Pub Date : 2023-03-02DOI: 10.1080/14660970.2023.2179192
Niklas Hafen
ABSTRACT The ‘Sport for Development and Peace’ (SDP) sector emerged during the twenty-first century, which conceptualizes sport´s contribution to international development. Two Scandinavian SDP programmes serve as examples in this article: LdB FC for Life in South Africa (football and HIV/AIDS prevention) and Open Fun Football Schools in Moldova (football and peace building). Although there is a growing body of research highlighting a correlation between sport and socio-political benefits, it is acknowledged that more needs to be done to understand this connection and the impact sport can have. Furthermore, many SDP initiatives fail to translate ideas into action. Consequently, this illustrates a discrepancy between intention and implementation. On this basis, the aim of this paper is to analyse LdB FC for Life and Open Fun Football Schools from the initiators’, sponsors’, and donors’ perspectives. Accordingly, it seeks to explore the relationship between rhetoric and practice surrounding both projects.
“体育促进发展与和平”(SDP)领域出现于21世纪，它将体育对国际发展的贡献概念化。本文以斯堪的纳维亚的两个SDP项目为例:南非的LdB FC生命项目(足球和艾滋病毒/艾滋病预防)和摩尔多瓦的Open Fun足球学校项目(足球与和平建设)。尽管越来越多的研究强调了体育与社会政治利益之间的相关性，但人们承认，要了解这种联系以及体育可能产生的影响，还需要做更多的工作。此外，社民党的许多举措未能将理念转化为行动。因此，这说明了意图和执行之间的差异。在此基础上，本文的目的是从发起者、赞助商和捐赠者的角度分析LdB FC for Life和Open Fun足球学校。因此，它试图探索围绕这两个项目的修辞和实践之间的关系。
{"title":"A walk down the path of benevolence: Sport and international development from a Scandinavian horizon","authors":"Niklas Hafen","doi":"10.1080/14660970.2023.2179192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14660970.2023.2179192","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The ‘Sport for Development and Peace’ (SDP) sector emerged during the twenty-first century, which conceptualizes sport´s contribution to international development. Two Scandinavian SDP programmes serve as examples in this article: LdB FC for Life in South Africa (football and HIV/AIDS prevention) and Open Fun Football Schools in Moldova (football and peace building). Although there is a growing body of research highlighting a correlation between sport and socio-political benefits, it is acknowledged that more needs to be done to understand this connection and the impact sport can have. Furthermore, many SDP initiatives fail to translate ideas into action. Consequently, this illustrates a discrepancy between intention and implementation. On this basis, the aim of this paper is to analyse LdB FC for Life and Open Fun Football Schools from the initiators’, sponsors’, and donors’ perspectives. Accordingly, it seeks to explore the relationship between rhetoric and practice surrounding both projects.","PeriodicalId":47395,"journal":{"name":"Soccer & Society","volume":"65 1","pages":"425 - 437"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83451875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-02DOI: 10.1080/14660970.2023.2179199
B. Carlsson, Jyri Backman
ABSTRACT The essay address different forms of ‘extensive joyfulness’ among football spectators, and the Swedish legal responses to these actions, due to the actions’ classification as pitch invasion and trespassing, in legal terms. The essay presents the legal context, by focusing on external regulation of public order and surveillance as well as internal by-laws dealing with spectator security. By using two cases, from the district court, the essay reflects on the legal systems possibility and relevance in order to react on expressions of ‘too much joy’, as a legal sign of pitch invasion and the disturbance of public order. The analysi focuses on the problems of juridification when the law has to handle various mundane and ‘trivial’ social issues. The argument is that the football management has to amalgamate different forms of ‘extensive joyfulness’, in a discretionary manner, to the logics of entertainment before turning them to legal issues
{"title":"Juridification of fandom: dealing with spectators’ expressions of ‘too much joy’ in Swedish football","authors":"B. Carlsson, Jyri Backman","doi":"10.1080/14660970.2023.2179199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14660970.2023.2179199","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The essay address different forms of ‘extensive joyfulness’ among football spectators, and the Swedish legal responses to these actions, due to the actions’ classification as pitch invasion and trespassing, in legal terms. The essay presents the legal context, by focusing on external regulation of public order and surveillance as well as internal by-laws dealing with spectator security. By using two cases, from the district court, the essay reflects on the legal systems possibility and relevance in order to react on expressions of ‘too much joy’, as a legal sign of pitch invasion and the disturbance of public order. The analysi focuses on the problems of juridification when the law has to handle various mundane and ‘trivial’ social issues. The argument is that the football management has to amalgamate different forms of ‘extensive joyfulness’, in a discretionary manner, to the logics of entertainment before turning them to legal issues","PeriodicalId":47395,"journal":{"name":"Soccer & Society","volume":"55 1","pages":"364 - 377"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89152544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-28DOI: 10.1080/14660970.2023.2179197
