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Stable support, scant initiative: European business associations and Economic and Monetary Union, 1946–1992 稳定的支持,乏善可陈:欧洲商业协会与经济和货币联盟,1946-1992 年
IF 1.1 2区 历史学 Q4 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2024-01-08 DOI: 10.1080/00076791.2023.2296070
Aleksandra Komornicka
The article investigates the views of European business associations on the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) project between 1946 and 1992. In doing so, it places the campaign for EMU organised by...
文章调查了 1946 年至 1992 年间欧洲商业协会对经济与货币联盟(EMU)项目的看法。在这一过程中,文章将欧洲商业协会组织的欧洲货币联盟运动置于重要位置。
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引用次数: 0
Sovereignty and imperialism: International business, finance and the position of Sudan in the British empire 主权与帝国主义:国际商业、金融与苏丹在大英帝国中的地位
IF 1.1 2区 历史学 Q4 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2023-12-20 DOI: 10.1080/00076791.2023.2220653
Simon Mollan, Chris Corker
This article examines the relationship between Sudan and Egypt during the colonial period to explore how control over international business and finance integrated Sudan within the British empire. ...
本文研究了殖民时期苏丹与埃及之间的关系,以探讨对国际商业和金融的控制如何将苏丹纳入大英帝国的版图。...
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引用次数: 0
Domestic retailing, supply chain management, and the rise of fresh food supermarkets in China 中国国内零售业、供应链管理和生鲜食品超市的崛起
IF 1.1 2区 历史学 Q4 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2023-12-12 DOI: 10.1080/00076791.2023.2279126
Rui Shi
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引用次数: 0
Market-making strategies in Tanzimat era Istanbul: The quest for an elusive cosmopolitanism 坦齐马特时代伊斯坦布尔的做市策略:对难以捉摸的世界主义的追求
IF 1.1 2区 历史学 Q4 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2023-11-30 DOI: 10.1080/00076791.2023.2279128
Kubra Uygur, Cagri Yalkin, Selcuk Uygur
Focusing on a pivotal period of the Ottoman Empire, we illustrate how advertising tactics act as market-making tools for local and non-local businesses during the Tanzimat (1839–1876) (Re-organizat...
我们以奥斯曼帝国的一个关键时期为中心,阐述了广告策略是如何在Tanzimat(1839-1876)(重组…
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引用次数: 0
Gender and bankarization in Spain, 1949–1970 1949-1970年西班牙的性别与银行化
IF 1.1 2区 历史学 Q4 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2023-11-30 DOI: 10.1080/00076791.2023.2279730
Susana Martínez-Rodríguez, Bernardo Bátiz-Lazo
This article analyzes an unexplored register of Spanish banks’ marketing material to document the access of women to the retail banking sector. In 1949 the Franco dictatorship deployed a Censorship...
本文分析了西班牙银行的营销材料的一个未开发的登记册,以记录妇女进入零售银行部门。1949年,佛朗哥独裁政府实施了审查制度。
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引用次数: 0
Share ownership and the introduction of no liability legislation in nineteenth-century Australia 股份所有权和19世纪澳大利亚引入的无责任立法
IF 1.1 2区 历史学 Q4 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2023-11-29 DOI: 10.1080/00076791.2023.2276774
Grant Fleming, Zhangxin (Frank) Liu, David Merrett, Simon Ville
The no liability company – where investors are not liable for uncalled parts of their shares – is unique to Australasia. Deploying a large dataset, we provide the first empirical examination of the...
无责任公司是澳大拉西亚独有的,在这种公司中,投资者无需为未赎回的股份承担责任。部署一个大型数据集,我们提供了第一个实证检验…
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引用次数: 0
Country-of-origin and competitive market dynamics: Italian biscuits and German cutlery, 1870–1920 原产国和竞争市场动态:1870-1920年,意大利饼干和德国餐具
IF 1.1 2区 历史学 Q4 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2023-11-24 DOI: 10.1080/00076791.2023.2276776
Daniela Pirani, Christina Lubinski
Business historians have for long described the marketing value of country-of-origin (COO), often foregrounding the advantages of goods from a particular region. We argue that to fully understand C...
