Pub Date : 2023-11-07DOI: 10.1515/bejeap-2022-0188
Chun-Hung Chen, Kuan-Wei Chen, Yu-Fan Chen, Chia-Yin Lin
Abstract This study explores cooperation in the circular agency problem. In circular agency, an agent has weak power in the face of its principal. This research explores a cooperation mechanism in which three participants simultaneously have the identity of principal and agent, in order to illuminate the power struggle between the board of directors, the external shareholder, and the manager of a company. We use the equilibrium results to explain the phenomenon of cooperation between members of the enterprise in practice. Our results have implications for firm governance.
{"title":"The New Form Agency Problem: Cooperation and Circular Agency","authors":"Chun-Hung Chen, Kuan-Wei Chen, Yu-Fan Chen, Chia-Yin Lin","doi":"10.1515/bejeap-2022-0188","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/bejeap-2022-0188","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study explores cooperation in the circular agency problem. In circular agency, an agent has weak power in the face of its principal. This research explores a cooperation mechanism in which three participants simultaneously have the identity of principal and agent, in order to illuminate the power struggle between the board of directors, the external shareholder, and the manager of a company. We use the equilibrium results to explain the phenomenon of cooperation between members of the enterprise in practice. Our results have implications for firm governance.","PeriodicalId":47400,"journal":{"name":"B E Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135431363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-01DOI: 10.1515/bejeap-2023-0020
Chiara Conti, Anna D’Annunzio, Pierfrancesco Reverberi
Abstract Data-driven health innovation may lead to develop targeted treatments using health data. We consider privacy-sensitive patients who may decide to share personal health data if compensated. Each patient does not internalize the impact of sharing data on drug innovation. We show that investment incentives in targeted treatments are too weak as long as such innovation has a public good nature so that patients can free ride on sharing health data. Then, privacy protection measures reducing data sharing risks can promote pharmaceutical R&D and social welfare.
{"title":"Data-Driven Health Innovation and Privacy Regulation","authors":"Chiara Conti, Anna D’Annunzio, Pierfrancesco Reverberi","doi":"10.1515/bejeap-2023-0020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/bejeap-2023-0020","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Data-driven health innovation may lead to develop targeted treatments using health data. We consider privacy-sensitive patients who may decide to share personal health data if compensated. Each patient does not internalize the impact of sharing data on drug innovation. We show that investment incentives in targeted treatments are too weak as long as such innovation has a public good nature so that patients can free ride on sharing health data. Then, privacy protection measures reducing data sharing risks can promote pharmaceutical R&D and social welfare.","PeriodicalId":47400,"journal":{"name":"B E Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135161305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-30DOI: 10.1515/bejeap-2023-0203
Kevin Corinth
Abstract A recent National Academy of Sciences report recommends elevating the Supplemental Poverty Measure (SPM) to the “nation’s headline poverty statistic.” I project how making the SPM the official poverty measure would affect eligibility for government assistance programs whose eligibility thresholds are tied to the official poverty line. Making the SPM the official poverty measure would increase the poverty line for a family of four by 20 percent in 2024. The eligibility threshold for a family of four would consequentially increase by $8320 for the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), $8512 for Medicaid adults, and by larger amounts for Medicare Part D Low Income Subsidies, the National School Lunch Program, and Affordable Care Act premium subsidies (once temporarily relaxed eligibility rules are restored in 2026). Effects on eligibility thresholds would grow over time because the SPM thresholds grow faster over time than the current official thresholds. As a result of the higher eligibility thresholds, I estimate that in 2024 SNAP would cover 2.0 million additional households with spending rising by $2.6 billion, and that Medicaid would cover 1.3 million additional recipients with spending rising by $5.6 billion.
