨询教育材料和旅游业发展做出决策。

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引用次数: 0

The Suppression and Othering of Black Lives Matter Protests Through Tear Gas 通过催泪瓦斯镇压和其他黑人生命攸关抗议活动

IF 1.1 4区社会学 Q3 ETHNIC STUDIES

Journal of Black Studies

Pub Date : 2023-07-01 DOI: 10.1177/00219347231184234

Shala Cachelin

Following its formation in 2013, Black Lives Matter (BLM) has evolved into an important social and political movement. However, the organization’s efforts to oppose racial inequality and police brutality through protest routinely have been met with a violent response by law enforcement, including the employment of various “less-lethal” weapons. This article aims to explore and analyze the ways in which tear gas has been used to discipline BLM protesters between 2014 and 2020. Drawing upon themes of race, empire, identity, war, and biopower as they coalesce within metropolitan protest sites, this article argues that colonial logics, power structures, and hierarchies inform the deployment of tear gas on BLM protesters today. While the eras of slavery and Jim Crow may have formally ended, their legacies and exclusionary structures continue to influence the way movements for Black advancement are suppressed using tear gas.

自2013年成立以来，“黑人的命也是命”(Black Lives Matter，简称BLM)已发展成为一场重要的社会和政治运动。然而，该组织通过抗议反对种族不平等和警察暴行的努力经常遭到执法部门的暴力回应，包括使用各种“不那么致命”的武器。本文旨在探讨和分析2014年至2020年期间使用催泪瓦斯惩戒BLM抗议者的方式。这篇文章以种族、帝国、身份、战争和生物权力为主题，在大都市的抗议场所进行融合，认为殖民逻辑、权力结构和等级制度为今天在BLM抗议者身上部署催泪瓦斯提供了信息。虽然奴隶制和吉姆·克劳(Jim Crow)的时代可能已经正式结束，但它们的遗产和排他性结构继续影响着黑人进步运动被催泪瓦斯镇压的方式。

引用次数: 0

Re-Conceptualizing Kaepernick’s Kneeling Protests and His Banishment From the NFL as an Infringement on His “Right to Work” 将卡佩尔尼克下跪抗议和被美国国家橄榄球联盟开除视为对其“工作权”的侵犯

IF 1.1 4区社会学 Q3 ETHNIC STUDIES

Journal of Black Studies

Pub Date : 2023-06-06 DOI: 10.1177/00219347231177389

Earl Smith, Angela Hattery, M. Kiss, Katelyn E. Foltz

A nascent literature is emerging that analyzes the case of Kaepernick who was “locked out” of the National Football League (NFL) beginning in 2017 because he chose to protest police brutality, systemic racism, and white supremacy. Using status expectations states theory and prototypicality theory, our research re-conceptualizes Kaepernick’s lock-out as an infringement on his right to work. First, we utilize a modified case-study approach comparing his experiences to those of six other Black male athletes who were “locked out.” Second, we utilize data and “matched cases” to demonstrate empirically that Kaepernick was locked out of the league while quarterbacks who were less qualified (based on specific performance measures) were allowed to continue working. Our analysis demonstrates that Kaepernick was denied his “right to work” because he, like other Black male athletes before him, challenged structural racism and white supremacy.

一篇新兴的文献正在出现，分析了卡佩尔尼克的案件，他从2017年开始被国家橄榄球联盟（NFL）“拒之门外”，因为他选择抗议警察暴行、系统性种族主义和白人至上主义。运用状态期望状态理论和原型理论，我们的研究将卡佩尔尼克的封锁重新概念化为对其工作权的侵犯。首先，我们使用了一种改进的案例研究方法，将他的经历与其他六名“被拒之门外”的黑人男运动员的经历进行比较。其次，我们利用数据和“匹配案例”来实证证明，卡佩尼克被排除在联盟之外，而资格较差的四分卫（根据具体的表现衡量标准）可以继续工作。我们的分析表明，卡佩尼克被剥夺了“工作权”，因为他和之前的其他黑人男运动员一样，挑战了结构性种族主义和白人至上主义。