长期以来,商业历史学家一直在描述原产国(COO)的营销价值,经常强调来自特定地区的商品的优势。我们认为,要充分理解C…
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引用次数: 0
Al servizio dell’Italia e del Papa. Le tante vite di Bernardino Nogara 为意大利和教皇服务。伯纳迪诺·诺加拉的许多生命
IF 1.1 2区 历史学 Q4 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2023-11-17 DOI: 10.1080/00076791.2023.2281114
Giuseppe Telesca
Published in Business History (Ahead of Print, 2023)
发表于《商业历史》(2023年出版前)
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引用次数: 0
Corporate restructuring in the telecommunications equipment industry: The case of Spain in the late twentieth century 电信设备行业的企业重组:以二十世纪末的西班牙为例
2区 历史学 Q4 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2023-11-09 DOI: 10.1080/00076791.2022.2087634
Ángel Calvo
AbstractA new technological paradigm coupled with a powerful wave of deregulation and liberalisation that was unleashed worldwide from the 1980s onwards acted as a catalyst for profound transformation in the telecommunications equipment industry, which was dominated at the time by large multinational corporations. These developments, in turn, led to worldwide restructuring in the sector. The present paper hypothesises that the sector’s oligopolistic structure remained, but that it did so under the leadership of new global players that sought to impose their strategies in response to the prevailing conditions. The paper also aims to explain the reasons for the global restructuring in the sector by looking at the strategies, choices, and decisions of the involved multinationals from the viewpoint of the nation-state. Based on the assumption that a separate analysis of one national unit can help to understand the process as a whole, the paper draws on primary sources to describe and analyse the adjustment path within Standard Eléctrica, a Spanish subsidiary first of IT&T and then of Alcatel.Keywords: IT&TAlcatelStandard EléctricaAmerican telephone and telegraph Cotelecommunications equipment industryrestructuringoligopolies Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 European Commission (Citation1997), p. 39; Crandall and Flamm, eds. (Citation1989); Feldstein (Citation2007), p. 420. Heated debates preceded the AT&T break-up: Agnew and Romeo (Citation1981), pp. 273–288. In their influential report to President Valéry Giscard d’Estaing, Nora and Minc (Citation1978) coined a new word – “télématique” (télécommunication + informatique) – and proposed as a cornerstone the strategy of “marrying” computers and communication technologies. Some years later, Spanish President Felipe González commissioned the prestigious sociologist Castells (Citation1986) to undertake a similar study, which inspired the Socialist attitude of putting pressure on multinationals to negotiate industrial restructuring.2 IT&T had technological problems, was oversized from