美国国家科学院(National Academy of Sciences)最近的一份报告建议将补充贫困指标(SPM)提升到“国家总体贫困统计数据”。我预测将SPM作为官方贫困衡量标准将如何影响资格门槛与官方贫困线挂钩的政府援助项目的资格。将SPM作为官方的贫困衡量标准，到2024年，一个四口之家的贫困线将提高20%。一个四口之家的资格门槛将因此增加补充营养援助计划(SNAP)的8320美元，医疗补助成人的8512美元，医疗保险D部分低收入补贴，国家学校午餐计划和平价医疗法案保费补贴(一旦暂时放宽的资格规则在2026年恢复)的数额更大。对资格门槛的影响将随着时间的推移而增加，因为SPM门槛随着时间的推移比目前的官方门槛增长得更快。由于资格门槛的提高，我估计到2024年，SNAP将额外覆盖200万户家庭，支出将增加26亿美元，医疗补助将额外覆盖130万户受助人，支出将增加56亿美元。
{"title":"The Effect of Elevating the Supplemental Poverty Measure on Government Program Eligibility and Spending","authors":"Kevin Corinth","doi":"10.1515/bejeap-2023-0203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/bejeap-2023-0203","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract A recent National Academy of Sciences report recommends elevating the Supplemental Poverty Measure (SPM) to the “nation’s headline poverty statistic.” I project how making the SPM the official poverty measure would affect eligibility for government assistance programs whose eligibility thresholds are tied to the official poverty line. Making the SPM the official poverty measure would increase the poverty line for a family of four by 20 percent in 2024. The eligibility threshold for a family of four would consequentially increase by $8320 for the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), $8512 for Medicaid adults, and by larger amounts for Medicare Part D Low Income Subsidies, the National School Lunch Program, and Affordable Care Act premium subsidies (once temporarily relaxed eligibility rules are restored in 2026). Effects on eligibility thresholds would grow over time because the SPM thresholds grow faster over time than the current official thresholds. As a result of the higher eligibility thresholds, I estimate that in 2024 SNAP would cover 2.0 million additional households with spending rising by $2.6 billion, and that Medicaid would cover 1.3 million additional recipients with spending rising by $5.6 billion.","PeriodicalId":47400,"journal":{"name":"B E Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136019411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-30DOI: 10.1515/bejeap-2023-0255
John Komlos
Abstract The income of those who attacked the U.S. Congress on January 6, 2021 and were subsequently arrested is estimated for the first time using the annual per-capita income in the neighborhood of their residence as a proxy measure. Contrary to common wisdom, we find that two groups were conspicuously underrepresented from this subset of the insurrectionists ( N = 933): the utterly poor (whose estimated per- capita income was below $15 K), as well as those whose estimated annual per-capita income was above $50 K per annum. Fully 83.3 % of the arrestees resided in areas with a (five-year average) annual per capita income between $20 K and $50 K (in 2020 prices). This finding dovetails with the argument that the right-wing populist movement in the U.S. is driven largely by the struggling lower-middle class who have been left behind by the transition from an industrial to a knowledge economy. The public policy implications point to the amelioration of this distributional deficit.
{"title":"Estimating the Socio-Economic Status of the U.S. Capitol Insurrectionists","authors":"John Komlos","doi":"10.1515/bejeap-2023-0255","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/bejeap-2023-0255","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The income of those who attacked the U.S. Congress on January 6, 2021 and were subsequently arrested is estimated for the first time using the annual per-capita income in the neighborhood of their residence as a proxy measure. Contrary to common wisdom, we find that two groups were conspicuously underrepresented from this subset of the insurrectionists ( N = 933): the utterly poor (whose estimated per- capita income was below $15 K), as well as those whose estimated annual per-capita income was above $50 K per annum. Fully 83.3 % of the arrestees resided in areas with a (five-year average) annual per capita income between $20 K and $50 K (in 2020 prices). This finding dovetails with the argument that the right-wing populist movement in the U.S. is driven largely by the struggling lower-middle class who have been left behind by the transition from an industrial to a knowledge economy. The public policy implications point to the amelioration of this distributional deficit.","PeriodicalId":47400,"journal":{"name":"B E Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136105104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-24DOI: 10.1515/bejeap-2022-0342
Shao-Hsun Keng
Abstract This paper uses administrative data and a soft skill index integrating seven personality traits to examine the relationship between soft skills and academic outcomes. I exploit the timing of soft skill assessment and study the interaction between soft and cognitive skills in education production. The results show that soft skills are positively associated with academic outcomes. Soft and cognitive skills are both substitutes and complements in education production. The complementarity between both skills is asymmetric. Soft skills and returns to cognitive skills exhibit a U-shaped relationship, while returns to soft skills fail to show such a relationship with cognitive skills. Time-use data suggest that soft skills may have a causal effect on academic achievements, and increased study time is a mechanism through which soft skills affect these outcomes. Soft skills can reduce inequality in academic outcomes due to differences in cognitive ability. Investment in non-cognitive skills can be quite rewarding.