R. Johansson, Per-Markku Ristilammi, Helena Tolvhed
ABSTRACT In October 2019, Zlatan Ibrahimović, the most successful and famous Swedish football player ever, was honoured with a monument by the Swedish Football Association and the city of Malmö. Born in Malmö in 1981, Ibrahimović grew up in a migrant area of the city (Rosengård). Growing up, he played football in local teams, and at the age of 19 he was sold by Malmö FF to Ajax for the highest transfer fee ever in Sweden. However, when Ibrahimović unexpectedly entered as an investor in rivalling Stockholm-based football club Hammarby in November 2019, he challenged local identities: The place is the team, the team is the family, and betrayal of the place and the team is a betrayal against the family. The monument was soon vandalized and taken down, facing an uncertain future. The aim of this article is to understand the different interpretations, eruptions of emotions, and conflicts that the monument of Zlatan Ibrahimović raised. As a theoretical frame, three disciplinary perspectives will be used: a cultural historical and a historical didactic perspective, with the intention of understanding the motives and signals send and received through public art in the city space area; a second perspective with a focus on the special use of history in sport, where gender and nation form an interpretive framework in this study; and finally, a third ethnological perspective based on ‘scaling’, where a monument as a social phenomenon can change meaning depending on geographical scale from district to city to nation and a global scale.
{"title":"Zlatan Ibrahimović: a monument and a mirror of his time","authors":"R. Johansson, Per-Markku Ristilammi, Helena Tolvhed","doi":"10.1080/14660970.2023.2179197","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14660970.2023.2179197","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In October 2019, Zlatan Ibrahimović, the most successful and famous Swedish football player ever, was honoured with a monument by the Swedish Football Association and the city of Malmö. Born in Malmö in 1981, Ibrahimović grew up in a migrant area of the city (Rosengård). Growing up, he played football in local teams, and at the age of 19 he was sold by Malmö FF to Ajax for the highest transfer fee ever in Sweden. However, when Ibrahimović unexpectedly entered as an investor in rivalling Stockholm-based football club Hammarby in November 2019, he challenged local identities: The place is the team, the team is the family, and betrayal of the place and the team is a betrayal against the family. The monument was soon vandalized and taken down, facing an uncertain future. The aim of this article is to understand the different interpretations, eruptions of emotions, and conflicts that the monument of Zlatan Ibrahimović raised. As a theoretical frame, three disciplinary perspectives will be used: a cultural historical and a historical didactic perspective, with the intention of understanding the motives and signals send and received through public art in the city space area; a second perspective with a focus on the special use of history in sport, where gender and nation form an interpretive framework in this study; and finally, a third ethnological perspective based on ‘scaling’, where a monument as a social phenomenon can change meaning depending on geographical scale from district to city to nation and a global scale.","PeriodicalId":47395,"journal":{"name":"Soccer & Society","volume":"60 3 1","pages":"333 - 349"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87729692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-22DOI: 10.1080/14660970.2023.2179198
Sara Karlén, A. Radmann
ABSTRACT This study investigates the conflict between, on the one hand, the Swedish police and law enforcement and, on the other, supporters, football clubs, and the organization of Swedish Elite Football. The core of this conflict is the introduction of a new structure for maintaining order, referred to as the Condition Ladder (Villkorstrappan), aimed at addressing disturbances and pyrotechnics in the stands. The aim of this article is to chart and analyse the impact of the Condition Ladder on Swedish football culture. The methods are media analysis, analysis of police documents and interviews. The study confirms previous findings regarding the role of the media in public discourse, but also indicates that the previously negative media image of the supporter culture has changed into a more positive view. The study shows that the new restrictions create conflicts and tensions between the involved actors when these actors are to handle risk elements in Swedish supporter culture.