引用次数: 0

The Vicarious Intersectional Trauma (VIT) Conceptual Model: A Framework for Studying the Health-Related Impact of Exposure to Intersectional Violence on Social-Media 副跨部门创伤（VIT）概念模型：研究社交媒体上暴露于跨部门暴力对健康相关影响的框架

IF 1.1 4区社会学 Q3 ETHNIC STUDIES

Journal of Black Studies

Pub Date : 2023-06-06 DOI: 10.1177/00219347231177401

Anna K. Lee, J. Wade, Ailton Coleman, Kimberley D. Smith, Melicia Whitt Glover

Social media platforms (i.e., Twitter, Tik Tok, YouTube, Snapchat) transmit traumatic imagery of racist encounters that dehumanize racially marginalized Americans. Behavioral and social sciences have long documented the adverse effects of media on young adults which include negative physical and mental health outcomes. However, evidence is sparse on the health-related impact of viewing gender-specific, racially motivated violence via social media. Through an interdisciplinary approach, with theories from psychology, sociology, and communications, we propose a novel framework called the Vicarious Intersectional Trauma (VIT) Conceptual Model. The proposed model situates the Racial Encounter Coping Appraisal and Socialization Theory (RECAST) as a foundational theory understanding the pathways by which traumatic racial encounters impact health among Black Americans. We expand on RECAST by integrating Agenda Setting Theory, Cultivation Theory, and Intersectionality Theory, to facilitate a better understanding of the health-related implications of consuming intersectional violence on social media. Our interdisciplinary work contributes to literature promoting health equity by expanding an existing theory to address the intersections of gender and race on the perception of traumatic imagery and how gendered-racial socialization affects subsequent coping mechanisms.

社交媒体平台(如Twitter、Tik Tok、YouTube、Snapchat)传播种族主义遭遇的创伤图像，使种族边缘化的美国人失去人性。行为和社会科学早就记录了媒体对年轻人的不利影响，包括对身心健康的负面影响。然而，关于通过社交媒体观看特定性别、种族动机的暴力行为对健康的影响的证据很少。通过跨学科的方法，结合心理学、社会学和传播学的理论，我们提出了一个新的框架，称为替代性交叉创伤(VIT)概念模型。提出的模型将种族遭遇、应对、评估和社会化理论(RECAST)作为理解创伤性种族遭遇影响美国黑人健康的途径的基础理论。我们通过整合议程设置理论、培养理论和交叉性理论来扩展RECAST，以促进更好地理解社交媒体上消费交叉性暴力对健康的影响。我们的跨学科工作通过扩展现有理论来解决性别和种族对创伤意象感知的交叉点以及性别-种族社会化如何影响随后的应对机制，从而促进健康公平。

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引用次数: 0

Negotiating Blackness, and Culture in Brazilian Metal Scene 谈判黑人与巴西金属界的文化

IF 1.1 4区社会学 Q3 ETHNIC STUDIES

Journal of Black Studies

Pub Date : 2023-05-22 DOI: 10.1177/00219347231173930

Melina Aparecida dos Santos Silva, Tobias Arruda Queiroz

This paper aims at discussing the presence of black individuals in the Brazilian metal music scene. To do so, we move away from a homogenizing and historically constructed cultural position that privileges certain forms of art in the building of black subjects’ authenticity to the detriment of others. We seek to highlight how racial representation works as a form of oppression. We ask: What are the ways and means that black people, as musicians and audiences, can find to re-inscribe themselves in the midst of an environment still predominantly occupied by whiteness in metal and, consequently, how can we locate those interstices to re-emerge and re-exist?