{"title":"The Effect of Soft Skills on Academic Outcomes","authors":"Shao-Hsun Keng","doi":"10.1515/bejeap-2022-0342","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/bejeap-2022-0342","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper uses administrative data and a soft skill index integrating seven personality traits to examine the relationship between soft skills and academic outcomes. I exploit the timing of soft skill assessment and study the interaction between soft and cognitive skills in education production. The results show that soft skills are positively associated with academic outcomes. Soft and cognitive skills are both substitutes and complements in education production. The complementarity between both skills is asymmetric. Soft skills and returns to cognitive skills exhibit a U-shaped relationship, while returns to soft skills fail to show such a relationship with cognitive skills. Time-use data suggest that soft skills may have a causal effect on academic achievements, and increased study time is a mechanism through which soft skills affect these outcomes. Soft skills can reduce inequality in academic outcomes due to differences in cognitive ability. Investment in non-cognitive skills can be quite rewarding.","PeriodicalId":47400,"journal":{"name":"B E Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135220248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-16DOI: 10.1515/bejeap-2022-0049
Aditi Roy
Abstract Despite a growing literature investigating the effect of gender diversity of CEOs and firm performance, the answer is still unclear. This study estimates the effect of gender differences in ownership and Leadership (CEOs) on firm performance simultaneously. The paper exploits a unique data from more than 9000 Indian firms by using fixed effects and propensity score matching techniques. Findings reveal a positive significant effect of female CEOs on firm performance but no definite effect of female owners on firm performance. The effect is more prominent in progressive and high-sex ratio states in India. Third, the evidence suggests potential payoffs to firms that adopt gender-inclusive policies intended to increase the share of female CEOs in India. Results confirm no bias from unobservable covariates.
{"title":"Gender Differences and Firm Performance: Evidence from India","authors":"Aditi Roy","doi":"10.1515/bejeap-2022-0049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/bejeap-2022-0049","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Despite a growing literature investigating the effect of gender diversity of CEOs and firm performance, the answer is still unclear. This study estimates the effect of gender differences in ownership and Leadership (CEOs) on firm performance simultaneously. The paper exploits a unique data from more than 9000 Indian firms by using fixed effects and propensity score matching techniques. Findings reveal a positive significant effect of female CEOs on firm performance but no definite effect of female owners on firm performance. The effect is more prominent in progressive and high-sex ratio states in India. Third, the evidence suggests potential payoffs to firms that adopt gender-inclusive policies intended to increase the share of female CEOs in India. Results confirm no bias from unobservable covariates.","PeriodicalId":47400,"journal":{"name":"B E Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136078076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-09DOI: 10.1515/bejeap-2023-0022
Maurizio Lisciandra, Antonio Miralles Asensio, Fabio Monteforte
Abstract We develop a search and matching model to analyze the dynamics of the political corruption market. This model serves as a framework for evaluating the effectiveness of a set of anti-corruption policies. Contrary to expectations, conventional policies such as enhancing penalties or allocating greater resources to criminal investigations do not universally emerge as the most effective tools. For mitigating small-scale political corruption, the optimal strategy is to curtail corruption signaling, achieved, for instance, through enhancing transparency and competitiveness in the exchanges between entrepreneurs and politicians. For large-scale corruption, raising the costs of corruption signaling proves less effective as a deterrent compared to ex-post policy measures, such as improved detection effectiveness and harsher sanctions.
{"title":"Search and Matching in Political Corruption","authors":"Maurizio Lisciandra, Antonio Miralles Asensio, Fabio Monteforte","doi":"10.1515/bejeap-2023-0022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/bejeap-2023-0022","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract We develop a search and matching model to analyze the dynamics of the political corruption market. This model serves as a framework for evaluating the effectiveness of a set of anti-corruption policies. Contrary to expectations, conventional policies such as enhancing penalties or allocating greater resources to criminal investigations do not universally emerge as the most effective tools. For mitigating small-scale political corruption, the optimal strategy is to curtail corruption signaling, achieved, for instance, through enhancing transparency and competitiveness in the exchanges between entrepreneurs and politicians. For large-scale corruption, raising the costs of corruption signaling proves less effective as a deterrent compared to ex-post policy measures, such as improved detection effectiveness and harsher sanctions.","PeriodicalId":47400,"journal":{"name":"B E Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135044402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-01DOI: 10.1515/bejeap-2023-frontmatter4
{"title":"Frontmatter","authors":"","doi":"10.1515/bejeap-2023-frontmatter4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/bejeap-2023-frontmatter4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47400,"journal":{"name":"B E Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135810745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-01DOI: 10.1515/bejeap-2022-0260
Daniela Del Boca, Chiara Monfardini, Sarah Grace See
Abstract The importance of investments in early childhood education (ECE) has been widely documented in the literature. Among the benefits, particularly for children from disadvantaged backgrounds, is its potential to mitigate educational inequality. However, some evidence also suggests that the positive effects of ECE on later outcomes tend to dissipate over time, leaving children who attended such programmes no better off academically than those who did not. This paper studies the relationship between students’ years spent in ECE, from 0 to before starting primary school, and the results of their educational assessment outcomes at age 15. Using PISA survey data for 14 European countries from 2015 to 2018, we conduct a cross-country comparison of student performance in reading, mathematics, and science, correlating the results to the duration of ECE attendance. Our findings show that duration in ECE is associated with better assessments at age 15, but that the benefit is nonlinear and peaks at 3–4 years of attendance. Gender and migration background are associated with student performance on the assessments; but we don’t find evidence of heterogeneity in the relationship between ECE duration and test outcomes based on gender and migration background. Instead, we document differential effects of ECE duration according to age of entry to ECE, mother’s education, and the type of educational system attended.