{"title":"Swedish supporter culture – restrictions, conflicts, resistance","authors":"Sara Karlén, A. Radmann","doi":"10.1080/14660970.2023.2179198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14660970.2023.2179198","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This study investigates the conflict between, on the one hand, the Swedish police and law enforcement and, on the other, supporters, football clubs, and the organization of Swedish Elite Football. The core of this conflict is the introduction of a new structure for maintaining order, referred to as the Condition Ladder (Villkorstrappan), aimed at addressing disturbances and pyrotechnics in the stands. The aim of this article is to chart and analyse the impact of the Condition Ladder on Swedish football culture. The methods are media analysis, analysis of police documents and interviews. The study confirms previous findings regarding the role of the media in public discourse, but also indicates that the previously negative media image of the supporter culture has changed into a more positive view. The study shows that the new restrictions create conflicts and tensions between the involved actors when these actors are to handle risk elements in Swedish supporter culture.","PeriodicalId":47395,"journal":{"name":"Soccer & Society","volume":"10 1","pages":"350 - 363"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73400182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-21DOI: 10.1080/14660970.2023.2179193
Arve Hjelseth, Frode Telseth
ABSTRACT The present paper aims to analyse the importance of science in Norwegian men’s football’s successful period in the 1990s. A main purpose is to examine how the ideas of Egil ‘Drillo’ Olsen (coach of the men’s national team) and Nils Arne Eggen (Rosenborg BK) were part of a general trend of scientification of Norwegian elite sport at the time. By Norwegian standards, both the national team and Rosenborg achieved good results and made their mark internationally. We investigate how Drillo and Eggen not only improved sporting results, but also educated Norwegian football opinion. Their mission was mainly to optimize football performance based on scientific approaches in either football tactics isolated (Drillo) or in combination with more pedagogical and psychological theories of teamwork and interaction (Eggen). We discuss how their modern approach to science at that particular time and that particular stage of football’s development, and the regime of knowledge on which they built, created a competitive advantage to the rest of the world. After 2000, the rest of the world closed the gap, and the achievements of Norwegian football declined.
摘要:本文旨在分析科学在20世纪90年代挪威男子足球成功时期的重要性。主要目的是研究Egil ' Drillo ' Olsen(男子国家队教练)和Nils Arne Eggen (Rosenborg BK)的想法如何成为当时挪威精英体育科学化的总体趋势的一部分。按照挪威的标准，国家队和罗森博格都取得了不错的成绩，并在国际上留下了印记。我们调查了德里罗和埃根如何不仅提高了比赛成绩，而且教育了挪威足球的观点。他们的任务主要是基于科学的足球战术方法(德里罗)或结合更多的团队合作和互动的教学和心理学理论(埃根)来优化足球表现。我们将讨论在那个特定的时间和足球发展的特定阶段，他们的现代科学方法，以及他们所建立的知识体系，是如何为世界其他地区创造竞争优势的。2000年以后，世界其他国家缩小了差距，挪威足球的成就开始下降。
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Pub Date : 2023-02-21DOI: 10.1080/14660970.2023.2179195
Katarzyna Herd
ABSTRACT This article presents several sport clubs in Finland connected to an organization Idrottsförening Kamraterna (Sporting Society Comrades), also known as IFK that originated in Sweden in 1895. The idea of IFK clubs reached Finland in 1897 and spread throughout the country. The beginning of the twentieth century was a period of growth and expansion for IFK, both in Sweden and Finland. IFK clubs formed an important network of sport-based activities, including football, when Finland was still a part of the former Russian empire. The aim of the article is to analyse how the modern Finnish IFKs from four different locations (Mariehamn, Åbo, Helsingfors and Grankulla) can retrace and frame their past.