本文旨在探讨黑人在巴西金属音乐界的存在。要做到这一点，我们就要摆脱一种同质化和历史建构的文化立场，即在构建黑人主体的真实性时，对某些艺术形式给予特权，而对其他艺术形式造成损害。我们试图强调种族代表性是如何作为一种压迫形式发挥作用的。我们要问：作为音乐家和观众，黑人在一个仍然主要由金属中的白人占据的环境中，能找到什么样的方式和方法来重新书写自己，因此，我们如何找到这些空隙来重新出现和存在？

引用次数: 0

Preventive Epidemiology of PrEP Use in African American Women With a Perceived HIV Risk 有HIV风险的非裔美国妇女使用PrEP的预防流行病学研究

IF 1.1 4区社会学 Q3 ETHNIC STUDIES

Journal of Black Studies

Pub Date : 2023-05-20 DOI: 10.1177/00219347231174895

Dominique Guinn, Luis Enrique Espinoza

This study aims to examine the impact of education and household income on African American women’s perception of HIV risk on PrEP use. Secondary data from the Be-PrEPared dataset on 202 African American women’s attitudes toward condom use, biomedical prevention strategies, and risks associated with HIV transmission. African American women with a greater level of education and a perceived risk of HIV were more likely to utilize PrEP than African American women with a lower level of education and no reported risk of HIV. Additionally, women with a higher household income and perceived HIV risk were more likely to use PrEP as well. These associations were still present when taking HIV knowledge into account. It is the job of health practitioners and public health/health education professionals to improve PrEP interventions to be more culturally competent which will make adults more cognizant of the health issues related to HIV infection.

本研究旨在检验教育和家庭收入对非裔美国妇女对PrEP使用的艾滋病毒风险认知的影响。Be-PrEPared数据集的二级数据涉及202名非裔美国妇女对避孕套使用的态度、生物医学预防策略以及与艾滋病毒传播相关的风险。与教育水平较低且未报告有感染艾滋病毒风险的非裔美国妇女相比，教育水平较高且有感染艾滋病毒的风险的非洲裔美国妇女更有可能使用PrEP。此外，家庭收入较高且被认为有感染艾滋病毒风险的妇女也更有可能使用PrEP。在考虑到艾滋病毒知识时，这些关联仍然存在。卫生从业者和公共卫生/健康教育专业人员的工作是改进PrEP干预措施，使其在文化上更有能力，这将使成年人更加认识到与艾滋病毒感染有关的健康问题。

引用次数: 0

Fanonian Art Practices: Toward A Decolonial Grammar of Being 法农主义艺术实践：走向一种非殖民化的存在语法

IF 1.1 4区社会学 Q3 ETHNIC STUDIES

Journal of Black Studies

Pub Date : 2023-05-18 DOI: 10.1177/00219347231173151

Zingisa Nkosinkulu

Frantz Fanon’s thought has been key to the understanding of the lived experiences of black colonized subjects in the modern contemporary world including in the discipline of visual art. The modern world is constructed on systems of coloniality that border on the appropriation of African knowledge and indigenous knowledge systems, misrepresentation of their artifacts, and distortion of their languages. Decolonial epistemic perspective is a theory that is instrumental in this article to situate Fanon’s thought to foreground a conceptual language of analysis and critique of black lived experiences in contemporary visual art. History of art is one of westernized disciplines in which the language of representing and interpreting African art and black art is absent. The colonial gramma of art history reduces African art to the language of an unknown artist and primitive art which led to the misrepresentation of the African and black narratives. This article deploys Fanon’s thought from a decolonial perspective to formulate a decolonial grammar of being that will be applied to the interpretation of African and black art.