the legal and financial point of view, and had an inadequate technical and commercial structure: Suard (Citation2002); Zanfei (Citation1992), pp. 83–105. The multinational openly regarded SEL as a German firm because of its manufacturing capacity and independence research (Ziegler, Citation1997, p. 84).3 The ERI, created in mid-1983 in Amsterdam, consisted of half a hundred of European entrepreneurs working at both national and European level to strengthen the competitiveness of the European economy, which was then lacking in dynamism and innovation compared to those of Japan and the United States.4 Quatrepoint (Citation1986), p. 8.5 Batt and Darbishire (Citation1997), pp. 59–79; Baskoy (Citation2008); Thatcher (1999), p. 199. The chronology matters to some extent: Spain joined late processes such as the Italian; for the Italian firms, see also Colli and Vasta (Citatio
从20世纪80年代开始,一种新的技术范式与一股强大的放松管制和自由化浪潮相结合,在全球范围内释放出来,成为电信设备行业深刻变革的催化剂,当时电信设备行业由大型跨国公司主导。这些发展反过来又导致了该部门在全球范围内的重组。本论文假设该部门的寡头垄断结构仍然存在,但它是在新的全球参与者的领导下进行的,这些参与者寻求根据现行条件实施其战略。本文还旨在通过从民族国家的角度看待所涉及的跨国公司的战略、选择和决策,来解释该部门全球重组的原因。基于对一个国家单位的单独分析可以帮助理解整个过程的假设,本文借鉴了主要资料来描述和分析标准埃尔萨奇卡内部的调整路径,该公司首先是IT&T的西班牙子公司,然后是阿尔卡特的子公司。关键词:it & talcatel标准elims美国电话电报电信设备行业重组寡头垄断披露声明作者未报告潜在的利益冲突。注1欧洲委员会(Citation1997),第39页;克兰德尔和弗拉姆主编。(Citation1989);费尔德斯坦(引文2007),第420页。激烈的争论先于AT&T的拆分:阿格纽和罗密欧(Citation1981),第273-288页。诺拉和明克(Citation1978)在提交给瓦尔·格斯卡·德斯坦总统的一份极具影响力的报告中创造了一个新词——“tsamlsamatique”(即“tsamlsamiccommunication + informatique”),并提出将计算机和通信技术“结合”的战略作为基石。几年后,西班牙总统费利佩González委托著名社会学家卡斯特(Citation1986)进行了一项类似的研究,这激发了社会主义者对跨国公司施加压力以谈判工业结构调整的态度IT&T存在技术问题,从法律和财务角度来看规模过大,并且技术和商业结构不充分:Suard (Citation2002);赞飞(Citation1992),第83-105页。跨国公司公开认为SEL是一家德国公司,因为它的制造能力和独立研究(Ziegler, Citation1997, p. 84)欧洲经济联盟于1983年中期在阿姆斯特丹成立,由50名在国家和欧洲一级工作的欧洲企业家组成,目的是加强欧洲经济的竞争力,因为与日本和美国相比,欧洲经济当时缺乏活力和创新。Baskoy (Citation2008);撒切尔(1999),第199页。时间顺序在一定程度上很重要:西班牙加入了较晚的进程,如意大利;关于意大利公司,也见Colli和Vasta (Citation2010)Becattini (Citation2009),第343页;Kaldor, Selchow & Murray-Leach (Citation2015),第120.7页;Ethier (Citation1997),第2.8页;OECD (Citation1993),第27-28页。值得注意的是,在20世纪80年代,欧洲经济共同体尚未采用欧洲工作委员会的指令,该指令有利于20世纪90年代跨国劳资关系的重新出现:Erne (Citation2008),第134.9页。与整个欧洲相比,西班牙电信的自由化是一个谈判延迟的过程,并逐步实施。它始于20世纪80年代中期,并于1998年向竞争对手开放固定电话服务,达到高潮。欧洲是前进道路背后的推动力量,但它的目标是该部门之外——控制通胀——这导致政府加速改革。从1987年到1993年,社会主义政府优先考虑重新控制电信政策,实现服务现代化,普及固定语音电话。随后,在1993年至1996年期间,执行机构试图在政治上利用自由化作为降低电信价格和将通货膨胀控制在接近《马斯特里赫特条约》要求的水平的一种激励。最后,在1996年至1998年的短时间内,右翼人民党政府加速了自由化,并建立了新的监管框架:卡尔扎达和科斯塔斯(Citation2016),第3-55.10页。到1970年,SESA在欧洲IT&T最大的制造单位中排名第三:美国国会(Citation1971),第81页。尽管在比欧洲大国家更小的国内市场中,IT&T集团的西班牙子公司在1985年占该集团销售额的4.83% (Standard elica S., 2016a, 1987, p. 24),并预测比集团其他部分的增长比例更高Canalejo (Citation1993);Rama and Holl (citation),第182-204页。 一个更强大、更灵活的处理器为处理能力的大幅提升和系统结构的持续现代化提供了平台:《贝尔系统技术杂志》,62,6,July-August (1983), pp. 1455 - 1466。在法国,第一套可操作的ESS(1968年)已安装在国防部的服务中。