{"title":"A tradition older than a country: IFK and the Sweden-inspired sports movement in Finland","authors":"Katarzyna Herd","doi":"10.1080/14660970.2023.2179195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14660970.2023.2179195","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article presents several sport clubs in Finland connected to an organization Idrottsförening Kamraterna (Sporting Society Comrades), also known as IFK that originated in Sweden in 1895. The idea of IFK clubs reached Finland in 1897 and spread throughout the country. The beginning of the twentieth century was a period of growth and expansion for IFK, both in Sweden and Finland. IFK clubs formed an important network of sport-based activities, including football, when Finland was still a part of the former Russian empire. The aim of the article is to analyse how the modern Finnish IFKs from four different locations (Mariehamn, Åbo, Helsingfors and Grankulla) can retrace and frame their past.","PeriodicalId":47395,"journal":{"name":"Soccer & Society","volume":"1 1","pages":"306 - 320"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83243295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-21DOI: 10.1080/14660970.2023.2179196
E. Wergeland, H. Hognestad
ABSTRACT National sports stadiums are often deeply affected by the politics of identity and mythology. Questions of ‘nationality’ and the responsibility of safeguarding the idea of a specific ‘national’ sports culture often take a central position in the rhetoric surrounding national sports stadiums. This also has an impact on how they are designed, developed and operated. In this paper, we explore the legacy of Nordic national football stadiums. Our main case is Ullevål stadium in Oslo, which we compare with the national football stadiums in Denmark, Finland, Iceland and Sweden. Through this study, we compare the changing functions and symbolic significances of the respective stadiums in light of national sports narratives and architectural qualities. We argue that the meaning of national stadiums is influenced both by assumptions about national sports identity and expectations embedded in football architecture. A key finding is that the modernist idiom of ‘form follows function’ still seems to reign as a token of football stadium quality, in contrast to the idea of the postmodern stadium, associated with aesthetic confusion, shallow commodification, and the relegation of football to a secondary role. Yet we also found that typical modernist and postmodernist features often co-exist, with examples of multi-functionality evident throughout the history of the national Nordic football stadiums. Another crucial finding is that history continues to play a part in the contemporary configurations of Nordic national stadiums, even in cases where the physical stadium heritage has been completely obliterated or reconstructed beyond recognition from its original physical design. From a theoretical point of view, we build on previous scholarly work on national sports culture, Nordic football culture in particular, as well as geographical, anthropological and architectural studies of football stadiums. Archival research, document studies and literature review are the primary methodological approaches.
{"title":"Nordic national football stadiums: past and present","authors":"E. Wergeland, H. Hognestad","doi":"10.1080/14660970.2023.2179196","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14660970.2023.2179196","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT National sports stadiums are often deeply affected by the politics of identity and mythology. Questions of ‘nationality’ and the responsibility of safeguarding the idea of a specific ‘national’ sports culture often take a central position in the rhetoric surrounding national sports stadiums. This also has an impact on how they are designed, developed and operated. In this paper, we explore the legacy of Nordic national football stadiums. Our main case is Ullevål stadium in Oslo, which we compare with the national football stadiums in Denmark, Finland, Iceland and Sweden. Through this study, we compare the changing functions and symbolic significances of the respective stadiums in light of national sports narratives and architectural qualities. We argue that the meaning of national stadiums is influenced both by assumptions about national sports identity and expectations embedded in football architecture. A key finding is that the modernist idiom of ‘form follows function’ still seems to reign as a token of football stadium quality, in contrast to the idea of the postmodern stadium, associated with aesthetic confusion, shallow commodification, and the relegation of football to a secondary role. Yet we also found that typical modernist and postmodernist features often co-exist, with examples of multi-functionality evident throughout the history of the national Nordic football stadiums. Another crucial finding is that history continues to play a part in the contemporary configurations of Nordic national stadiums, even in cases where the physical stadium heritage has been completely obliterated or reconstructed beyond recognition from its original physical design. From a theoretical point of view, we build on previous scholarly work on national sports culture, Nordic football culture in particular, as well as geographical, anthropological and architectural studies of football stadiums. Archival research, document studies and literature review are the primary methodological approaches.","PeriodicalId":47395,"journal":{"name":"Soccer & Society","volume":"6 1","pages":"321 - 332"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80481617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-20DOI: 10.1080/14660970.2023.2179200
S. Junghagen
ABSTRACT In December 2019, FC Copenhagen and Malmö FF met in the final round of the UEFA Europa League group stage. The match was in media labelled ‘the battle of the bridge’ since the two clubs from Denmark and Sweden were just a bridge apart. The two clubs both have the ambition to be a leading club in Scandinavia and the aim of this paper is to examine to what extent it is possible to determine which one of the two clubs can claim to be superior in Scandinavia. The evaluation is based on a comparison of the two clubs’ performance in three dimensions: success in sports, financial performance and contribution to society. Given the different organizational and contextual conditions, a relative comparative approach was used. Results show that none of the clubs is superior as a whole, but have respective strong competitive advantages in the individual dimensions.