{"title":"Early Childhood Education Attendance and Students’ Later Outcomes in Europe","authors":"Daniela Del Boca, Chiara Monfardini, Sarah Grace See","doi":"10.1515/bejeap-2022-0260","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/bejeap-2022-0260","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The importance of investments in early childhood education (ECE) has been widely documented in the literature. Among the benefits, particularly for children from disadvantaged backgrounds, is its potential to mitigate educational inequality. However, some evidence also suggests that the positive effects of ECE on later outcomes tend to dissipate over time, leaving children who attended such programmes no better off academically than those who did not. This paper studies the relationship between students’ years spent in ECE, from 0 to before starting primary school, and the results of their educational assessment outcomes at age 15. Using PISA survey data for 14 European countries from 2015 to 2018, we conduct a cross-country comparison of student performance in reading, mathematics, and science, correlating the results to the duration of ECE attendance. Our findings show that duration in ECE is associated with better assessments at age 15, but that the benefit is nonlinear and peaks at 3–4 years of attendance. Gender and migration background are associated with student performance on the assessments; but we don’t find evidence of heterogeneity in the relationship between ECE duration and test outcomes based on gender and migration background. Instead, we document differential effects of ECE duration according to age of entry to ECE, mother’s education, and the type of educational system attended.","PeriodicalId":47400,"journal":{"name":"B E Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135606587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-29DOI: 10.1515/bejeap-2022-0464
Berardino Cesi, Alessio D’Amato
Abstract Environmental regulation and pollution control may clash against the presence of unverifiable tasks, like source-specific emissions. To tackle this issue, we reshape a voluntary agreement instrument, already available in the existing literature, from a dynamic perspective by means of a relational contracting approach. We define a Relational Voluntary Environmental Agreement (RVEA) in an N firms symmetric context, and show that even if emissions are not contractible across firms, and therefore enforcement cannot be delegated to a third party, if firms are sufficiently patient, a self-enforcing RVEA induces the achievement of the environmental objective. Finally, our welfare analysis reveals a notable result: our RVEA can imply less free riding and be welfare-improving with respect to a Voluntary Environmental Agreement enforced by a third party (along the lines of McEvoy, D. M., and J. K. Stranlund. 2010. “Costly Enforcement of Voluntary Environmental Agreements.” Environmental and Resource Economics 47: 45–63).
环境监管和污染控制可能会与无法验证的任务(如特定源排放)发生冲突。为了解决这一问题，我们通过关系契约方法从动态角度重塑了现有文献中已有的自愿协议工具。我们在N家企业对称的背景下定义了关系自愿环境协议(RVEA)，并表明即使企业之间的排放不具有可收缩性，因此执行不能委托给第三方，如果企业足够耐心，自我执行的RVEA也会促使环境目标的实现。最后，我们的福利分析揭示了一个显著的结果:我们的RVEA可以意味着更少的搭便车，并在第三方强制执行的自愿环境协议方面提高福利(沿着McEvoy, D. M.和J. K. Stranlund. 2010的路线)。“自愿环境协议的昂贵执行。”环境与资源经济[j];
{"title":"Relational Voluntary Environmental Agreements with Unverifiable Emissions","authors":"Berardino Cesi, Alessio D’Amato","doi":"10.1515/bejeap-2022-0464","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/bejeap-2022-0464","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Environmental regulation and pollution control may clash against the presence of unverifiable tasks, like source-specific emissions. To tackle this issue, we reshape a voluntary agreement instrument, already available in the existing literature, from a dynamic perspective by means of a relational contracting approach. We define a Relational Voluntary Environmental Agreement (RVEA) in an N firms symmetric context, and show that even if emissions are not contractible across firms, and therefore enforcement cannot be delegated to a third party, if firms are sufficiently patient, a self-enforcing RVEA induces the achievement of the environmental objective. Finally, our welfare analysis reveals a notable result: our RVEA can imply less free riding and be welfare-improving with respect to a Voluntary Environmental Agreement enforced by a third party (along the lines of McEvoy, D. M., and J. K. Stranlund. 2010. “Costly Enforcement of Voluntary Environmental Agreements.” Environmental and Resource Economics 47: 45–63).","PeriodicalId":47400,"journal":{"name":"B E Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135243668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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