Pub Date : 2023-02-07DOI: 10.1177/00219347231153169
H. Kim
Previous studies have analyzed Korean hip hop through the lens of authenticity, language, and cultural hybridity, but not through the lens of race. One of the main characteristics of hip hop culture is that it emerged in the form of resistance against dominant hegemony and as a form of resistance to systemic injustice; however, it is difficult to find K-hip hop artists that defy the racial supremacy of Koreanness and racism through their art. This article utilizes Yoon Mi-rae, who is half-Black and half-Korean, as a significant text to explore how race plays a role in Korean society and how Blackness, Koreanness, and han intersect in the K-hip hop scene. Utilizing the concept of community cultural wealth, interest convergence principle, and Koreanness, the study analyzes how Yoon Mi-rae’s “Black Koreanness” was consumed by Korean media and music industry, and how Yon Mi-rae, as an embodiment of Blackness and Han, uses hip hop and her intersectionality as a tool of resistance to both the mainstream American and mainstream Korean racial ideology and discourse. With the growing influence and popularity of K-hip hop globally, the article problematizes the message K-hip hop is reflecting and sending the world about race.
{"title":"Blackness, Koreanness, and Han: Unmasking Race in Korean Hip Hop","authors":"H. Kim","doi":"10.1177/00219347231153169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00219347231153169","url":null,"abstract":"Previous studies have analyzed Korean hip hop through the lens of authenticity, language, and cultural hybridity, but not through the lens of race. One of the main characteristics of hip hop culture is that it emerged in the form of resistance against dominant hegemony and as a form of resistance to systemic injustice; however, it is difficult to find K-hip hop artists that defy the racial supremacy of Koreanness and racism through their art. This article utilizes Yoon Mi-rae, who is half-Black and half-Korean, as a significant text to explore how race plays a role in Korean society and how Blackness, Koreanness, and han intersect in the K-hip hop scene. Utilizing the concept of community cultural wealth, interest convergence principle, and Koreanness, the study analyzes how Yoon Mi-rae’s “Black Koreanness” was consumed by Korean media and music industry, and how Yon Mi-rae, as an embodiment of Blackness and Han, uses hip hop and her intersectionality as a tool of resistance to both the mainstream American and mainstream Korean racial ideology and discourse. With the growing influence and popularity of K-hip hop globally, the article problematizes the message K-hip hop is reflecting and sending the world about race.","PeriodicalId":47356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Black Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41805766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-10DOI: 10.1177/00219347221145187
Artwell Nhemachena
Africans need to be careful with discourses on coloniality that avoid dealing with central aberrations of colonialism. Focusing on coloniality of power, coloniality of being, coloniality of knowledge and coloniality of gender, contemporary discourses on coloniality sidestepped a central aspect of colonialism. Motivated not by quests to merely exercise power, as is assumed in coloniality of power; and motivated not merely by quests to dominate Africans using knowledge, as is assumed in coloniality of knowledge; and motivated not ultimately by the quest for gender domination, as is assumed in the coloniality of gender, colonialists dispossessed colonized people. Reviewing literature and using the Shona (a people of Zimbabwe) proverbs chisi chako masimba mashoma/kunzi pakata sandi kunzi ridza (one should not exercise power over what one does not own/possession is not synonymous with ownership), this paper postulates the notion of coloniality of dispossession. The paper concludes that power is merely a tool to dispossess colonized people, and so decolonial scholarship must focus not only on tools used to colonize other people but on the ultimate goals of using tools, such as power.