{"title":"The ‘battle of the bridge’: the quest for superiority in Scandinavian football","authors":"S. Junghagen","doi":"10.1080/14660970.2023.2179200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14660970.2023.2179200","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In December 2019, FC Copenhagen and Malmö FF met in the final round of the UEFA Europa League group stage. The match was in media labelled ‘the battle of the bridge’ since the two clubs from Denmark and Sweden were just a bridge apart. The two clubs both have the ambition to be a leading club in Scandinavia and the aim of this paper is to examine to what extent it is possible to determine which one of the two clubs can claim to be superior in Scandinavia. The evaluation is based on a comparison of the two clubs’ performance in three dimensions: success in sports, financial performance and contribution to society. Given the different organizational and contextual conditions, a relative comparative approach was used. Results show that none of the clubs is superior as a whole, but have respective strong competitive advantages in the individual dimensions.","PeriodicalId":47395,"journal":{"name":"Soccer & Society","volume":"77 1","pages":"378 - 394"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90320169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-20DOI: 10.1080/14660970.2023.2179194
A. B. Grønkjær
ABSTRACT A vital element of the history of football in Denmark is the identity of the football movement. It developed itself in Denmark from the end of the nineteenth century. Contact with Great Britain was an inspiration, and the values of people of the new Danish bourgeoisie class dominated the movement. This led to a particular identity and a self-perception of the morals of the amateur. These aspects influenced Danish football until the legalization of professional football in the late 1970s. The Danish F.A. (Dansk Boldspil-Union) constantly changed the amateur rules to adapt to the demands of the clubs, their members and society. This article builds on sources from the clubs and the Danish FA. These are analysed as part of a historical narrative that contributed to the identity and self-perception of the Danish football movement.
{"title":"Struggling with the amateur identity: the self-perception of the Danish football movement, 1880s to 1970s","authors":"A. B. Grønkjær","doi":"10.1080/14660970.2023.2179194","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14660970.2023.2179194","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT A vital element of the history of football in Denmark is the identity of the football movement. It developed itself in Denmark from the end of the nineteenth century. Contact with Great Britain was an inspiration, and the values of people of the new Danish bourgeoisie class dominated the movement. This led to a particular identity and a self-perception of the morals of the amateur. These aspects influenced Danish football until the legalization of professional football in the late 1970s. The Danish F.A. (Dansk Boldspil-Union) constantly changed the amateur rules to adapt to the demands of the clubs, their members and society. This article builds on sources from the clubs and the Danish FA. These are analysed as part of a historical narrative that contributed to the identity and self-perception of the Danish football movement.","PeriodicalId":47395,"journal":{"name":"Soccer & Society","volume":"25 1","pages":"293 - 305"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83531530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-20DOI: 10.1080/14660970.2023.2179190
T. Andersson, B. Carlsson, H. Hognestad
Twelve years ago, in 2009, the special issue ‘Football in Scandinavia: a fusion of welfare policy and the market’ was published in Soccer and Society, vol 10, no. 3–4. The contributors to this collection presented and analysed football in Scandinavian/Nordic as an amalgam of voluntarism and commercialism with historical roots in the development of the welfare state so often associated with the post-war development of Nordic societies. In an international comparison, the Nordic countries have supported amateurism longer than most nations. Notwithstanding a substantial position in voluntarism, the normative structure and the organization of Scandinavian football have faced an increasing professionalization and commercialization in the wake of the mounting globalization of football. In this respect, we have observed a process of transition, in which elements of idealism as well as commercialism can be traced. This process has focused on aspects that stand out as central to the present agenda in the discourse of the European Union and the UEFA. By capturing football both as ‘business’ and ‘culture’, with a special focus on ‘social cohesion’ and ‘the social significance of sport’, the 2009 issue created fertile soil for reflecting upon the future of football in relation to morality, economy, culture, regulation and organization. While the former issue covered Scandinavia only, this issue takes a geographical departure in Nordic football, which includes Iceland and Finland, in addition to Denmark, Norway and Sweden, the Scandinavian-language-speaking-countries. During the years since 2009, a few significant changes have evolved in Nordic football. For instance, Finland as well as Iceland have increasingly developed and exported players to the European football leagues, while their national teams – male and female – have moved from the periphery to be able to compete in different international tournaments. Conversely, at the club level, Swedish women’s football has fallen from being ‘the best in the world’ to a position in the semiperiphery. Thus, from having Marta and other celebrated international players in the national league, Scandinavian women star-players choose to make a career in the new and financially more attractive clubs in Europe, such as Chelsea, Manchester City and Paris St Germain. The previous Nordic dominance of Rosenborg BK men’s club football has faded, although Norwegian football continues to be dominated by teams from small towns – Rosenborg, Molde and Bodø/Glimt – teams still capable of producing international results. The fact that Norwegian clubs, with their northern location, have been able to compete with their southern Scandinavian competitors may be partially understood with reference to a stronger scientification of football. However, the power centre of Scandinavian football has in recent years undoubtedly moved south in the form of a competition between two big city teams, Malmö FF and FC Copenhagen. The character of the
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