Frantz Fanon的思想是理解黑人殖民主体在现代世界（包括视觉艺术学科）的生活经历的关键。现代世界是建立在殖民主义体系之上的，这些殖民主义体系近乎于对非洲知识和土著知识体系的挪用，对其文物的歪曲，以及他们语言的扭曲。非殖民化认识论视角是一种理论，在本文中有助于将法农的思想定位为一种分析和批判当代视觉艺术中黑人生活经历的概念语言。艺术史是一门西化学科，其中缺乏代表和解释非洲艺术和黑人艺术的语言。艺术史的殖民语法将非洲艺术简化为一个未知艺术家的语言和原始艺术，这导致了对非洲和黑人叙事的歪曲。本文从非殖民化的角度运用法农的思想，形成了一种非殖民化的存在语法，并将其应用于对非洲和黑人艺术的解释。

引用次数: 0

Indigenizing, and Developing Africa: The Role of Indigenous Cultural Norms and Values 非洲的本土化和发展：土著文化规范和价值观的作用

IF 1.1 4区社会学 Q3 ETHNIC STUDIES

Journal of Black Studies

Pub Date : 2023-05-17 DOI: 10.1177/00219347231172217

Joseph Aketema, Yao Joseph Ladzepko

The determinants of development of nation states are mostly skewed toward political serenity, abundance of natural resources, and the intellectual and managerial prowess of the human resource. However, the culture of a people and their values are very significant in the development of nation states even if they are yet to be nationalized in the polities of the African state. This article presents the empirical data that was obtained through interviews with traditional healers and herbalists within the Kasena-Nankana Municipality of Navrongo, and the Volta region, using the qualitative research method and a purposive sampling technique in order to explore the link between culture and development with particular focus in preserving and sustaining some natural resources such as fauna and flora species. It offers the emic insights of traditional healers and herbalists on how the increasing threat to cultural institutions affects the use of traditional medicine in Africa in general, and the aforementioned region in particular.

民族国家发展的决定因素大多倾向于政治平静、自然资源丰富以及人力资源的智力和管理能力。然而，一个民族的文化及其价值观在民族国家的发展中非常重要，即使他们在非洲国家的政治中尚未被国有化。本文介绍了通过采访纳夫罗戈Kasena Nankana市和沃尔特地区的传统治疗师和草药医生获得的经验数据，采用定性研究方法和有目的的抽样技术，以探索文化与发展之间的联系，特别关注保护和维持一些自然资源，如动植物物种。它提供了传统治疗师和草药医生对文化机构日益严重的威胁如何影响整个非洲，特别是上述地区传统医学使用的流行病见解。

引用次数: 0

A Scoping Review of Black American Beauty Studies From 1995 to 2022 1995 - 2022年美国黑人美的研究综述

IF 1.1 4区社会学 Q3 ETHNIC STUDIES

Journal of Black Studies

Pub Date : 2023-05-09 DOI: 10.1177/00219347231173152

Jaleesa Reed, Christian J. Miller

Existing reviews focus on issues affecting Black Americans or beauty standards, respectively. In comparison, this scoping review identifies studies that address both topics. The 39 selected publications revealed that hair, beauty standards, and body image were the most studied areas within Black American beauty. Studies were synthesized into three themes: (a) relationship to Eurocentric beauty standards, (b) community influence, and (c) intersectional approaches. While Black American beauty standards exist, Black women’s relationship to their intracultural beauty standard is fluid and dependent on multiple factors. The search criteria differentiated the types of methods included in the review but also reduced the number of empirical studies included. Future research should focus on the relationship between beauty rituals, Black American beauty ideals, and their relationship to skincare, haircare, or cosmetics.

现有的评论分别关注影响美国黑人或美容标准的问题。相比之下，本范围界定审查确定了涉及这两个主题的研究。39份精选出版物显示，头发、美容标准和身体形象是美国黑人美容研究最多的领域。研究被综合为三个主题：（a）与欧洲中心美标准的关系，（b）社区影响，以及（c）交叉方法。虽然美国黑人的美丽标准是存在的，但黑人女性与其文化内美丽标准的关系是不稳定的，取决于多种因素。搜索标准区分了综述中包括的方法类型，但也减少了实证研究的数量。未来的研究应该关注美容仪式、美国黑人的美容理想之间的关系，以及它们与护肤、护发或化妆品的关系。

引用次数: 0

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