{"title":"Chisi Chako Masimba Mashoma/Kunzi Pakata Sandi Kunzi Ridza: Anthropological Musings on the Coloniality of Dispossession in Africa","authors":"Artwell Nhemachena","doi":"10.1177/00219347221145187","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00219347221145187","url":null,"abstract":"Africans need to be careful with discourses on coloniality that avoid dealing with central aberrations of colonialism. Focusing on coloniality of power, coloniality of being, coloniality of knowledge and coloniality of gender, contemporary discourses on coloniality sidestepped a central aspect of colonialism. Motivated not by quests to merely exercise power, as is assumed in coloniality of power; and motivated not merely by quests to dominate Africans using knowledge, as is assumed in coloniality of knowledge; and motivated not ultimately by the quest for gender domination, as is assumed in the coloniality of gender, colonialists dispossessed colonized people. Reviewing literature and using the Shona (a people of Zimbabwe) proverbs chisi chako masimba mashoma/kunzi pakata sandi kunzi ridza (one should not exercise power over what one does not own/possession is not synonymous with ownership), this paper postulates the notion of coloniality of dispossession. The paper concludes that power is merely a tool to dispossess colonized people, and so decolonial scholarship must focus not only on tools used to colonize other people but on the ultimate goals of using tools, such as power.","PeriodicalId":47356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Black Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45320666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1177/00219347221144409
Roya Liu
{"title":"Book Review: Dear Science and Other Stories","authors":"Roya Liu","doi":"10.1177/00219347221144409","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00219347221144409","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Black Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46234948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-28DOI: 10.1177/00219347221139973
Benjamin T. Lynerd, Jack Wartell
African American periodicals in the antebellum era advocated a fartherreaching agenda than just the abolition of slavery. Taking up a mantle of agrarian equality that runs through the English Commonwealthmen, Jefferson, Paine, and the Free-Soil movement of the 1840s, Black abolitionists—in contrast to the Garrisonians—targeted land monopolies as the economic foundation of the chattel system, whose elimination would be a necessary condition for the freedom of all Americans. While early platforms of the Republican Party also fused antislavery with the Free-Soil agenda, Republican leaders yielded to large-scale agrarian and industrial concerns after the War, a pivot which thinkers like W.E.B. DuBois would later implicate as the death-knell for racial equality. Our research indicates that for at least a decade before the Civil War, Black writers promoted land reform as an essential component of emancipation, embracing a neo-republican understanding of liberty that predicated civil rights on economic independence.
{"title":"“A Natural Right to the Soil”: Black Abolitionists and the Meaning of Freedom","authors":"Benjamin T. Lynerd, Jack Wartell","doi":"10.1177/00219347221139973","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00219347221139973","url":null,"abstract":"African American periodicals in the antebellum era advocated a fartherreaching agenda than just the abolition of slavery. Taking up a mantle of agrarian equality that runs through the English Commonwealthmen, Jefferson, Paine, and the Free-Soil movement of the 1840s, Black abolitionists—in contrast to the Garrisonians—targeted land monopolies as the economic foundation of the chattel system, whose elimination would be a necessary condition for the freedom of all Americans. While early platforms of the Republican Party also fused antislavery with the Free-Soil agenda, Republican leaders yielded to large-scale agrarian and industrial concerns after the War, a pivot which thinkers like W.E.B. DuBois would later implicate as the death-knell for racial equality. Our research indicates that for at least a decade before the Civil War, Black writers promoted land reform as an essential component of emancipation, embracing a neo-republican understanding of liberty that predicated civil rights on economic independence.","PeriodicalId":47356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Black Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49452179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-16DOI: 10.1177/00219347221134280
ZaDonna M. Slay
In this article, I use autoethnography as a method to explore my identity and its associated stressful impact on me as a Black woman in the academy. I used the conceptual framework of critical race theory, Black feminist perspective, and strong Black woman (SBW) schema to reflect on my experiences as an instructor and administrator. The conceptual framework will provide context to the psychological stress that I have faced from structural factors such as teaching evaluations, mentorship, collaboration with colleagues, and work responsibilities. This selfreflection of how I learned to speak my truth by acknowledging the barriers of psychological stress endured will bring awareness to other Black women faculty who face similar struggles.
{"title":"Unmasking My Truth: Autoethnography of Psychological Stress as a Black Woman in the Academy","authors":"ZaDonna M. Slay","doi":"10.1177/00219347221134280","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00219347221134280","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, I use autoethnography as a method to explore my identity and its associated stressful impact on me as a Black woman in the academy. I used the conceptual framework of critical race theory, Black feminist perspective, and strong Black woman (SBW) schema to reflect on my experiences as an instructor and administrator. The conceptual framework will provide context to the psychological stress that I have faced from structural factors such as teaching evaluations, mentorship, collaboration with colleagues, and work responsibilities. This selfreflection of how I learned to speak my truth by acknowledging the barriers of psychological stress endured will bring awareness to other Black women faculty who face similar struggles.","PeriodicalId":47356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Black Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45669986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-16DOI: 10.1177/00219347221134279
W. Cross
This work interrogates the long-held assumption that captive Africans exited slavery exhibiting psychological damage that blocked their progress as free men, women and families. As a counter narrative to the deficit perspective on Black life, the literature on extreme poverty and fluctuating unemployment patterns are summarized to show how the importance of social class has too often been underestimated, and the assumed negative, psychological effects of slavery, overestimated. Post WWII economic trends of the 1940s and 1950s are highlighted. The contemporary political economy of Black people is shown to reveal a diunital, paradoxical pattern, with many educated Blacks having access to life among the elite or top 10%, while less educated Blacks are forced to live in extreme poverty that approximates a modern caste system. The Black experience with poverty, tracked from Emancipation up to the present, is best explained by economic rather than psychological causes and dynamics.