42在这方面,国防部决心维持其组织的常设分析人员小组,以保证今后的成果:1979年5月4日,马德里,工人委员会与来自标准埃尔默特里察的人事代表的中央代表举行会议。电信和机电以外的多元化和横向增长的需要导致了专门部门的创建。其中包括Audiocommunications,它整合了电话终端的设计、制造和销售,以及信息技术部门,涵盖语音、文本和数据通信系统:SESA, Annual Report Citation1983,第24和26页。到1985年,SESA的人均销售额比率在集团中表现最差,为SEL的41.18%,为意大利FACE和法国CIT-Alcatel的35.45%,为比利时BTM的55.7%。当时的社会党议员和UGT成员Luis Solana为IT&T的态度补充了几个原因:希望激怒工会并将压力转移到CTNE,从而产生更多的订单和更高的价格;最后,他提到寻求政府支持裁减资讯科技署的工作人员,并把费用外部化:ElP, 1981.1.45资讯科技署考虑裁减6 000多个工作。工会的做法有些不同。基于CTNE要求IT&T赔偿的要求,UGT坚持在电子行业采取积极的进口替代政策。CCOO要求产品多样化,对西班牙子公司采取与欧洲子公司类似的处理方式——德国子公司和比利时子公司(由于推土机的特点,这令人惊讶)——以及一项将公共和私人融资结合起来的可行性计划。特别是,工会要求增加资本,并在4年内分别投资超过30亿比塞塔和90亿比塞塔;在IT&T的支持下,至少有五分之一的销售额出口;1982-1985年期间特许权使用费减半:CCOO的立场,档案,AFLC;CCOO at Standard elsamicica, Datasheet,马德里,1982年5月18日,AFLC《企业集团产业结构调整方案》,1999a。1983年11月(西班牙文),INI档案,1672文件夹,549箱。政府提出的最后一项协议包括奖励提前退休和转到CTNE工作的工人。为了准确起见,总工会认为标准埃尔萨奇- it&t提出的计划是积极的,尽管它要求制造的产品更加精确,创造就业机会的速度和向国家技术中心的迅速转移。同时,工会要求审查是否可能利用工业化法为退休和退休前的人员带来好处:UGT的立场,马德里,1983年11月15日,档案,AFLC。SA。1999.47《国家公报》,1977,25/7/1984,第21.876-21.
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引用次数: 0
Economic freedom, financial development and the determinants of fraud and scandal: The United Kingdom, 1900–2010 经济自由、金融发展与欺诈和丑闻的决定因素:英国,1900-2010
2区 历史学 Q4 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2023-11-09 DOI: 10.1080/00076791.2023.2264215
Steven Toms, Chieh Lin
The paper argues that the incidence of financial fraud and scandals has systemic macro-economic determinants. While not denying organisation specific causes, short-run triggering events, and key players’ motivations, it shows that the extent of fraud and the number of financial scandals depend on the opportunities created by the financial system’s evolution. Using archival and quantitative evidence from the United Kingdom, it specifies aggregate changes in the incidence of fraud and scandal between 1900 and 2010. The evidence shows that economic freedom, including the degree of financial development, the availability of credit, the relative importance of the financial sector, international capital mobility and secrecy, and banking stability, contribute to the prevalence of fraud and scandal. Financial repression explains a generalised reduction in a 25-year period after the Second World War. Conversely, economic liberalisation from 1979 onwards has increased the incidence of fraud and financial scandal.
本文认为,金融欺诈和金融丑闻的发生具有系统性的宏观经济决定因素。虽然没有否认组织的具体原因、短期触发事件和关键参与者的动机,但它表明,欺诈的程度和金融丑闻的数量取决于金融体系演变所创造的机会。使用来自英国的档案和定量证据,它详细说明了1900年至2010年间欺诈和丑闻发生率的总体变化。证据表明,经济自由,包括金融发展的程度,信贷的可用性,金融部门的相对重要性,国际资本流动性和保密性,以及银行稳定性,有助于欺诈和丑闻的流行。金融抑制解释了第二次世界大战后25年期间的普遍下降。相反,1979年以来的经济自由化增加了欺诈和金融丑闻的发生率。
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引用次数: 0
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Business History
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