{"title":"Black Psychology and Black Criminality: Myths and Reality on the Origins of Black Street Life","authors":"W. Cross","doi":"10.1177/00219347221134279","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00219347221134279","url":null,"abstract":"This work interrogates the long-held assumption that captive Africans exited slavery exhibiting psychological damage that blocked their progress as free men, women and families. As a counter narrative to the deficit perspective on Black life, the literature on extreme poverty and fluctuating unemployment patterns are summarized to show how the importance of social class has too often been underestimated, and the assumed negative, psychological effects of slavery, overestimated. Post WWII economic trends of the 1940s and 1950s are highlighted. The contemporary political economy of Black people is shown to reveal a diunital, paradoxical pattern, with many educated Blacks having access to life among the elite or top 10%, while less educated Blacks are forced to live in extreme poverty that approximates a modern caste system. The Black experience with poverty, tracked from Emancipation up to the present, is best explained by economic rather than psychological causes and dynamics.","PeriodicalId":47356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Black Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46524501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-10DOI: 10.1177/00219347221134282
O. Eybers
The purpose of this investigation is to frame Global North colonialism in southern and eastern Africa as ontological appropriation. In the article’s conceptual framework, ontological appropriation is colonial claims to aspects of African realities without acknowledgment of their original sources and creators. In the case of southern Africa, Global North appropriation of Khoi and San agriculturalist ontologies is illustrated. Additionally, attempts by the Global North to claim origination of Ethiopia’s ancient ontologies are cited as evidence of colonial appropriation. In accordance, the methods of the investigation involved a review of scholarship related to indigenous ontologies in South and East Africa. Moreover, scholarly voices speaking to epistemic encounters between the Global North with Africans are observed. Thus, a thesis of ontological appropriation is generated. Results of the investigation indicate sustained Global North warfare, and epistemic assaults led to the fall of Khoi, San, hunter-gather, and pastoral ontologies in the South. In contrast, in the East Ethiopia’s ancient theocracy, and monarchies prevented Global North acquisition of land, and ontic dominance. The article concludes colonialism was a deliberate attempt to modify, and control African ontologies. As a result, in southern Africa Khoi San ontologies transformed from hunter-gatherers, and pastoralists to colonial servitude. In Ethiopia, however, monarchical, and theocratic ontologies are vibrant to the present age. Hence, this article’s contribution to new knowledge is its accentuation of divergent hunter-gatherer, pastoralist, and monarchical responses to colonialism in ways that enabled, and resisted colonial appropriation of indigenous ontologies.
{"title":"Coloniality as Appropriation of Indigenous Ontologies: Insights From South Africa and Ethiopia","authors":"O. Eybers","doi":"10.1177/00219347221134282","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00219347221134282","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this investigation is to frame Global North colonialism in southern and eastern Africa as ontological appropriation. In the article’s conceptual framework, ontological appropriation is colonial claims to aspects of African realities without acknowledgment of their original sources and creators. In the case of southern Africa, Global North appropriation of Khoi and San agriculturalist ontologies is illustrated. Additionally, attempts by the Global North to claim origination of Ethiopia’s ancient ontologies are cited as evidence of colonial appropriation. In accordance, the methods of the investigation involved a review of scholarship related to indigenous ontologies in South and East Africa. Moreover, scholarly voices speaking to epistemic encounters between the Global North with Africans are observed. Thus, a thesis of ontological appropriation is generated. Results of the investigation indicate sustained Global North warfare, and epistemic assaults led to the fall of Khoi, San, hunter-gather, and pastoral ontologies in the South. In contrast, in the East Ethiopia’s ancient theocracy, and monarchies prevented Global North acquisition of land, and ontic dominance. The article concludes colonialism was a deliberate attempt to modify, and control African ontologies. As a result, in southern Africa Khoi San ontologies transformed from hunter-gatherers, and pastoralists to colonial servitude. In Ethiopia, however, monarchical, and theocratic ontologies are vibrant to the present age. Hence, this article’s contribution to new knowledge is its accentuation of divergent hunter-gatherer, pastoralist, and monarchical responses to colonialism in ways that enabled, and resisted colonial appropriation of indigenous ontologies.","PeriodicalId":47356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Black Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49081621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-07DOI: 10.1177/00219347221128927
DeReef F. Jamison
{"title":"Book review: The world looks like this from here: Thoughts on African psychology","authors":"DeReef F. Jamison","doi":"10.1177/00219347221128927","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00219347221128927","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Black Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48203226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-06DOI: 10.1177/00219347221128919
L. Englund
Topics relating to race and experiences of racism are made visible through literary texts such as Carol Anderson’s White Rage and Reni Eddo-Lodge’s Why I’m No Longer Talking to White People about Race. This paper examines the ways in which the two texts address historical trajectories of racism and how they suggest these histories should be dealt with in the present, drawing on Michael Rothberg’s theory of implication in oppressive and unjust pasts. The paper engages with these notions while also exploring Eddo-Lodge’s and Anderson’s critique of color-blindness and post-racialism. The two texts provide an opportunity to examine potential avenues for and ways of dealing with legacies of racial inequality; legacies that inevitably persist in the present moment, taking new shapes and forms.
通过卡罗尔·安德森（Carol Anderson）的《白人的愤怒》（White Rage）和蕾妮·埃德多·洛奇（Reni Eddo Lodge）的《为什么我不再与白人谈论种族》（Why I’m Not More Talking to White People about race）等文学文本，可以看到与种族和种族主义经历有关的话题。本文借鉴迈克尔·罗斯伯格关于压迫和不公正过去的含义的理论，研究了这两篇文本处理种族主义历史轨迹的方式，以及它们建议在当前如何处理这些历史。本文在探讨Eddo Lodge和Anderson对色盲和后种族主义的批判的同时，也探讨了这些概念。这两个文本提供了一个机会来审查处理种族不平等遗留问题的潜在途径和方法；遗产不可避免地存在于当下，呈现出新的形态和形式。
{"title":"Against Color-Blindness: Anglo-American Trajectories of Racism in Why I’m No Longer Talking to White People About Race and White Rage","authors":"L. Englund","doi":"10.1177/00219347221128919","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00219347221128919","url":null,"abstract":"Topics relating to race and experiences of racism are made visible through literary texts such as Carol Anderson’s White Rage and Reni Eddo-Lodge’s Why I’m No Longer Talking to White People about Race. This paper examines the ways in which the two texts address historical trajectories of racism and how they suggest these histories should be dealt with in the present, drawing on Michael Rothberg’s theory of implication in oppressive and unjust pasts. The paper engages with these notions while also exploring Eddo-Lodge’s and Anderson’s critique of color-blindness and post-racialism. The two texts provide an opportunity to examine potential avenues for and ways of dealing with legacies of racial inequality; legacies that inevitably persist in the present moment, taking new shapes and forms.","PeriodicalId":47356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Black Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45718749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-01DOI: 10.1177/00219347221103607
N. U. Ukwamedua
The concept of time is coeval with man’s existence and coterminous with his endeavors. This is predicated on the fact that it sets and dictates the pace for man. People appreciate reality differently and this includes their concept of time. This premise informed Mbiti’s idea of time in Africa. Mbiti in his submission posited that Africans have no idea of the “future” in time. A critical response to this position of Mbiti toward a restatement of the proper model of time in Africa is what this paper is concerned with. The paper employed the critical-analytic model to examine Mbiti’s position and it was obvious that Mbiti’s position was parochial and untenable. This paper then argued that time in African is rather polychromous, holistic, and existential. Africans “live in time” and if the future is part of the African life and world, then there is a future as far as time in Africa is concerned.
{"title":"Polychronous and Existential Mode of Time in Africa: A Critique of Mbiti’s Concept of Time","authors":"N. U. Ukwamedua","doi":"10.1177/00219347221103607","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00219347221103607","url":null,"abstract":"The concept of time is coeval with man’s existence and coterminous with his endeavors. This is predicated on the fact that it sets and dictates the pace for man. People appreciate reality differently and this includes their concept of time. This premise informed Mbiti’s idea of time in Africa. Mbiti in his submission posited that Africans have no idea of the “future” in time. A critical response to this position of Mbiti toward a restatement of the proper model of time in Africa is what this paper is concerned with. The paper employed the critical-analytic model to examine Mbiti’s position and it was obvious that Mbiti’s position was parochial and untenable. This paper then argued that time in African is rather polychromous, holistic, and existential. Africans “live in time” and if the future is part of the African life and world, then there is a future as far as time in Africa is concerned.","PeriodicalId":47356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Black Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44849346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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